Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biodiversity of Benthic Macro- and Microalgae from Svalbard with Special Focus on Kongsfjorden

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

Part of the book series: Advances in Polar Ecology ((AVPE,volume 2))

Abstract

Several floristic studies on macroalgae of Svalbard have been published, but as access to the archipelago is difficult, these studies are scattered and often only cover single sites and habitats. Kongsfjorden, Isfjorden and Hornsund are the three most comprehensively investigated areas, and most of the species information comes from these three fjords. Quantitative and structured sublittoral sampling has been undertaken along depth transects and along the fjord only in Kongsfjorden. Clear differences are found from the outer to the inner parts of the fjord. Macroalgal biodiversity data from Kongsfjorden are presented in detail and compared to data for the whole archipelago. In total 197 species of macroalgae have been recorded for Svalbard; 84 of these occur in Kongsfjorden. The current taxonomic status of some species is discussed. Changes in the macroalgal flora during the last decades for Svalbard in general and in Kongsfjorden in particular, are summarised and possible causes discussed. Information on biodiversity of microphytobenthos is very scarce, and investigations in Kongsfjorden on benthic diatoms from soft bottom and biotic surfaces provide the first floristic information available. A total of 69 diatoms species have been identified and form a first baseline for a high-latitude fjord system. Biodiversity is relatively low compared to other sandy marine shallow water areas of temperate regions as indicated by the Shannon-Weaver index. Some data on epiphytic diatoms colonising seaweeds are available. Benthic diatoms colonise large parts of Kongsfjorden in high abundances and, in addition to macroalgae, are important as primary producers and therefore also for trophic relationships in the harsh Arctic environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdullah M, Fredriksen S (2004) Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 84:887–894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adey WH, Steneck RS (2001) Thermogeography over time creates biogeographic regions: a temperature/space/time-integrated model and an abundance-weighted test for benthic marine algae. J Phycol 37:677–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agardh JG (1862) Om Spetsbergens alger. Akademisk program, Lund, 4 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Agardh JG (1868) Bidrag til kännedomen af Spetsbergens alger. K Sven Vetenskapsakad Handl 7:1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Handal AY, Wulff A (2008) Marine benthic diatoms from Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica. Bot Mar 51:51–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Athanasiadis A (2006) The genus Leptophytum (Melobesioideae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in NW Spitsbergen. Nord J Bot 24:469–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Athanasiadis A (2008) Two endemic coralline red algae on the northern limits of the latest glaciation. Taxon 57:223–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch I, Wiencke C, Laepple T (2012) Global seaweed biogeography under a changing climate: the prospected effects of temperature. In: Wiencke C, Bischof K (eds) Seaweed biology, ecological studies, vol 219. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 383–406

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch I, Paar M, Fredriksen S, Schwanitz M, Daniel C, Hop H, Wiencke C (2016) Changes in kelp forest biomass and depth distribution in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, between 1996–1998 and 2012–2014 reflect Arctic warming. Polar Biol 39:2021–2036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beuchel F, Gulliksen B (2008) Temporal patterns of benthic community development in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard): results of a 24-year manipulation study. Polar Biol 31:913–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beuchel F, Gulliksen B, Carroll ML (2006) Long-term patterns of rocky bottom macrobenthic community structure in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) in relation to climate variability (1980–2003). J Mar Syst 63:35–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton JJ (2010) The biogeography of kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): a global analysis with new insights from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics. Helgol Mar Res 64:263–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonsell C, Dunton KH (2018) Long – term patterns of benthic irradiance and kelp production in the Central Beaufort Sea reveal implications of warming for Arctic inner shelves. Prog Oceanogr 162:160–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borum J, Pedersen MF, Krause-Jensen D, Christensen PB, Nielsen K (2002) Biomass, photosynthesis and growth of Laminaria saccharina in a high-Arctic fjord, NE Greenland. Mar Biol 141:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie J, Maggs CA, John DM (2007) The green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, Dunmurry

