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Split injection strategy control map development through prediction-based calibration approach to improve the biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine characteristics

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Abstract

Karanja oil blended with diesel acts as a good alternative for a CI engine due to its low emission and high oxygen content as compared to pure diesel which leads to the non-toxic and biodegradable nature of the fuel. The objective of this project is to enhance the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine that runs on biofuel by accurately calibrating its fuel injector control parameters. To achieve this goal, the project focuses on creating optimal split injector control maps using a novel global model-based calibration approach that considers the entire range of engine speed-load conditions. To develop the model, the experimentation was conducted using the I-optimal design of the experiment technique. To establish a relationship between the calibration parameters and engine performance parameters based on experimental data, the study employed response surface methodology (RSM). With the support of a developed model and multi-objective optimization approach under equivalent importance to performance and emissions, the optimum injector control points are derived. For the developed engine map for 20% KBD (Karanja bio-diesel)-blended fuel, the BTE (brake thermal efficiency) reaches up to 30% and lower BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) of 0.37 kg/kW-hr. After optimization, the split injector control map showed significant improvements over the un-optimized map. At 19 Nm and 3000 rpm, the optimized map resulted in a 31.36% increase in BTE and a 29.31% decrease in BSFC. Moreover, the optimization successfully balanced the trade-off between reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and smoke emissions. However, the optimized fuel map for 20% KBD-blended fuel shows slightly lower performance compared to diesel fuel. While the optimization process led to a decrease in smoke emissions about 22.3%, it also resulted in elevated NOx emissions about 9.83% when compared to diesel fuel. Furthermore, emissions of CO and HC are reduced by 12.8% and 19.2%, respectively, in an optimized control map of 20% KBD-blended fuel compared to un-optimized map.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Air cooled

BP:

Brake power

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

BTDC:

Before top dead centre

CCD:

Central composite design

CI:

Compression ignition

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CRDI:

Common rail direct injection

DOE:

Design of experiment

DT:

Dwell time

EGT:

Exhaust gas temperature

FFA:

Free fatty acid

FIP:

Fuel injection pressure

FSN:

Filter smoke number

HC:

Hydrocarbons

HRR:

Heat release rate

ID:

Ignition delay

KBD:

Karanja bio-diesel

MIF:

Most influential factors

NOx :

Nitrogen oxide

PIT:

Pilot injection timing

PM:

Pilot mass

SAP:

Swirl actuator position

TDC:

Top dead centre

RSM:

Response surface methodology

WC:

Water cooled

WCO:

Waste cooking oil

20% KBD:

20% Karanja bio-diesel + 80% diesel (by volume)

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Acknowledgements

B. Ashok acknowledges the support of the Management of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria for conducting this research as part of his Post Doctoral Research in the Biofuel Research group of the Mechanical Engineering Department.

Funding

The research is financially supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK, under the HEPSSA Programme (Grant No: HEP-2021-127).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India

    Ashok Bragadeshwaran & Vignesh Rajasekar

  2. Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Ashok Bragadeshwaran

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Kaisan Muhammad Usman

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638060, India

    Tamilvanan Ayyasamy

  5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, 638401, India

    Kumaresan Govindasamy

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  1. Ashok Bragadeshwaran
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  2. Vignesh Rajasekar
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  3. Kaisan Muhammad Usman
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  4. Tamilvanan Ayyasamy
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  5. Kumaresan Govindasamy
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Contributions

AB: resources, investigation, and writing—original draft preparation

VR: methodology, conceptualization, and writing—original draft preparation

KMU: supervision, resources, and investigation

TA: investigation and writing—original draft preparation

KG: conceptualization and investigation

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Correspondence to Tamilvanan Ayyasamy.

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Bragadeshwaran, ., Rajasekar, V., Usman, K.M. et al. Split injection strategy control map development through prediction-based calibration approach to improve the biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine characteristics. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29905-8

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