Aquifoliaceae
Ilex

Ilex aquifolium L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 125 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Europe, NW. Africa. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the temperate biome.

Distribution

Native to:

Albania, Algeria, Austria, Baleares, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corse, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Yugoslavia

Extinct in:

Sweden

Introduced into:

British Columbia, California, Hawaii, Lebanon-Syria, New Jersey, New South Wales, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Ontario, Oregon, South Australia, Tasmania, Turkey, Victoria, Virginia, Washington

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 2: 1-581. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Hohla, M. (2015). Hystrix patula - neu für Österrei, sowie weitere Beiträge zur Flora von Obenösterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark und Vorarlberg. Stapfia 101: 83-100.
  • Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • Urziceanu, M. & al. (2020). Updated list of non-native ornamental plants in Romania. Contributii Botanice Universitatea "Babes-Bolyai" din Cluj-Napoca 55: 59-82.
  • Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, rev. ed., 1: 1-988. University of Hawai'i Press, Bishop Museum Press.

Kew Species Profiles

  • Dengler, H. W. (Ed.) (1957). Handbook of hollies. The National Horticultural Magazine 36. The American Horticultural Society.
  • Galle, F. C. (1997). Hollies: the Genus Ilex. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
  • Grigson, G. (1996). The Englishman’s Flora. Helicon Publishing, Oxford.
  • Mabey, R. (1996). Flora Britannica. Chatto & Windus, London.
  • Milliken, W. & Bridgewater, S. (2004). Flora Celtica – People and Plants in Scotland. Birlinn, Edinburgh.
  • Prendergast, H. D. V. & Sanderson, H. (2004). Britain’s Wild Harvest: The Commercial Uses of Wild Plants and Fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The Countryside Agency, London.
  • Wilford, R. (2009). Rich jewels of autumn. Kew Magazine Autumn 2009: 48–51. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2014-continuously updated). Atlas of Living Australia http://www.ala.org.au/.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 2: 1-581. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • George, A.S. (ed.) (1984). Flora of Australia 22: 1-239. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
  • Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, rev. ed., 1: 1-988. University of Hawai'i Press, Bishop Museum Press.
  • de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Sep 1, 2020 Christenhusz, M.J.M. [MC9098] United Kingdom K001400634 Yes
Oct 13, 1982 Citarada [745] Italy K000669034 Type Yes
Richardson, K. [357-2009] K001611687 No
Ross-Craig, S.; Sealy, J.R.; Burtt, B.L. [s.n.] United Kingdom K:SPC-16438.000 No
Cope, T.A. [RBG 338] United Kingdom K000914248 Yes
Andrews, S.; Coates, R. [831] Italy K000987001 Yes
Ross-Craig, S.; Burtt, B.L.; Sealy, J.R. [556] United Kingdom K:SPC-16437.000 No
Aug 29, 1982 Rouy [76] Spain Ilex perado subsp. iberica K000669033 Isotype Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Kew Species Profiles

    • Kew Species Profiles
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0