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchholz F, Werner T, Buchholz C (2012) First observation of krill spawning in the high Arctic Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen. Polar Biol 35:1273–1279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahoon LB (1999) The role of benthic microalgae in neritic ecosystems. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 37:47–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Campeau S, Pienitz R, Héquette A (1999) Diatoms as quantitative paleodepth indicators in coastal areas of the southeastern Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 146:67–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chenelot H, Jewett SC, Hoberg MK (2011) Macrobenthos of the nearshore Aleutian Archipelago, with emphasis on invertebrates associated with Clathromorphum nereostratum (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae). Mar Biodivers 41:413–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christie H, Norderhaug KM, Fredriksen S (2009) Macrophytes as habitat for fauna. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 396:221–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark GF, Stark JS, Johnston EL, Runcie JW, Goldsworthy PM, Raymond B, Riddle MJ (2013) Light-driven tipping points in polar ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 19:3749–3761. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cottier FR, Nilsen F, Inall ME, Gerland S, Tverberg V, Svendsen H (2007) Wintertime warming of an Arctic shelf in response to large-scale atmospheric circulation. Geophys Res Lett 34:L10607. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyer JA, Hoarau G, Oudot-Le Secq M-P, Stam WT, Olsen JL (2006) A mtDNA-base phylogeny of the brown algal genus Fucus (Heterokontophyta; Phaeophyta). Mol Phylogenet Evol 39:209–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cremer H (1998) Die Diatomeen der Laptevsee (Arktischer Ozean): Taxonomie und biogeographische Verbreitung. Ber Polarforsch 260:1–205

    Google Scholar 

  • De Brouwer JFC, de Decker EMGT, Stal LJ (2003) Distribution of extracellular carbohydrates in three intertidal mudflats in Western Europe. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 56:313–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggins DO, Ekman JE (1997) Is kelp detritus a good food for suspension feeders? Effects of kelp species, age and secondary metabolites. Mar Biol 128:489–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunton KH (1985) Growth of dark-exposed Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. and Laminaria solidungula J. Ag. (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 94:181–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunton KH, Schell SH (1986) Seasonal carbon budget and growth of Laminaria solidungula in the Alaskan high Arctic. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 31:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sabaawi R, Harrison PJ (2006) Interactive effects of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthetic physiology of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia granii (Bacillariophyceae) from the Northeast subarctic Pacific. J Phycol 42:778–885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Florczyk I, Latala A (1989) The phytobenthos of the Hornsund fjord, SW Spitsbergen. Polar Res 7:29–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredersdorf J, Müller R, Becker S, Wiencke C, Bischof K (2009) Interactive effects of radiation, temperature and salinity on different life history stages of the Arctic kelp Alaria esculenta (Phaeophyceae). Oecologia 160:483–492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen S (2003) Food web studies in a Norwegian kelp forest based on stable isotope (δ13C and δ 15N) analyses. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 260:71–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen S, Kile MR (2012) The algal vegetation in the outer part of Isfjorden, Spitsbergen: revisiting Per Svendsen’s sites 50 years later. Polar Res 31:17538. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.17538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen S, Bartsch I, Wiencke C (2014) New additions to the benthic marine flora of Kongsfjorden, western Svalbard, and comparison between 1996/1998 and 2012/2013. Bot Mar 57:203–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen S, Gabrielsen TM, Kile MR, Sivertsen K (2015) Benthic algal vegetation in Isfjorden, Svalbard. A survey of the main fjord area. Polar Res 34:25994. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.25994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gersonde R, Zielinski U (2000) The reconstruction of late quaternary Antarctic sea-ice distribution – the use of diatoms as a proxy for sea-ice. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 162:263–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glud RN, Woelfel J, Karsten U, Kühl M, Rysgaard S (2009) Benthic microalgal production in the Arctic: applied methods and status of the current database. Bot Mar 52:559–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez I, Wulff A, Roleda MY, Huovinen P, Karsten U, Quartino ML, Dunton K, Wiencke C (2011) Light and temperature demands of marine benthic microalgae and seaweeds in polar regions. In: Wiencke C (ed) Biology of polar benthic algae. de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 195–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordillo FJL, Carmona R, Viñegla B, Wiencke C, Jiménez (2016) Effects of simultaneous increase in temperature and ocean acidification on biochemical composition and photosynthetic performance of common macroalgae from Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). Polar Biol 39:1993–2007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2018) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org. Accessed 2 May 2018

  • Gulliksen B, Palerud R, Brattegard T, Sneli J (1999) Distribution of marine benthic macro-organisms at Svalbard (including Bear Island) and Jan Mayen. Research Report for DN 1999-4. Directorate for Nature Management, 151 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanelt D, Tüg GH, Bischof K, Gross C, Lippert H, Sawall T, Wiencke C (2001) Light regime in an Arctic fjord: a study related to stratospheric ozone depletion as a basis for determination of UV effects on algal growth. Mar Biol 138:649–658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen JR, Jenneborg JH (1996) Benthic marine algae and cyanobacteria. In: Elvebakk A, Presterud P (eds) A catalogue of Svalbard plants, fungi, algae and cyanobacteria, vol 198. Norsk Polarinst Skr, Oslo, pp 361–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasle GR, von Quillfeldt CH (1996) Marine microalgae. In: Elvebakk A, Presterud P (eds) A catalogue of Svalbard plants, fungi, algae and cyanobacteria, vol 198. Norsk Polarinst Skr, Oslo, pp 375–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasle GR, Syvertsen EE, von Quillfeldt CH (1996) Fossula arctica gen. nov., spec. nov., a marine Arctic araphid diatom. Diatom Res 11:261–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heesch S, Pazoutova M, Moniz MBJ, Rindi F (2016) Prasiolales (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) of the Svalbard Archipelago: diversity, biogeography and description of the new genera Prasionella and Prasionema. Eur J Phycol 51:171–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendey NI (1964) An introductory account of the smaller algae of British coastal waters. V. Bacillariophyceae (diatoms). HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hop H, Pearson T, Hegseth EN, Kovacs KM, Wiencke C, Kwasniewski S, Eiane K, Mehlum F, Gulliksen B, Wlodarska-Kowalzuk M, Lydersen C, Weslawski JM, Cochrane S, Gabrielsen GW, Leakey RJG, Lønne OJ, Zajaczkowski M, Falk-Petersen S, Kendall M, Wängberg S-Å, Bischof K, Voronkov AY, Kovaltchouk NA, Wiktor J, Poltermann M, di Prisco G, Papucci C, Gerland S (2002) The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res 21:167–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hop H, Wiencke C, Vögele B, Kovaltchouk NA (2012) Species composition, zonation, and biomass of marine benthic macroalgae in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Bot Mar 55:399–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Hop H, Kovaltchouk NA, Wiencke C (2016) Distribution of macroalgae in Kongsfjord, Svalbard. Polar Biol 39:2037–2051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kain JM (1971) Synopsis of biological data on Laminaria hyperborea. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 87

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsten U (2007) Salinity tolerance of Arctic kelps from Spitsbergen. Phycol Res 55:257–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karsten U, Dummermuth A, Hoyer K, Wiencke C (2003) Interactive effects of ultraviolet radiation and salinity on the ecophysiology of two Arctic red algae from shallow waters. Polar Biol 26:249–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsten U, Schumann R, Rothe S, Jung I, Medlin L (2006) Temperature and light requirements for growth of two diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from an Arctic macroalga. Polar Biol 29:476–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karsten U, Schlie C, Woelfel J, Becker B (2012) Benthic diatoms in Arctic seas – ecological functions and adaptations. Polarforsch 81:77–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsten U, Schaub I, Woelfel J, Sevilgen D, Schlie C, Becker B, Wulff A, Graeve M, Wagner H (this volume-c) Chapter 8: Living on cold substrata – new insights and approaches to study microphytobenthos ecophysiology and ecology in Kongsfjorden. In: Hop H, Wiencke C (eds) The ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Advances in polar ecology 2. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JH, Chung H, Choi H-G, Kim Y (2003) Macroalgal flora of Kongsfjorden in Svalbard Islands, the Arctic. Ocean and Polar Res 25:569–591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman FR (1875a) Förberedande anmärkningar om algvegetationen i Mossel Bay enligt iakttagelser under vinterdragningar anställda av Svenska polarexpeditionen 1972–1873. Öfvers Kungl Svenska Vetensk-Akad Förhandl 5:59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman FR (1875b) Om Spetsbergens marina, klorofyllförande thallophyter I. Bih Kungl Svenska Vetensk-Akad Handl 3:1–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman FR (1877a) Om Spetsbergens marina, klorofyllförande thallophyter II. Bih Kungl Svenska Vetensk-Akad Handl 4:1–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman FR (1877b) Bidrag til kännedomen af Kariska hafvets algvegetation. Öfversikt Kungl Vetensk-Akad Förhandl 2:3–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman FR (1883) Norra Ishafvets algflora. Vega-Exped Vetensk Iakttag 3:1–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman FR (1893) Studier öfver Chlorophycéslägtet Acrosiphonia JG Ag och dess skandinaviska arter. Bih Kungl Svenska Vetensk-Akad Handl 3:1–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortsch S, Primicerio R, Beuchel F, Renaud PE, Rodrigues J, Lønne OJ, Gulliksen B (2012) Climate-driven regime shifts in Arctic marine benthos. PNAS 109:14052–14057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kraan S, Rueness J, Guiry MD (2001) Are North Atlantic Alaria esculenta and A. grandifolia (Alariaceae, Phaeophyceae) conspecific? Eur J Phycol 39:35–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause-Jensen D, Kühl M, Christensen PB, Borum J (2007a) Benthic primary production in young sound, northeastern Greenland. In: Rysgaard S, Glud RN (eds) Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: case study young sound. Medd Grønland. Bioscience 58:159–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause-Jensen D, Marbà N, Olesen B, Sejr MK, Christensen PB, Rodrigues J, Renaud PE, Blasby TJS, Rysgaard S (2012) Seasonal sea ice cover as principal driver of spatial and temporal variation in depth extension and annual production of kelp in Greenland. Glob Chang Biol 18:2981–2994

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kruss A, Blondel P, Tegowski J (2012) Acoustic properties of macrophytes: Comparison of single-beam and multibeam imaging with modelling results. 11th European conference on underwater acoustics 2012. Institute of Acoustics, St Albans, pp 168–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruss A, Tegowski J, Tatarek A, Wiktor J, Blondel P (2017) Spatial distribution of macroalgae along the shores of Kongsfjorden (West Spitsbergen) using acoustic imaging. Pol Polish Res 38:205–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kucera H, Saunders GW (2008) Assigning morphological variants of Fucus (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in Canadian waters to recognized species using DNA barcoding. Botany 86:1065–1079

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Küpper FC, Peters AF, Shewring DM, Sayer MDJ, Mystikou A, Brown H, Azzopardi E, Dargent O, Strittmatter M, Brennan D, Asensi AO, van West P, Wilce RT (2016) Arctic marine phytobenthos of Northern Baffin Island. J Phycol 52:532–549

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lantuit H, Overduin PP, Couture N, Wetterich S, Aré F, Atkinson D, Brown J, Cherkashov G, Drozdov D, Forbes DL, Graves-Gaylord A, Grigoriev M, Hubberten H-W, Jordan J, Jorgenson T, Ødegård RS, Ogorodov S, Pollard WH, Rachold V, Sedenko S, Solomon S, Steenhuisen F, Streletskaya I, Vasiliev A (2012) The Arctic coastal dynamics database: a new classification scheme and statistics on Arctic permafrost coastlines. Estuar Coasts 35:383–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JB, Hayashi K, Hirata M, Kuroda E, Suzuki E, Kubo Y, Hayashi T (2006) Antiviral sulphated polysaccharide from Navicula directa, a diatom collected from deep-sea water in Toyama Bay. Biol Pharm Bull 29:2135–2139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lein TE (1984) Distribution, reproduction, and ecology of Fucus ceranoides L. (Phaeophyceae) in Norway. Sarsia 69:75–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lein TE, Küfner R (1998) Marine benthosalger fra østsiden av Novaja Semlja, Karahavet 1993. IFM Report, Univ Bergen, Norway, No 10

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventer A (1992) Modern distribution of diatoms in sediments from the George V Coast, Antarctica. Mar Micropaleontol 19:315–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom AE (1840) Förtekning öfver de på Spetsbergen och Beeren Eiland anmärkta vexter. Bot Notiser 9:153–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Lizotte MP (2001) The contributions of sea-ice algae to Antarctic marine primary production. Am Zool 41:57–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhi ML, Schloss IR, Wiencke C (2003) Effect of irradiance and temperature on photosynthesis and growth of two Antarctic benthic diatoms, Gyrosigma subsalinum and Odontella litigiosa. Bot Mar 46:276–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longtin CM, Saunders GW (2015) On the utility of mucilage ducts as a taxonomic character in Laminaria and Saccharina (Phaeophyceae) – the conundrum of S. groenlandica. Phycologia 54:440–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund S (1951) Marine algae from Jörgen Brönlunds Fjord in eastern north Greenland. Medd Grønland 128:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund L (2014) Morphological diversity in Laminaria digitata. MSc thesis in Marine Biology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, 65 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüning K (1990) Seaweeds. Their environment, biogeography and ecophysiology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann KH (2000) Ecology of coastal waters: with implications for management, 2nd edn. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Marr JWS (1927) Plants collected during the British Arctic expedition, 1925. J Bot 65:272–277

    Google Scholar 

  • McDevit DC, Saunders GW (2010) A DNA barcode examination of the Laminariaceae (Phaeophyceae) in Canada reveals novel biogeographical and evolutionary insights. Phycologia 49:235–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mock T, Thomas DN (2005) Recent advances in sea ice microbiology. Environ Microbiol 7:605–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moy SR (2015) Littoral and sublittoral macroalgal vegetation from 8 sites around Svalbard. MSc thesis in Marine Biology, University of Oslo, Norway, 120 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Norderhaug KM, Fredriksen S, Nygaard K (2003) Trophic importance of Laminaria hyperborea to kelp forest consumers and the importance of bacterial degradation to food quality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 255:135–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly CJ, Bellows WK, Wysor B (2004) Phylogenetic position of Bolbocoleon piliferum (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta): evidence from reproduction, zoospore and gamete ultrastructure, and small subunit rRNA gene sequences. J Phycol 40:209–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov AK, Tverberg V, Ivanov BV, Nilsen F, Falk-Petersen S, Granskog MA (2013) Warming of Atlantic water in two West Spitsbergen fjords over the last century (1912–2009). Polar Res 32:11206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov A, Leu E, Hanelt D, Bartsch I, Karsten U, Hudson SR, Gallet J-C, Cottier F, Cohen JH, Berge J, Johnsen G, Maturilli M, Kowalczuk P, Sagan S, Meler J, Granskog MA (this volume-e) Chapter 5: Underwater light regime in Kongsfjorden and its ecological implications. In: Hop H, Wiencke C (eds) The ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Advances in polar ecology 2. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlova O, Gerland S, Hop H (this volume-e) Chapter 4: Changes in sea-ice extent and thickness in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (2003–2016). In: Hop H, Wiencke C (eds) The ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Advances in polar ecology 2. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen PM (1976) Marine, benthic algae from southernmost Greenland. Medd Grønland 199:1–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen PM (2011) Grønlands Havalger. Epsilon, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • Peltikhina TS (2002) Distribution peculiarities and stocks of Laminaria algae in the area of Isfjord of the Spitsbergen Archipelago. In: Matishov GG, Tarasov GA (eds) The complex investigations of the Spitsbergen nature. Murmansk Biological Institute. In Russian (English Abstract), pp 168–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulin M (1991) Sea ice diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) of the Canadian Arctic. 2. A taxonomic, morphological and geographical study of Gyrosigma concilians. Nor J Bot 10:681–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell HT (1957) Studies in the genus Fucus L. I. Fucus distichus emend. Powell. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 36:407–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratkova TN, Wassmann P (2005) Sea ice algae in the White and Barents Seas: composition and origin. Polar Res 24:95–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renaud PE, Tessmann M, Evenset A, Christensen GN (2011) Benthic food-web structure of an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). Mar Biol Res 7:13–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice EL, Chapman ARO (1985) A numerical taxonomic study of Fucus distichus (Phaeophyta). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 65:433–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risgaard-Petersen N, Rysgaard S, Nielsen LP, Revsbech NP (1994) Diurnal variation of dentrification and nitrification in sediments colonized by benthic microphytes. Limnol Oceanogr 39:573–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roleda MY, Dethleff D (2011) Storm-generated sediment deposition on rocky shores: simulating burial effects on the physiology and morphology of Saccharina latissima sporophytes. Mar Biol Res 7:213–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roleda MY, Dethleff D, Wiencke C (2008) Transient sediment load on blades of Arctic Saccharina latissima can mitigate UV radiation effect on photosynthesis. Polar Biol 31:765–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Round FE (1971) Benthic marine diatoms. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 9:83–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG (1990) The diatoms: biology & morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueness J (1977) Norsk algeflora. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Rysgaard S, Glud RN (2007) Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: case study young sound. Medd Grønland. Bioscience 58

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabbe K, Verleyen E, Hodgson D, Vanhoutte K, Vyverman W (2003) Benthic diatom flora of freshwater and saline lakes in the Larsemann Hills and Rauer Islands, East Antarctica. Antarct Sci 15:227–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlie C, Woelfel J, Rüdiger F, Schumann R, Karsten U (2011) Ecophysiological performance of benthic diatoms from arctic waters. In: Seckbach J, Kociolek P (eds) COLE-Cellular Origin, Life in extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, The Diatom World, vol 19, pp 425–436

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sevilgen DS, de Beer D, Al-Handal AY, Brey T, Polerecky L (2014) Oxygen budgets in subtidal arctic (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) and temperate (Helgoland, North Sea) microphytobenthic communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 504:27–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommerfelt C (1832) Bidrag til Spetsbergens og Beeren-Eilands flora efter herbarier, medbragt af M. Keilhau. Mag Naturv 11:232–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Stachura-Suchoples K, Enke N, Schlie C, Schaub I, Karsten U, Jahn R (2016) Contribution towards a morphological and molecular taxonomic reference library of benthic marine diatoms from two Arctic fjords on Svalbard (Norway). Polar Biol 39:1933–1956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen P (1957) Om algevegetasjonen på Spitsbergen. En undersøkelse av den marine algefloraen i den ytre del av Isfjorden. Cand. real thesis, University of Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen P (1959) The algal vegetation of Spitsbergen. A survey of the marine algal flora of the outer part of Isfjorden. Nor Polarinst Skr 116:1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen H, Beszczynska-Møller A, Hagen JO, Lefauconnier B, Tverberg V, Gerland S, Ørbæk JB, Bischof K, Papucci C, Zajaczkowski M, Azzolini R, Bruland OR, Wiencke C, Winther J-G, Dallmann W (2002) The physical environment of Kongsfjorden – Krossfjorden, an Arctic fjord system in Svalbard. Polar Res 21:133–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvestre F (2009) Modern diatom distribution in the Seine and Authie Estuaries. In: Amiard-Triquet C, Rainbow PS (eds) Environmental assessment of estuarine ecosystems: a case study. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 241–254

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tanimura Y (1992) Distribution of diatom species in the surface sediments of Lützow-Holm Bay, Antarctica. In: Ishizaki K, Saito T (eds) Centenary of Japanese micropaleontology. Terra Scientific Publishing Co, Tokyo, pp 399–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatarek A, Wiktor J, Kendall MA (2012) The sublittoral macroflora of Hornsund. Polar Res 31:18900. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor WR (1954) The cryptogamic flora of the Arctic. II. Algae: non – planktonic. Bot Rev 20:363–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor F, McMinn A, Franklin D (1997) Distribution of diatoms in surface sediments of Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Mar Micropaleo 32:209–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teichert S, Wolkerling W, Rüggeberg A, Wisshak M, Piepenburg D, Meyerhöfer M, Form A, Büdenbender J, Freiwald A (2012) Rhodolith beds (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) and their physical and biological environment at 80°31′N in Nordkappbukta (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard archipelago, Norway). Phycologia 51:371–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teichert S, Wolkerling W, Rüggeberg A, Wisshak M, Piepenburg D, Meyerhöfer M, Form A, Freiwald A (2014) Arctic rhodolith beds and their environment. Facies 60:15–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Hoek C (1984) World-wide longitudinal seaweed distribution patterns and their possible causes, as illustrated by the distribution of rhodophytan genera. Helgoländer Meeresun 38:227–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilbaste S, Sundbäck K, Nilsson C, Truu J (2000) Distribution of benthic diatoms in the littoral zone of the Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea. Eur J Phycol 35:373–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradova KL (1995a) Seaweeds. In: Klekowski RZ, Weslawski JM (eds) Atlas of marine flora of southern Spitsbergen. Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradova KL (1995b) The checklist of the marine algae from Spitsbergen. Bot Z SSR 80:50–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradova KL, Schoschina EV (1993) Algae. In: Matishov GG, Galaktionov KV, Denisov VV, Drobysheva SS, Chinarina AD, Timofeeva SV (eds) Environment and ecosystems of Franz Josef Land (Archipelago and shelf). Kola Scientific Centre/Academy of Science of Russia, Murmanskaya Oblast/Moscow, pp 109–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Volent Z, Johnsen G, Sigernes F (2007) Kelp forest mapping by use of airborne hyperspectral imager. J Appl Remote Sens 1:011503. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2822611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Quillfeldt CH (2000) Common diatom species in Arctic spring blooms: their distribution and abundance. Bot Mar 43:499–516

    Google Scholar 

  • von Quillfeldt CH (2004) The diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its potential as an indicator species for cold water rather than for sea ice. Vie et Milieu 54:137–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Voronkov A, Hop H, Gulliksen B (2012) Diversity of hard-bottom fauna relative to environmental gradients in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res 32. https://doi.org/10.30402/polar.v32i0.11208. Suppl Table S1

  • Vyverman W, Verleyen E, Sabbe K, Vanhoutte K, Sterken M, Hodgson DA, Mann DG, Juggins S, Van der Vijer B, Jones V, Flower R, Roberts D, Chepurnov VA, Kilroy C, Vanormelingen P, De Wever A (2007) Historical processes constrain patterns in global diatom diversity. Ecology 88:1924–1931

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weslawski JM, Wiktor JM, Zajaczkowski M, Swerpel S (1993) Intertidal zone of Svalbard. 1. Macroorganisms distribution and biomass. Polar Biol 13:73–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weslawski JM, Zajaczkowski M, Wiktor J, Szymelfenig M (1997) Intertidal zone of Svalbard. 3. Littoral of a subarctic, oceanic island: Bjornoya. Polar Biol 18:45–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weslawski JM, Wiktor J Jr, Kotwicki L (2010) Increase in biodiversity in the arctic rocky littoral, Sorkappland, Svalbard, after 20 years of climate warming. Mar Biodivers 40:123–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weslawski JM, Kendall MA, Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M, Iken K, Kedra M, Legezynska J, Sejr MK (2011) Climate change effects on Arctic fjord and coastal macrobenthic diversity – observations and predictions. Mar Biodivers 41:71–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiencke C, Vögele B, Kovaltchouk NA, Hop H (2004) Species composition and zonation of marine benthic macroalgae at Hansneset in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Ber Polarforsch Meeresforsch 492:55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiencke C, Clayton MN, Gómez I, Iken K, Lüder UH, Amsler CD, Karsten U, Hanelt D, Bischof K, Dunton K (2007) Life strategy, ecophysiology and ecology of seaweeds in polar waters. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 6:95–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiencke C, Gómez I, Dunton K (2011) Phenology and seasonal physiological performance of polar seaweeds. In: Wiencke C (ed) Biology of polar benthic algae. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/New York, pp 181–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor JM, Okolodkov JB (1995) Phytoplankton. In: Klekowski RZ, Weslawski JM (eds) Atlas of Southern Spitsbergen marine flora. Institute of Oceanology, Sopot, pp 9–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor JM, Wojciechowska K (2005) Differences in taxonomic composition of summer phytoplankton in two fjords of West Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Pol Polar Res 26:259–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilce RT (1994) The Arctic subtidal as habitat for macrophytes. In: Lobban CS, Harrison PJ (eds) Seaweed ecology and physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/ New York/Oakleigh, pp 89–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilce RT (2016) The “Arctic Stamp”, its imprint on an endangered marine flora – the Arctic benthic algal flora and its environment seen from 65 years of Arctic research. Perspect Phycol 3:155–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woelfel J, Schumann R, Leopold P, Wiencke C, Karsten U (2009) Microphytobenthic biomass along gradients of physical conditions in Arctic Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Bot Mar 52:573–583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woelfel J, Schumann R, Peine F, Flohr A, Flohr A, Kruss A, Tegowski J, Blondel P, Wiencke C, Karsten U (2010) Microphytobenthos of Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway): biomass and potential primary production along the shore line. Polar Biol 33:1239–1253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woelfel J, Eggert A, Karsten U (2014) Marginal impacts of rising temperature on Arctic benthic microalgae production based on in situ measurements and modelled estimates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 501:25–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods DC, Fletcher RL (1991) Studies on the strength of adhesion of some common marine fouling diatoms. Biofouling 3:287–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wulff A, Iken K, Quartino ML, Al-Handal A, Wiencke C, Clayton MN (2011) Biodiversity, biogeography and zonation of marine benthic micro- and macroalgae in the Arctic and Antarctic. In: Wiencke C (ed) Biology of polar benthic algae. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/New York, pp 23–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacher K, Rautenberger R, Hanelt D, Wulff A, Wiencke C (2011) The abiotic environment of polar benthic algae. In: Wiencke C (ed) Biology of polar benthic algae. de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 9–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacher K, Bernard M, Bartsch I, Wiencke C (2016) Recruitment of Arctic kelp species under multifactorial global change scenarios. Polar Biol 39:2009–2020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajaczkowski M (2008) Sediment supply and fluxes in glacial and outwash fjords, Kongsfjorden and Adventfjorden, Svalbard. Polish Polar Res 29:59–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinova ES (1929) Vodorosli Novoj Zemli. Gosudarstvenneyi godrologiceskij institut. Otdel nyj ottisk iz “Issledovanija Morej SSSR” Vyp 10:41–12

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The work on microphytobenthos has been performed at the Ny-Ålesund International Arctic Environmental Research and Monitoring Facility and under the agreement on scientific cooperation between the Alfred Wegener Institute and the University of Rostock. The authors thank the crew at the AWIPEV-base in Ny-Ålesund and the German dive team (Anita Flohr, Peter Leopold, Max Schwanitz) for assistance in the field, collecting samples and further support. Sediment tubes for sampling were manufactured by Peter Kumm (Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock). We are grateful to Agnieszka Tatarek (Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot) for counting and identifying diatom samples. Financing and logistic support of the microphytobenthic research was provided by the German Research Council (DFG, KA899/12 and KA899/15). Parts of the macroalgal sampling reported here were carried out by divers from the AWI; we are grateful for their contribution, especially to Max Schwanitz and Martin Paar. Line transects at different locations in Kongsfjorden, from inner to outer fjord, were carried out by divers from the Norwegian Polar Institute. The authors thank Joachim Bartsch for giving a final touch to the English and Sandra C. Lindstrom and Susse Wegeberg for valuable critique and comments during the review process.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Stein Fredriksen

  2. Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Ulf Karsten, Miriam Koblowsky & Rhena Schumann

  3. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Inka Bartsch & Christian Wiencke

  4. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Jana Woelfel

  5. Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Siri Røang Moy

  6. Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME, USA

    Robert S. Steneck

  7. Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

    Józef M. Wiktor

  8. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

    Haakon Hop

  9. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Haakon Hop

Authors
  1. Stein Fredriksen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ulf Karsten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Inka Bartsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jana Woelfel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Miriam Koblowsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rhena Schumann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Siri Røang Moy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Robert S. Steneck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Józef M. Wiktor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Haakon Hop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Christian Wiencke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stein Fredriksen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

    Haakon Hop

  2. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Christian Wiencke

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fredriksen, S. et al. (2019). Biodiversity of Benthic Macro- and Microalgae from Svalbard with Special Focus on Kongsfjorden. In: Hop, H., Wiencke, C. (eds) The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Advances in Polar Ecology, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46425-1_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation