PDF file (text) - Cryptogamic Botany Company
PDF file (text) - Cryptogamic Botany Company
PDF file (text) - Cryptogamic Botany Company
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
I.–THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
__________<br />
By Prof. W. G. FARLOW.<br />
__________<br />
INTRODUCTION.<br />
This report is intended, with the exception of the Diatomes, to include all the marine<br />
species at present known to occur on the coast of the United States from New Jersey<br />
to Eastport, Me., and a few species are mentioned which, although they have not yet<br />
been found within our limits, are nevertheless to be expected from the fact that they<br />
occur on the neighboring coast of the British provinces. In preparing the report I<br />
have attempted to present, in a compact and more or less popular form, a description<br />
of the different orders and species of sea-weeds, so that persons who frequent the<br />
coast of New England, and especially those in the service of the Fish Commission,<br />
may have at hand the means of determining the forms found in our waters. The<br />
descriptive portion of the report is preceded by a short account of the general<br />
structure and classification of sea-weeds, which is necessary in the present case,<br />
because there is no generally accessible book in the English language which gives a<br />
good account of the modern views of the classification and structure of algæ.<br />
The list of papers relating directly to New England algæ is very meager. In January,<br />
1847, Prof. J. W. Bailey published in the American Journal of Arts and Sciences a<br />
paper entitled Notes on the Algæ of the United States. He enumerates 50 species<br />
found in New England, but some of the number are apparently erroneously credited<br />
to our coast. Two continuations of the article appeared in May, 1847, and July, 1848,<br />
in the former of which 19, and in the latter 17, species new to New England are<br />
enumerated. In 1847 Mr. S. T. Olney, in the Proceedings of the Providence Franklin<br />
Society, published a paper on Rhode Island Plants, in which he mentions 45 species<br />
of algæ. Most of the species in the papers above mentioned had been submitted to<br />
Prof. W. H. Harvey, of Dublin. The classic work of Harvey, the Nereis Boreali-<br />
Americana, of which the first two parts were published in the Smithsonian<br />
Contributions to Knowledge in 1852, and the third part in 1857, is the only elaborate<br />
account ever published with regard to the sea-weeds of the United States, and it has<br />
always been the standard authority on the subject. Since the appearance of Harvey's<br />
great work comparatively little has been added to our knowledge of the sea-weeds of<br />
New England. In the Report of the United States Fish
2<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Commission for 1870–’72 is a List of the Marine Algæ of the South Coast of New<br />
England, in which 103 species are enumerated; and in the report for 1875 is a List of<br />
the Marine Algæ of the United States, intended as a catalogue of the sea-weeds<br />
exhibited by the Commission at the Centennial Exposition, in which additions were<br />
made to the New England flora. Besides the papers referred to, I would mention<br />
Algæ Rhodiaceæ, by S. T. Olney, published in 1871; List of Marine Algæ Collected<br />
near Eastport, Me., by Prof. D. C. Eaton*; two papers by the writer in the<br />
Proceedings of the American Academy of Boston†; and List of the Marine Algæ<br />
growing in Long Island Sound within 20 miles of New Haven, by F. W. Hall‡. A<br />
series of dried specimens has been published conjointly by Dr. C. L. Anderson, Prof.<br />
D. C. Eaton, and myself, under the title of Algæ Am. Borealis. The 130 species<br />
already published, in three fasciculi of 30 sets each, contain a number of the more<br />
interesting New England forms. A set has been presented to the Fish Commission,<br />
and that, together with the large set prepared for the Centennial Exhibition, to be<br />
deposited hereafter in the National Museum, will place in the hands of the members<br />
of the Commission sufficient material to render the task of determining our species<br />
comparatively easy.<br />
It will be seen that we rely almost wholly on Harvey’s Nereis for our knowledge of<br />
New England algæ, and it is surprising that so few species have been added to the<br />
flora in recent years. Of the species recently added, by far the larger number are<br />
insignificant in size, the rare Nemastoma Bairdii being almost the only species<br />
which would attract the eye by its beauty. Professor Harvey himself spent but a few<br />
weeks on the New England coast, and we must either suppose that the collectors of<br />
Harvey’s time were more acute than those of the last few years, or else that the New<br />
England flora is very poor. That the flora is not very rich in species, even for a<br />
temperate region, is probably true, but it is too soon to assume that it is<br />
exceptionally poor.<br />
The number of species which are so large and striking as to attract the amateur<br />
collector is nowhere large in temperate regions, and the so-called richness of a flora<br />
is generally dependent upon the number of small and insignificant species, which<br />
are recognized only by those who make a careful microscopic study. One reason for<br />
the apparent poverty of our marine flora is that our collectors have generally been<br />
amateurs, who pass a few weeks upon the shore and gather only the more beautiful<br />
and striking species. The number of persons who make microscopic examinations of<br />
our algæ is, however, increasing, and, as a result, numbers of small, but interesting,<br />
species have within a short space of time been brought to light, and it now seems<br />
likely that the New England flora is by no means so poor as was formerly supposed.<br />
The severity<br />
*Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, part 2, 1873.<br />
†List of the Marine Algæ of the United States, Proc. Am. Acad. Art. and Sci., vol. x (n. s. ii), p. 351. On some Algæ<br />
new to the United States, l. c., vol. xii (n. s. iv), p. 235.<br />
‡Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. vi, No. 21, Sept., 1876.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 3<br />
of the climate, too, renders it difficult to collect during the winter and early spring<br />
months, when the species to be found are to a great extent different from those<br />
which flourish in summer. A rich harvest might be expected by an algologist who<br />
should pass the winter and spring at some exposed point upon the coast. The<br />
summer species may be said to be tolerably well known, but our knowledge of the<br />
winter forms is very deficient.<br />
For the purpose of examining the algæ of the coast, I have visited Eastport,<br />
Portland, Cape Ann, Wood’s Holl, Mass., where I passed two summers with the<br />
Commission, Newport, Noank, Conn., and Greenport, L. I. Unfortunately, I have not<br />
been able to make any excursions during the winter months, except to the coast near<br />
Boston, at Nahant and Marblehead, and my knowledge of the winter species is<br />
derived from specimens sent by correspondents.<br />
In this connection I would express my sincere thanks to correspondents who have<br />
aided me by specimens and information, and I would acknowledge especially my<br />
obligations to Prof. D. C. Eaton, of New Haven; Mr. Horace Averill and Mr. A. R.<br />
Young, of Brooklyn; Mr. C. B. Fuller, of Portland; Mrs. A. L. Davis and Mrs. M. H.<br />
Bray, of Gloucester; Miss M. A. Booth, Mrs. Corcoran, Mrs. J. T. Lusk, Mrs. Beebe,<br />
Mr. F. S. Collins, and others, whose names are appended to the different species<br />
described. I am particularly indebted to the Fish Commission for their valuable aid<br />
in enabling me to dredge and collect in various interesting localities in Southern<br />
Massachusetts, at Noank, and at Gloucester, and to Mr. Alexander Agassiz for<br />
facilities for examining the coast at Newport. With the materials at hand I have<br />
attempted to review critically the species of our coast, and for this purpose it was<br />
necessary to compare them with the algæ not only of Great Britain, but of the other<br />
shores of Europe. I am, above all, indebted to Dr. Edouard Bornet, of Paris, who has<br />
constantly furnished information, both with regard to structure and nomenclature,<br />
without which it would have been impossible for me to form an accurate judgment<br />
concerning American species. I would also return my thanks to Prof. J. G. Agardh, of<br />
Lund; to Prof. J. E. Areschoug, Dr. W. B. Wittrock, and Dr. F. J. Kjellman, of<br />
Upsala, through whose kindness I have been able to examine very complete sets of<br />
Scandinavian and Arctic algæ, which have a special bearing on the New England<br />
flora; to Prof. E. Perceval Wright, of Dublin, who has obligingly allowed me to<br />
examine specimens in the Harveyan Herbarium at Trinity College; to M. A. Le Jolis,<br />
of Cherbourg, and Prof. J. T. Rostafinski, of Cracow, for valuable notes on<br />
Laminariæ; and to Mr. F. Hauck, of Trieste, for sets of Adriatic algæ.<br />
If we regard the marine vegetation of the northeastern coast of the United States as<br />
a whole, we see that, beginning at Eastport, we have a strongly marked arctic flora,<br />
which is a direct continuation of that of Greenland and Newfoundland. As we<br />
proceed southward towards Boston, although the luxuriance of growth is less, the<br />
general appearance
4<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
of the flora is still unmistakably arctic, if we except a few sheltered localities. The<br />
northern shore of Cape Cod, from its sandy character, is practically destitute of all<br />
species of algæ, except a few forms which are here and there found growing on the<br />
eel-grass. As soon as we pass to the south of Cape Cod, however, the flora assumes<br />
an entirely different aspect. The arctic and Northern European forms have<br />
disappeared, except at a few exposed points like Gay Head and Montauk, and, in<br />
their place, we find a number of species, as Dasya elegans, Rhabdonia tenera,<br />
Chondria tenuissima, Sargassum vulgare, characteristic of warmer seas.<br />
The Long Island flora, which may be said to extend from Cape Cod to New Jersey,<br />
has a good deal in common with the northern part of the Adriatic. Among the more<br />
abundant species are Dasya elegans, Polysiphonia variegata, and, if we accept<br />
Zanardini’s view, our common Chondria Baileyana and Lomentaria Baileyana are<br />
identical with C. striolata and L. uncinata, all species common near Venice. From<br />
New Jersey to Charleston, if we except Norfolk and one or two points on the North<br />
Carolina coast, almost no sea-weeds are known, presumably on account of the<br />
unfavorable nature of the shore, although, it must be confessed, the coast has never<br />
been carefully explored. Even with regard to the coast of New Jersey we have but<br />
little information. A number of Florideæ, usually growing attached to eel-grass, has<br />
been reported from Beesley’s Point by Samuel Ashmead,* but it is almost certain<br />
that southward from that point, very little is to be expected.<br />
It will be seen that Cape Cod is the dividing line between a marked northern and a<br />
southern flora. In fact, the difference between the floræ of Massachusetts Bay and<br />
Buzzards Bay, which are only a few miles apart, is greater than the difference<br />
between those of Massachusetts Bay and the Bay of Fundy, or between those of<br />
Nantucket and Norfolk. This difference in the flora corresponds precisely with what<br />
is known of the fauna. That Cape Cod formed a dividing line was known to Harvey,<br />
and subsequent observation has only shown, on the one hand, that the flora north of<br />
Cape Cod is more decidedly arctic than he supposed, and that, on the other hand,<br />
south of the cape it is more decidedly that of warm seas. The general fact of the<br />
distinctness of the two floræ is not weakened by the knowledge that we now possess,<br />
owing to the investigations of the Fish Commission, of the existence in a few<br />
sheltered localities north of Cape Cod of some of the characteristic species of Long<br />
Island Sound, and in a few exposed spots south of the cape of northern species. Of<br />
the more common species found along the whole coast of New England, by far the<br />
greater part are also common in Europe, as Delesseria sinuosa, Corallina officinalis,<br />
Hildenbrandtia rosea, Polysiphonia violacea, P. fastigiata, P. nigrescens, P.<br />
urceolata, Rhodymenia palmata, Chondrus crispus, Cystoclonium purpurascens,<br />
Ahnfeltia plicata, Phyllophora Brodiæi, P. membranifolia, Polyides rotundus,<br />
Ceramium rubrum, Ptilota elegans, Leathesia tuberiformis, Chordaria<br />
* Vid, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol vi, p. 147, vol. x, p. 8.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 5<br />
flagelliformis, C. divaricata Desmarestia aculeata, D. viridis, Phyllitis fascia,<br />
Scytosiphon lomentarius, the common Fuci and Laminariæ, not to mention a large<br />
number of Chlorosporeæ and Cryptophyceæ. But a very few exclusively American<br />
species are found throughout our limits. Most of the purely American species are<br />
either confined to the shore south of Cape Cod or else to the shore from Boston<br />
northward. In fact, a good share of our common sea-weeds could be recognized from<br />
the figures in the Phycologia Brittanica.<br />
Let us consider next the characteristic species between Boston and Eastport. In<br />
studying these we must turn not to works on the algæ of France, or Great Britain,<br />
but rather to those on Scandinavian algæ. It is especially instructive to examine the<br />
Algæ Scandinavieæ of Professor Areschoug in connection with our own forms. The<br />
resemblance is at once striking. At Eastport we have a magnificent growth of<br />
Laminariæ and Fuci, which predominate over all other forms. The larger species are<br />
even found high up on the shore, and we find growing in pools Saccorhiza<br />
dermatodea, Laminaria longicruris, Agarum Turneri‚ Dictyosiphon hippuroides,<br />
Halosaccion ramentaceum, and Monostroma Blytii; at low-water mark<br />
Lithothamnion fasciculatum abounds; and Euthora cristata, Delesseria sinuosa, D.<br />
alata, and Callithamnion Pylaisæi can easily be collected without wading. The rocks<br />
are covered with crusts of Petrocelis cruenta, and Ralfsia verrucosa, and the<br />
luxuriant Fucus evanescens. With the exception of Agarum Turneri, which is not<br />
found in Europe, but which occurs in the North Pacific, and C. Pylaisæi, which is<br />
peculiar to America, all the species named are found in the north of Norway.<br />
Euthora cristata does not appear south of Scotland, where it is rare, and Laminaria<br />
longicruris is scarcely known south of the northern part of Scotland. As we proceed<br />
southwards from Eastport to Nahant, near Boston, we find that the species named<br />
disappear into deeper water, and, with the exception of Monostroma Blyttii, are not<br />
generally seen except when washed ashore. Dictyosiphon hippuroides has not yet<br />
been seen south of Eastport, but Saccorhiza dermatodea, known to Harvey only from<br />
Newfoundland, is now known to occur at Marblehead, near Nahant, and Halosaccion<br />
is not rare in deep pools at Gloucester, while Monostroma Blyttii, in rather a small<br />
form, is found on exposed rocks at Little Nahant. Fucus evanescens, which is as<br />
abundant as F. vesiculosus at Eastport, seems to be replaced on the Massachusetts<br />
coast by F. furcatus. Calliblepharis ciliata of Harvey’s Nereis, found from Cape Ann<br />
northwards is now known to be the same as Rhodophyllis veprecula, a common<br />
species on northern coasts. As yet none of the Scandinavian species of Phlæospora<br />
have been found with us, but it is not unlikely that they might be found by a<br />
botanist who should collect at Eastport in the spring. It is hardly likely that<br />
Phlæospora tortilis does not occur with us, for it is not uncommon on the Norwegian<br />
coast, and was collected in Greenland by Dr. Kümlien, of the Howgate expedition.<br />
Polysiphonia arctica may perhaps also be expected, as well as Chætopteris plumosa,
6<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
a common species of Greenland and Northern Europe. Odonthalia dentata, a<br />
common species of Northern Europe, has not yet been found within our limits,<br />
although it is common at Halifax.<br />
If north of Boston the principal feature of the marine vegetation is the enormous<br />
mass of large Fuci and Phæosporeæ, the Florideæ forming an insignificant part of<br />
the flora, the chief feature of the flora south of Cape Cod is the preponderance of<br />
Florideæ and the comparative insignificance of the Fuci and Phæosporeæ. In the<br />
ease of the sea-weeds of Long Island Sound we cannot so directly refer them to<br />
species of any part of Europe as was possible in the case of the northern flora.<br />
Several of the more common and striking species, as I have already said, are<br />
identical with or closely related to Adriatic forms. We are not, however to push the<br />
comparison too far. The development of Fuci and Laminariæ in Long Island Sound,<br />
although meager compared with what we find north of Boston, is far beyond<br />
anything we find in the Adriatic, and, on the other hand, we do not have in Long<br />
Island Sound the numerous Corallineæ and siphonaceous Chlorosporeæ, which are<br />
common in the Adriatic, and which unmistakably indicate a subtropical flora.<br />
Grinnellia americana, Dasya elegans, Rhabdonia tenera, Lomentaria Baileyana,<br />
Sargassum vulgare, and most of the common species of Long Island Sound, are<br />
found as far south as the West Indies.<br />
A consideration of the apparent exceptions to the law of the distribution of seaweeds<br />
on our coast is not without interest. In the cold waters off Gay Head and<br />
Block Island, Euthora cristata, in a depauperate form, is sometimes found, and at<br />
exposed points we find a decided growth of Laminariæ, especially the digitate forms.<br />
Ptilota serrata, a typical northern species, has also been found in a much reduced<br />
form at the Thimble Islands, near New Haven.<br />
In the town of Gloucester, near the village of Squam, is a small sheet of water called<br />
Goose Cove. The narrow entrance to the cove has been dammed up, and the water<br />
from the ocean enters only for a short time at the high tide. In this cove, to my<br />
surprise, I found Rhabdonia tenera, Gracilaria multipartita, Chondria Baileyana,<br />
and a large mass of Polysiphonia Harveyi and P. Olneyi. In short, the flora was<br />
entirely different from anything I had ever seen before north of Cape Cod, and<br />
entirely different from that of the adjacent shore, where the flora is entirely arctic.<br />
Furthermore, Squam is on the northern and inner side of Cape Ann, and as there is<br />
no connection of Goose Cove with the southern side of Cape Ann, and inasmuch as<br />
no vessels ever enter the cove, it is very difficult to account for the presence of the<br />
sea-weeds which grow there. The water which is confined by the dam is much<br />
warmer than that of the surrounding ocean, which would enable the species of warm<br />
waters to live if they were once introduced, but how are we to suppose that the<br />
spores were brought into the cove! It is hard to believe that they could have been<br />
brought by currents, for, as a matter of fact, the currents move in the wrong<br />
direction to produce such
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 7<br />
an effect. Certainly, Rhabdonia tenera is quite unknown in any other spot north of<br />
Cape Cod, the nearest locality being the coast near Nantucket, and it is very difficult<br />
to conceive that spores of that delicate species would survive in a very cold current,<br />
which not only must carry them outside of Cape Cod and across Massachusetts Bay,<br />
but also around to the sheltered cove at the point where Cape Ann joins the<br />
mainland at the north. If we compare the exceptional case of Goose Cove in the<br />
north with Gay Head and Montauk in the south, it seems to be the rule that<br />
wherever the water is cold enough, we meet arctic species, and wherever it is warm<br />
enough we have Long Island species, regardless of the remoteness of localities where<br />
the species naturally abound, and, as far as we know, of the absence of currents to<br />
transport the spores.<br />
Our marine flora is marked by the complete absence of any members of the order<br />
Dictyotaceæ. Haliseris polypodioides has been found on the coast of North Carolina<br />
and, at Charleston, Padina pavonia begins to become common, but north of Norfolk<br />
not a single species of the order is known, the northern species referred by Harvey in<br />
the Nereis to the Dictyotaceæ being now known to belong to another order. Nor does<br />
any species of Tilopteris or Cutleria occur in New England. The absence of some of<br />
the common European genera of Florideæ is also worthy of notice. The genus<br />
Nitophyllum is entirely wanting north of North Carolina, and, although a species is<br />
said to have been collected off Cape Fear, and although N. ocellatum is occasionally<br />
found at Key West, this genus, which forms one of the more striking features of the<br />
European flora, may be said to be practically almost unknown anywhere on our<br />
Atlantic coast. Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, which occurs as far north as Norway,<br />
although rare, may perhaps be found with us. No species of Schizymenia or the<br />
related genera is found with us although the western coast is perhaps too rich in<br />
species of this perplexing group. Plocamium coccineum, one of the commonest red<br />
sea-weeds not only of Europe but of our west coast, is known with us in only one<br />
doubtful case. Gelidium corneum, which is abundant in almost all parts of the world,<br />
is only occasionally found in New England, and then only in the reduced form,<br />
separated by some as a distinct species, under the name of G. crinale. It may here be<br />
remarked that it is often a difficult matter to determine whether some of the more<br />
beautiful sea-weeds of Europe really occur with us or not. Our amateur collectors<br />
have frequently exchanged with European collectors, and one not unfrequently sees<br />
specimens of Plocamium coccineum, Callophyllis laciniata and other European<br />
species prized for their beauty, which are said to have been collected on our own<br />
coast. But inasmuch as no careful collector has found the species in question, I have<br />
considered it too unsafe to accept the statements of amateurs who, to my knowledge,<br />
have received specimens from Europe, and who, in general, are not accurate as to<br />
dates and localities. The preceding remark will not, however, apply to the species of<br />
Fucus and the coarser sea-weeds. Fucus serratus, very
8<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
common in Europe, is very rare with us, having been found in but one locality in the<br />
United States and one in Nova Scotia. Fucus canaliculatus, Himanthalia lorea, and<br />
the common European Cystoseiræ are quite wanting. The nearly ubiquitous Codium<br />
tomentosum is a species which has not yet been found on our northern coast. On the<br />
other hand some species, as Spyridia filamentosa and Chordaria divaricata, are<br />
more abundant in New England than in Europe, and the same is probably true of<br />
Euthora cristata and Ptilota serrata, if we except perhaps the arctic zone.<br />
It is evident that a great deal remains to be done before we can say that we have as<br />
accurate a knowledge of our marine flora as we have of that of most European<br />
countries. Hereafter any advance in the knowledge of our marine algæ must be<br />
made by a careful microscopic study on the shore. Probably all the large and striking<br />
species are now known, or if any remain to be discovered their discovery will be by<br />
mere chance, and not by any systematic search. What is especially needed is<br />
information about our winter and spring forms, and this can be best obtained by<br />
persons who either live on the shore or spend several months there, so as to be able<br />
to take advantage of the comparatively few days for collecting, which occur in our<br />
severe winters. The habits and structure of our Laminariæ need careful<br />
examination, microscopic as well as in the gross. The whole order of the Phæosporeæ,<br />
in fact, which abound in spring, should be studied, especially the genus Ectocarpus<br />
and its allies. Our Cladophoræ are in great confusion, and in the present paper I<br />
have been able to contribute but little towards their proper arrangement. Several<br />
years of study are necessary for the purpose, and, in fact, the task cannot well be<br />
accomplished until the European species are better known. Our Ulveæ are not in<br />
much better condition. The Ulvæ proper, thanks to the elaborate account of the<br />
genus given in Le Jolis’s Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg, can be tolerably<br />
well made out; but the determination of some of the species of Monostroma is merely<br />
approximate. The Cryptophyceæ, which inhabit the shores and brackish localities,<br />
are very numerous, and a large number of forms probably remain to be discovered. A<br />
study of the last-named order is, moreover, not without a practical bearing, as is<br />
shown in another part of the report, by the fact that the cause of the so-called red<br />
fish is due to the growth of an alga of this order. It is probable that we have with us<br />
nearly all the European species of this order, and an excellent guide for our<br />
students, is the admirable paper by Warming on the Bacteria of the Danish Coast.*<br />
Another group requiring study is the Squamarieæ, a small order consisting of<br />
species, which form crusts on stones and shells, often in deep water. As a rule<br />
comparatively little in the way of sea-weeds is found by dredging; but an<br />
examination of shelly and gravelly bottoms for Squamariæ is to be desired. Dredging<br />
is most successful between 10<br />
*Om nogle ved Danmarks Kyster levende Bakterier, in Videns. Med. Natur. Foren., Copenhagen, 1875.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 9<br />
and 30 fathoms, and at a greater depth than 50 fathoms almost nothing is found.<br />
The oyster-beds of the coast should be carefully searched for Cutlerieæ and other<br />
sea-weeds found in similar localities in Europe. Finally, a thorough exploration of<br />
the tidal rivers and sheltered coves of the eastern coast of New England is much to<br />
be desired, in order that we may know to what extent the southern forms extend<br />
northward when they find sufficiently warm water and a suitable place of growth.<br />
From an economical point of view, but little need be said with regard to our seaweeds<br />
as an article of food. Chondrus crispus, the Irish moss, as it is called in this<br />
country, is the only species of any commercial value. It is collected in considerable<br />
quantities at several localities, but especially at Hingham, Mass. It is used for<br />
making sea-moss farine, and is also employed to some extent by brewers for<br />
clarifying beer. As yet the use of Porphyra vulgaris, the laver, one of the common<br />
species for making soups, has not been introduced. The Chinese employed in the<br />
shoe factories at North Adams, Mass., import the same species from China, not<br />
apparently knowing that they could obtain an abundance of it in Massachusetts. The<br />
dulse, Rhodymenia palmata, is sold to some extent in the seaport towns, especially<br />
in Boston, where it is eaten principally by sailors and the Irish population. It is<br />
generally imported from the British provinces, but it could be obtained in abundance<br />
anywhere north of Boston, or even in some places in Long Island Sound. The great<br />
use of our sea-weeds is for the purpose of making fertilizers, and immense quantities<br />
are carted from the beaches and spread over the land near the shore. Usage,<br />
however, varies at different localities, for at Eastport the larger sea-weeds, which<br />
are practically the same species that are highly esteemed in New Hampshire and<br />
Massachusetts, are considered of little value in comparison with animal manure. As<br />
far as I know, there are no manufactories of iodine or soda salts on our coast,<br />
although our species greatly resemble those used in Scotland for the purpose. The<br />
stem of the devil’s aprons, Laminariæ, are used by surgical-instrument makers in<br />
the manufacture of sponge-tents.<br />
Respectfully submitted.<br />
W. G. FARLOW.<br />
CAMBRIDGE, January 1, 1880.<br />
STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SEA-WEEDS.<br />
With a very few exceptions, all the plants of our coast which may be said really to<br />
grow in the water belong to the division of the vegetable kingdom known as the<br />
Cryptogams, or plants having no true flowers or seeds. Only two species of flowering<br />
plants are commonly found submerged in salt water, viz, Zostera marina, the saltwater<br />
eel-grass, and Ruppia maritima. The former is familiar to every one who has<br />
ever been to the shore, and is sometimes washed ashore in immense quantities
10<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
The latter is a common species of brackish bays and coves. If we add Zannichellia<br />
palustris, a species closely related to Ruppia, and a few species of Potamogeton,<br />
which occasionally make their way into brackish-water ditches and streams, we<br />
have completed the list of flowering plants which the student of marine vegetation is<br />
likely to meet on our coast. Excepting the few flowering plants just named, and a few<br />
Characeæ, an order whose place is doubtful but which is now generally placed near<br />
the mosses, which probably inhabit our brackish waters, our marine flora consists<br />
wholly of Thallophytes, the lowest division of the Cryptogams, the species of which<br />
are supposed to be destitute of any true axis and leaves such as are found in the<br />
higher plants. The Thallophytes have been divided into three classes, Algæ, Fungi,<br />
and Lichens. This classification, as we shall see, is based on physiological rather<br />
than on morphological grounds, and is very far from being satisfactory; but,<br />
although new classifications have been proposed, which, in time, will almost<br />
certainly supersede the old, at present it is impossible to ignore the old divisions,<br />
which may be said rather to be convenient than to be based on accurate knowledge<br />
of structure and development.<br />
Of the three old groups, the Algæ may be described as Thallophytes which grow<br />
submerged in water or in wet places, which contain chlorophyl, or leaf-green, and<br />
which are able to transform inorganic into organic material, or, in other words, to<br />
support themselves from the inorganic matter about them. The Fungi do not grow<br />
submerged, do not contain chlorophyl, and are unable to change inorganic into<br />
organic matter, and hence must live as parasites upon bodies which contain<br />
organized matter. The Lichens were supposed by the older writers to be distinct from<br />
algæ and fungi, and characterized by having in their interior certain green bodies<br />
known as gonidia. It is to the first of the three divisions named, the algæ, that, with<br />
very few exceptions, all the strictly marine plants belong. How unscientific the<br />
division into algæ, fungi, and lichens is may be seen by the fact that on our coast<br />
there is one species of fungus which grows submerged in salt water, an undescribed<br />
species of Sphæria, which is parasitic on the stems of the large devil’s apron,<br />
Laminaria longicruris. A few species of lichens grow between tide-marks and several<br />
in places exposed to the spray. Verrucaria mucosa T. Fr. is abundant on our<br />
northern coast, and might be mistaken by a collector for Isactis plana. Verrucaria<br />
maura T. Fr., and one or two other Verrucariæ, are rather common near high-tide<br />
mark, but are not generally submerged. Practically speaking, then, when we speak<br />
of our sea-weeds we refer merely to the algæ, which constitute ninety-nine onehundredths<br />
of the flora.<br />
Harvey, in his Nereis, divided algæ into three classes, Melanospermeæ,<br />
Rhodospermeæ, and Chlorospermeæ. These three classes are distinguished by their<br />
color, the first being olive-brown, the second red or purple, the third green. This<br />
classification, which answered tolerably well for distinguishing the species at sight<br />
rests, [sic] upon what modern researches
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 11<br />
have shown to be erroneous views with regard to the structure and development of<br />
the different species, and Harvey’s three classes no longer serve as a basis for<br />
classification. The Melanospermeæ and Chlorospermeæ are entirely rearranged, and<br />
although the Rhodospermeæ are still considered to form a natural group, the older<br />
name, Florideæ, employed by Agardh, is used to designate them. The basis of<br />
classification is the structure of the fruit and the organs of fructification, in the<br />
knowledge of which a great advance has been made during the last twenty years.<br />
CRYPTOPHYCEÆ.—The lowest of all the algæ are those which belong to the order<br />
Cryptophyceæ, in which, as yet, the only reproduction known is by means of nonsexual<br />
spores and hormogonia. Most of the species of the order are bluish green, but<br />
some are purplish, brown, or even pink. The bluish-green coloring matter is due to<br />
the presence of phycochrome, which is a mixture of chlorophyl and phycocyanin. The<br />
last is extracted by water when the algæ containing it are bruised, the chlorophyl<br />
being soluble in alcohol. The species of Cryptophyceæ consist of cells which are<br />
usually roundish, or disk-shaped, and which are generally held together by a mass of<br />
gelatinous substance which surrounds them. The order is divided into two<br />
suborders, according to the arrangement of the cells in relation to the jelly. The first<br />
suborder, the Chroococcaceæ includes all the species in which the cells are either<br />
isolated or arranged in amorphous or more or less spherical masses. Some of the<br />
species of this suborder are very small, and in some of the modern classifications are<br />
placed with the Bacteria, in the order Protophytes. The mode of growth of the<br />
Chroococcaceæ is by division of the cells, first into two, then into four, and so on. The<br />
masses which they form may be called colonies, each cell forming a distinct<br />
individual, which is usually capable of living apart from its fellows. Spores, which<br />
are known in only one species, are formed by some of the cells enlarging and taking<br />
on a thick cell-wall. Nothing like sexual reproduction is seen either in this or the<br />
next suborder.<br />
NOSTOCHINEÆ.—In the second suborder of the Cryptophyceæ, the Nostochineæ, the<br />
cells are always attached to one another in the form of filaments, to which the name<br />
of trichomata is given. The trichomata may either be free, as in Oscillaria (Pl. I, fig.<br />
5), inclosed in a sheath, as in Lyngbya (Pl. I, fig. 4), or packed in a dense mass of<br />
jelly, as in Rivularia (Pl. II, fig. 2). The cells composing the trichomata are usually<br />
disk-shaped or cylindrical, but are sometimes nearly spherical.<br />
Besides the ordinary cells, we find in many species a second kind of cell,<br />
distinguished from the others by its glassy appearance and its yellowish or brownish<br />
rather than bluish-green color. (Pl. I, fig. 3, a; fig. 6, b; Pl. II, figs. 1 and 2, a.) They<br />
are called heterocysts, and are found sometimes scattered amongst the other cells,<br />
and sometimes at the end of the trichomata, their position often serving as a generic<br />
character. The reproduction of the Nostochineæ takes place in two ways, by<br />
hormogonia
12<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
and by spores. Both modes, however, are entirely of a non-sexual character. In the<br />
genera with numerous heterocysts, as Nostoc, the hormogonia are formed as follows:<br />
The cells intermediate between two heterocysts escape in the form of a small chain,<br />
called a hormogonium, and swim about with a spiral motion through the water.<br />
They at length become quiescent and begin to divide both transversely and<br />
longitudinally. Of the cells thus formed some become heterocysts, and in process of<br />
time a new Nostoc is formed. In the species destitute of heterocysts, or in which the<br />
heterocysts are few in number, the hormogonia are formed in a different manner. At<br />
certain points in the sheath of the trichoma constrictions are formed, and the cells<br />
between the constriction adhere to one another to form a hormogonium. We thus<br />
have formed a necklace of hormogonia, which are capable of moving upwards and<br />
downwards in the sheath until finally it is ruptured and the hormogonia make their<br />
escape. When free they are capable of moving about to a slight degree in the water,<br />
and eventually come to rest, and new heterocysts and trichomata are then formed by<br />
cell division.<br />
The so-called spores of the Nostochineæ are formed by the enlargement of some of<br />
the ordinary cells to several times their original length until they become ovoid or<br />
cylindrical (Pl. I, fig. 3, b). They are found in a number of genera but in a number of<br />
others they have not yet been observed. They usually occupy a fixed position with<br />
regard to the heterocyst, so that they are used as a generic mark. When ripe they<br />
have a dense outer covering and become at times quite dark colored. They are more<br />
resistant than the ordinary cells and do not usually germinate until after a period of<br />
rest. In germination, which has only been observed in a few instances, the outer wall<br />
of the spore bursts open and the contents grow out in the form of a filament, in<br />
which by transverse division the ordinary cells are formed.<br />
The Cryptophyceæ are algæ which flourish only in summer, but which can be found<br />
to some extent at all seasons. Most of them form slimy expansions on mud, wharves,<br />
stones, and on dead algæ. They are not often found submerged at any depth, but are<br />
most abundant near high-water mark. A few filamentous species attain a length of<br />
some inches but only one, Lyngbya majuscula, is sufficiently striking to have gained<br />
a popular name—mermaid’s hair. The species of Oscillaria, Spirulina, and<br />
Beggiatoa, are capable of oscillating rapidly, but in this respect the marine species<br />
are not so well marked as the species of fresh water. The Beggiatoæ which are found<br />
on putrefying algæ give off the disagreeable odor of sulphuretted hydrogen often<br />
noticed at the sea-shore in hot weather. The species of Cryptophyceæ are very widely<br />
diffused, and, with two exceptions, our forms are all common in Europe.<br />
ZOOSPOREÆ —This order includes not only the greater part of the Chlorospermeæ of<br />
Harvey’s Nereis, with the exception of the Oscillatoriaceæ, which belong to the<br />
Cryptophyceæ, but also the Laminariaceæ and all the Dictyotaceæ which Harvey<br />
attributes to the New England coast.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 13<br />
Although the species included in this large order differ from one another in size and<br />
habit to an extent that would certainly forbid their being placed together, if we<br />
considered merely the character of the frond, yet they resemble one another very<br />
closely in their mode of reproduction, which is accomplished by means of zoospores.<br />
The Zoosporeæ are divided into four suborders, the Chlorosporeæ, or<br />
Chlorozoosporeæ, as the name is sometimes written, the Phæosporeæ, or<br />
Phæozoosporeæ, the Bryopsideæ, and the Botrydieæ. The former are abundant in<br />
both fresh and salt water. They especially frequent brackish waters and high tidepools.<br />
The mass of the vegetation in brackish rivers is formed of species of this order.<br />
The species are either filamentous or else in the form of green membranes, as in the<br />
sea-lettuces, Ulvæ, which abound in muddy places between tide-marks. The contents<br />
of any of the cells may be transformed into zoospores, which escape from the mother<br />
cell usually at daybreak. The zoospores are of two kinds, microzoospores and<br />
macrozoospores. The latter are produced few in number in the mother cell, and when<br />
they have escaped into the water they are seen to be furnished with four cilia placed<br />
at one end, and with a dark red spot on one side. After swimming about for a short<br />
time they come to rest, the cilia disappear, a wall of cellulose is formed around the<br />
zoospore, which then begins to divide and produce a plant like that from which it<br />
came. The microzoospores are borne in considerable numbers in the mother cell, and<br />
when they escape they are seen to have only two cilia at one end, and a dark red<br />
spot on the side. The microzoospores, after swimming about a short time, approach<br />
one another in pairs, occasionally in threes, which in a short time coalesce so as to<br />
form a body known as the zygospore, or, to use a term first applied by Rostafinski,<br />
the isospore, which has four cilia and two dark red spots. The zygospore swims about<br />
for a short time, then comes to rest, takes on a cellulose wall, and begins to divide in<br />
the same manner as a macrospore. This process of union is called conjugation, and<br />
represents sexuality in its lowest form, it being impossible to say which of the<br />
conjugating bodies is male and which is female. It is only the microzoospores which<br />
come from different mother-cells which conjugate, but it is not quite certain whether<br />
the cells must belong to different individuals. The microzoospores, however, do not<br />
always conjugate. More frequently they do not, but, after swimming about<br />
separately for a short time, lose their cilia and begin to grow just like the<br />
macrozoospores. If one wishes to examine the zoospores, he has only at evening to<br />
put a piece of sea-lettuce into a vessel of salt water, and at daybreak the zoospores<br />
will have formed a green cloud in the water. If the cloud consists of microzoospores,<br />
it will collect in the vessel on the side nearest the light; if composed of<br />
macrozoospores, on the side away from the light. Conjugation was first observed in a<br />
marine species (Ulva) by Areschoug, but had previously been observed by<br />
Pringsheim in a fresh-water species (Pandorina). Since then conjugation of<br />
zoospores has been studied by several observers.
14<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
BRYOPSIDEÆ.—In the present paper this suborder includes a single species of our<br />
coast, Bryopsis plumosa, which consist of a single cell of very large size, which<br />
branches in a pinnate fashion. When about to reproduce, some of the branches are<br />
shut off from the rest of the frond by a cell-wall, and the contents are then<br />
transformed into zoospores. A conjugation has not yet been seen in this species.<br />
From its unicellular structure one might suppose that Bryopsis should be placed<br />
near Vaucheria, but no oospores have yet been observed like those in the last-named<br />
genus. In the absence of a knowledge of the development of the genus, it is retained<br />
as a divsion [sic] of the Zoosporeæ, differing from the Chlorosporeæ in the unicellular<br />
character of the frond.<br />
BOTRYDIEÆ.—The development of Botrydium granulatum, which was fully studied by<br />
Rostafinski and Woronin, differs from that of the Chlorosporeæ which we have<br />
already described in the fact that there is first produced in the small unicellular<br />
frond of which this species is composed a number of round spores, or more properly<br />
zoosporangia, which are discharged from the mother cell. There is then formed in<br />
each zoosporangium a number of zoospores, which escape and conjugate with one<br />
another. De Bary and Strasburger have described a similar process in Acetabularia<br />
mediterranea, and have applied the name gameten to the zoospores which conjugate,<br />
and zygote to the body formed by conjugation. Secondary modes of reproduction by<br />
means of zoospores with a single cilium and so-called root-cells occur in Botrydium<br />
granulatum. Botrydium (Codiolum) gregarium, our only marine species, resembles<br />
B. granulatum, but its development has never been fully studied.<br />
PHÆOSPOREÆ.—The Phæosporeæ are all marine, with one possible exception, and are,<br />
when growing, of an olive-brown color. They possess only one form of zoospore,<br />
which is more or less oval and pointed at one end and olive-brown in color, and are<br />
furnished with two cilia attached at one side and a red spot. The zoospores are not<br />
born indefinitely in any cell, but are produced only in certain cells or sporangia.<br />
Each species is supposed to have two kinds of sporangia: one called the unilocular<br />
sporangium, which contains a large number of zoospores, and another, called the<br />
plurilocular sporangium, which consist of an aggregation of small cells, each of<br />
which contains a single zoospore. The name of oosporangia was originally given by<br />
Thuret to the unilocular sporangia because they are usually more or less oval in<br />
shape, but he afterwards abandoned the name because it is more appropriately<br />
applied to the spores of the Oosporeæ. The older name of trichosporangia, which was<br />
at first applied to the plurilocular sporangia, has also been abandoned. Although, as<br />
has been said, each species is supposed to have both kinds of sporangia, in a large<br />
number of species only one kind has as yet been observed. Both may occur on the<br />
same individual and at the same time, but more frequently they are found at<br />
different seasons of the year. Although found all over the world, the Phæosporeæ<br />
particularly affect the temperate and arctic regions, and they fruit more abundantly,<br />
as a rule, in winter
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 15<br />
and spring than at other seasons, if we except a few genera, like Ectocarpus. The<br />
conjugation in this suborder was first seen by Areschoug in Dictyosiphon, and<br />
afterwards by Goebel in Ectocarpus pusillus. The zoospores unite in nearly the same<br />
way as in the Chlorosporeæ. According to Goebel, who studied the zoospores coming<br />
from plurilocular sporangia, the conjugation occurs between zoospores coming from<br />
different sporangia. The development of the zygospore and the action of the<br />
zoospores borne in the unilocular sporangia, except in the genus Dictyosiphon, are<br />
not yet satisfactorily known. Thuret and Bornet have seen bodies which they<br />
consider to be antheridia in several species of Ectocarpus, and Pringsheim at one<br />
time considered that he had found antheridia in a species of Sphacelaria. It is now<br />
admitted that the bodies found by Pringsheim belonged to a parasitic species of<br />
Chytridium, and Thuret and Bornet were unable to ascertain the development of the<br />
antheridia in Ectocarpus. At any rate, nothing like an oogonium or any female organ<br />
to be fertilized by the antherozoids has been found in the Phæosporeæ.<br />
As has already been hinted, the genera of Phæosporeæ differ from one another very<br />
widely in the structure of the frond. From low forms, consisting of short filaments,<br />
we pass upwards, through various cylindrical, crustaceous, and globose forms, to the<br />
highly developed devil’s aprons, Laminareæ, the largest of our sea-weeds; and,<br />
finally, on the coast of California and in the Antarctic Ocean, we find the perfection<br />
of the order in the enormous Macrocystis pyrifera, which is several hundred feet<br />
long; the Nereocystis or bladder-kelp of California; and Egregia, in which we have<br />
what appears to be a separate stem, leaves, bladders, and fruit-bearing leaves.<br />
Janczewski distinguishes three principal modes of growth of the thallus in<br />
Phæosporeæ. The first consist in growth from a single terminal cell, as in<br />
Sphacelaria, Cladostephus, and Dictyosiphon, resulting in the formation of a<br />
filamentous solid plant. The second mode consists in the simultaneous growth of<br />
several contiguous filaments at their tips, so as to form either a flat expansion, as in<br />
Myrionema and Ralfsia, or a more or less globular body, as in Leathesia. The third<br />
mode is illustrated by the genus Laminaria, in which there is a stalk, a blade, and<br />
root-like growths. The place of growth is at the point of union of stem and blade, and<br />
the new blade, which begins to form at the tip of the stem, grows upwards from the<br />
base and gradually pushes off the old blade. In Scytosiphon a similar mode of growth<br />
is found only here, there being no stalk, the growth is at the base of the plant.<br />
During a certain part of the year, especially in the spring, most of the Phæosporeæ<br />
are covered with delicate hairs, which disappear as the plant becomes old.<br />
The suborder contains a large number of species, which are divided into several<br />
families. Those found on our coast are the following:<br />
SCYTOSIPHONEÆ.—This family includes the two genera Scytosiphon and Phyllitis,<br />
which comprise the old Chorda lomentaria and Laminaria
16<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
fascia, which were placed among the Laminariæ in the Nereis Am.-Bor. In Phyllitis<br />
the frond is membranous, and its whole surface is covered by the plurilocular<br />
sporangia which are formed from the superficial cells, which divide so as to form<br />
club-shaped filaments consisting of five or six cells, each one of which contains a<br />
zoospore. Scytosiphon resembles Phyllitis except that the frond, instead of being a<br />
flat membrane, is a hollow tube. There are no paraphyses in Phyllitis, but in<br />
Scytosiphon there are ovoidal cells interspersed among the plurilocular sporangia,<br />
which seem to be of the nature of paraphyses. No true unilocular sporangia are<br />
known in this family.<br />
PUNCTARIEÆ.—In this family we find both unilocular and plurilocular sporangia,<br />
which are formed in spots on the frond, and arise from the superficial cells. The<br />
former are spherical and the latter ellipsoid in outline, and divided into a number of<br />
small cells.<br />
DESMARESTIEÆ.—In the two preceding families the fronds were either flat membranes<br />
or hollow tubes. In the present there is a solid axis and numerous branches. The<br />
cells of the cortical layer are changed into unilocular sporangia. The plurilocular<br />
sporangia are unknown.<br />
DICTYOSIPHONEÆ.—In this family the fronds are solid and branching as in the last, and<br />
only the unilocular sporangia are known. They are in the form of large spherical<br />
cells, imbedded in the cortical layer and opening at the surface. Except that in<br />
Desmarestia the sporangia are formed directly from the superficial cells, while in<br />
Dictyosiphon they originate below the surface, this tribe scarcely differs from the<br />
last.<br />
ECTOCARPEÆ.—This family comprises a large number of filamentous algæ, upon<br />
whose branches are borne the sporangia. The plurilocular sporangia are usually in<br />
the form of pod-like branches, composed of a large number of small muriform cells,<br />
in each one of which is produced a zoospore. The unilocular sporangia are either<br />
globose bodies, borne on a short stalk, or else are formed by the direct enlargement<br />
of several contiguous cells of the branches.<br />
SPHACELARIEÆ.—This family is kept distinct from the last by Thuret. Both unilocular<br />
and plurilocular sporangia are known, and are similar to those of the Ectocarpeæ. If<br />
the two families are to be kept distinct, the reason must be that the fronds of the<br />
present order are solid, and the growth is by the means of a single terminal cell,<br />
which is not the case in the Ectocarpeæ.<br />
LEATHESIEÆ.—In the Leathesieæ and Chordarieæ the sporangia are distributed<br />
indefinitely over the frond, but in the succeeding families they are found in separate<br />
spots or bands. The Leathesieæ, in which we do not include Myrionema, are either in<br />
the form of small tufts, as in Elachistea, in gelatinous expansions of indefinite<br />
shape, as in Petrospongium, or in vesicular masses, as in Leathesia. The greater part<br />
of the frond consists of a cellular filamentous mass, upon the surface of which is<br />
borne a layer of short filaments composed of smaller cells. The unilocular
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 17<br />
and plurilocular sporangia are borne at the base of the peripheral filaments. In<br />
Elachistea there are also paraphyses.<br />
CHORDARIEÆ.—In this family the branching frond is filamentous, and consists of an<br />
axis of longitudinal filaments and a peripheral series of short filaments, which are<br />
given off at right angles to the axis. The sporangia are found amongst the peripheral<br />
filaments, the unilocular are ovoidal, and the plurilocular arise from the<br />
metamorphosis of the cells at the outer extremity of the peripheral filaments.<br />
ASPEROCOCCEÆ.—The fronds of this family are the counterparts of those in the<br />
Scytosiphoneæ, but the sporangia, instead of being superficial, are external and do<br />
not cover the whole surface, but are found in spots. The spots contain paraphyses<br />
and spherical unilocular sporangia.<br />
RALFSIEÆ.—In this family, composed of very few species, the frond is in the form of a<br />
crust, resembling a lichen. The fruit is found on the surface in spots, composed of<br />
paraphyses and unicellular sporangia.<br />
SPOROCHNEÆ.—Here the frond is a solid branching filament and the fruit is found in<br />
spots on the surface. Each spot consists of a number of paraphyses, at the base of<br />
which are either oval unilocular sporangia or plurilocular sporangia in the form of<br />
short filaments, resembling the sporangia of Phyllitis.<br />
LAMINARIEÆ.—The family which includes the devil’s aprons and sea-colander of our<br />
coast. The fruit either forms long patches or more or less irregular spots along the<br />
center of the frond. Unicellular sporangia only are known. The sporangia are<br />
separated from one another by peculiar-shaped unicellular paraphyses, which are<br />
expanded at the top so as to cover the sporangia.<br />
OOSPOREÆ.—In the order Zoosporeæ the sexual reproduction consists in the direct<br />
union of two zoospores, which form a zygospore. The two conjugating zoospores, or<br />
gameten if we adopt De Bary’s nomenclature, are alike in structure, and it is<br />
impossible to say which is male and which is female. In the Cutlerieæ, of which no<br />
representative has as yet been found on our coast, we have algæ resembling the<br />
Phæosporeæ in habit, but differing from them in that their reproduction is of a<br />
higher grade. The Cutleriæ have both zoospores and antherozoids, or proper male<br />
organs. The zoospores are large, and are born singly in cells, which are united in<br />
eights into an oblong body. The antheridia borne on distinct individuals are also<br />
oblong in shape, but, instead of being divided into eight cells, they are formed of a<br />
much larger number of small cells, in each one of which an antherozoid is produced.<br />
The antherozoids are small oval bodies, almost colorless, and provided with two<br />
lateral cilia. In Cutleria collaris Reinke found that the zoospores after swimming<br />
about for some time, lost their cilia and came to rest. While at rest the antherozoids<br />
approached them, and he considered that the sexual union then took place. Here,<br />
then, we find a clear distinction of the sexes such as is nowhere found in the<br />
Zoosporeæ, and it is but a step higher to the Oosporeæ, in which we have a distinct<br />
male S. Mis. 59——2
18<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
organ, the antherozoid, borne in an antheridium, and a female, called in this order<br />
the oogonuim. [sic] The order is divided into two suborders, in which, although the<br />
general plan of reproduction is the same, the details vary.<br />
VAUCHERIEÆ.—This suborder includes a number of species of green algæ which form<br />
dense turfs upon the mud in brackish ditches and rivers‚ or else loosely floating<br />
masses of green filaments. They may generally be recognized at sight by their deepgreen<br />
shining color and velvety appearance. They consist entirely of long green<br />
threads, which occasionally branch, but which are destitute of any cross-partitions<br />
except at the time of reproduction. The non-sexual reproduction is by means of<br />
zoospores. A cross-partition is formed near the end of a filament, and in the cell thus<br />
cut off from the rest of the plant a single very large zoospore is formed. In some<br />
species the zoospore escapes through an opening in the apex of the cell, and when<br />
free its whole surface is seen to be covered by a large number of vibratile cilia. In<br />
other species the cell containing the zoospore breaks off from the rest of the plant<br />
and the zoospore remains in a more or less passive condition. The antheridia grow<br />
from the sides of the filaments, and are either in the form of oblong, at times nearly<br />
sessile, cells, or else a lateral shoot is formed which ends in one or more convolute<br />
processes, at the tips of which a cell is cut off from the rest. The antherozoids are<br />
very small bodies with two cilia. The oogonia, or female organs, are generally<br />
situated near the antheridia, and are irregularly ovoid, with a blunt tip. The cell<br />
contents collect in a roundish mass at the center, called the oosphere, while at the tip<br />
of the oogonium is a mass of slimy substance. At the time of fertilization the<br />
antheridium opens and discharges the antherozoids and the tip of the oogonium<br />
opens to admit the antherozoids, which remain for a short time in the interior of the<br />
oogonium and then withdraw. The oogonium is then closed and, the oosphere, which<br />
before fertilization was merely a mass of protoplasm, has now formed around it a<br />
wall of cellulose, and ripens, forming an oospore. The oospore finally escapes from<br />
the oogonium and germinates.<br />
FUCACEÆ.—This suborder includes the rock-weeds, Fuci and Sargassum, of our<br />
coast, which constitute the bulk of the olive-brown sea-weeds found between tidemarks.<br />
The admirable paper of Thuret on the fertilization of Fucus leaves nothing to<br />
be desired on that subject, and his observations are now so widely known in this<br />
country that little need be said in this connection. In the two common rock-weeds of<br />
our coast, Fucus vesiculosus and F. nodosus, the two sexes are on distinct<br />
individuals. In F. evanescens and F. furcatus they are on the same individual. The<br />
Fuci fruit principally in winter and spring, but F. vesiculosus may be found in fruit<br />
throughout the year. In the last-named species, if we examine the swollen tips of the<br />
frond, we find certain granular bodies, which on section are seen to be sacks opening<br />
outwards. The sacks are called conceptacles. The male plant can generally be<br />
distinguished from the
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 19<br />
female by the brighter color of the tips which bear the conceptacles. A section<br />
through the conceptacles of the male plant, as in Pl. IX, Fig. 2, shows a number of<br />
branching filaments which line the interior of the conceptacle. Attached to the<br />
filaments are oval bodies, the antheridia. The antheridia contain the antherozoids,<br />
which are ovate and provided with two cilia attached at the side. Usually about daybreak<br />
the antheridia discharge their antherozoids, which then swim about in the<br />
water until they reach the female plant. A section through the tip of a female plant<br />
shows a number of conceptacles similar in shape to those of the male plant. On the<br />
walls of the conceptacle there are paraphyses, and scattered among them are the<br />
oogonia, as shown in Pl. IX, Fig. 1. The oogonia are oval and seated on broad short<br />
pedicels. In Fucus vesiculosus the contents of the oogonia divide into eight<br />
oospheres, which are at first angular, but afterwards become spherical. The oogonia<br />
become free from their attachments, and the wall, which is really double, ruptures,<br />
and the oospheres escape into the water. In this condition they are merely spheres of<br />
protoplasm. The antheridia then collect around the oospheres in large numbers, and<br />
the mass begins to rotate. The rotation continues for a short time, and when it<br />
ceases the antherozoids withdraw and soon perish. It is not yet certain whether one<br />
or more of the antherozoids really penetrates into the substance of the oosphere<br />
during the revolutions. As soon as it comes to rest the oosphere takes on a cell-wall<br />
of cellulose and becomes an oospore, which after an interval of rest begins to divide<br />
so as to form eventually a new frond.<br />
DICTYOTEÆ.—Although no members of this order are known on our coast north of<br />
North Carolina, the order cannot pass unnoticed in the present article, because it<br />
forms a connecting link between the Fucaceæ and Phæosporeæ on one hand and the<br />
Florideæ on the other. The species are olive-brown and form expanded membranous<br />
fronds. Three kinds of reproductive organs are known, antheridia, spores, and<br />
tetraspores. All are formed by outgrowths from the superficial cells. The tetraspores<br />
are formed, as the name implies, in fours in a mother cell, from which they escape<br />
and then readily germinate. The spores are borne singly in a mother cell. The<br />
antheridia are composed of a number of oblong cells, which become divided by<br />
numerous longitudinal and transverse divisions into small cells, each of which<br />
contains an antherozoid. The Dictyotaceæ resemble the Florideæ in having<br />
tetraspores and spores which germinate without first passing through a zoosporic<br />
condition. The action of the antherozoids is at present unknown, and the spores of<br />
this order cannot be the product of a fertilization such as we find in the Florideæ.<br />
FLORIDEÆ.—This order is the same as the Rhodospermeæ of Harvey’s Nereis. The<br />
species composing it form a very natural group, and are, with the exception of a few<br />
genera, entirely marine. Their color is always some shade of red or purple when they<br />
are growing in their
20<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
normal condition. When, however, they grow in positions where they are much<br />
exposed to the light they become green, and in decaying they pass through various<br />
shades of orange and yellow to green. Their favorite place of growth is below lowwater<br />
mark and in deeper water, but some species grow in tide-pools. The fronds<br />
vary in structure in the different genera, but as a rule they are less complicated than<br />
the fronds of the Fuci and Laminarieæ. The non-sexual mode of growth is by means<br />
of bodies called tetraspores, formed by the division of a single cell into four parts.<br />
The divisions may be at right angles to one another, when the tetraspore is said to<br />
be cruciate; they may be parallel to each other, in which case the tetraspore is said<br />
to be zonate; or they may be arranged as in Pl. XI, Fig. 1 a, when it is said to be<br />
tripartite. The tetraspores may either be isolated or collected in wart-like masses,<br />
called nemathecia. The individuals which bear the tetraspores are, with rare<br />
exceptions, distinct from those which bear the sexual fruit or cystocarps.<br />
Occasionally both kinds are found on the same individual, as sometimes happens in<br />
Callithamnion Baileyi and Spyridia filamentosa. The tetrasporic plants, taking the<br />
order as a whole, are decidedly more abundant than those which bear the<br />
cystocarps. The sexual fruit, called the cystocarp, is formed by the action of<br />
antherozoids upon a structure called the trichogyne, which forms a part of the<br />
procarpe. The antherozoids are small colorless spheres, destitute of cilia. They are<br />
borne singly in cells, which are agglomerated in various forms, which differ in the<br />
different genera, but are usually either in the shape of short, dense tufts, or else are<br />
siliculose in outline. In Chondria the antheridia cover the surface of irregular disklike<br />
branches, and in membranous genera they form spots on the surface.<br />
The name of procarpe was given by Bornet and Thuret to the collection of different<br />
cells, of which the female organ is composed before fertilization. The procarpes are<br />
borne on the younger parts of the frond generally near the surface. The cells of<br />
which they are composed may be divided into two sets—those which take part in the<br />
act of fertilization and those from which the spores are formed. The former consists<br />
of the trichogyne, a long, slender, hyaline hair, at whose base is the trichophore. The<br />
latter set, called by Thuret and Bornet the carpogenic cell or system, varies in the<br />
different genera, and is in most cases too complicated to be explained in the present<br />
article. In the simplest genera, as in Nemalion and Batrachospermum, the<br />
antherozoids come in contact with the extremity of the trichogyne, where they<br />
remain fixed for a considerable time. The contents of the antherozoid, or<br />
antherozoids—for more than one may be attached to the trichogyne—pass into the<br />
trichogyne, and, in consequence of this action, a change takes place in the<br />
trichophore, which divides, the divisions growing into short filaments, which are<br />
formed into chains of spores by transverse divisions. In this case the trichophore<br />
represents the carpogenic cell. In Nemalion the cystocarpic fruit is a globular mass<br />
of spores, arranged in filaments
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 21<br />
and destitute of any general envelope. In by far the greater number of genera the<br />
spores are not formed by direct outgrowths from the trichophore. In Callithamnion,<br />
for instance, the fertilizing influence is propagated from the trichogyne, through the<br />
trichophore and the cells below it which constitute the trichophoric apparatus, to<br />
certain lateral cells, from which by repeated cell-division the spores are formed. In<br />
Dudresnaya the cells of the trichophoric apparatus send out a number of lateral<br />
tubes‚ which, in turn, convey the fertilizing impulse to certain modified branches in<br />
other parts of the frond, so that, in reality, the cystocarp is formed at some distance<br />
from the trichogyne by means of which it has been indirectly fertilized. A similar<br />
mode of fertilization is known in Polyides and, according to Professor Schmitz, in the<br />
Squamarieæ. The cystocarps are sometimes naked, that is, without a special<br />
membranous envelope, as in Nemalion, but they not infrequently are contained in a<br />
conceptacle or pericarp. In the latter case, the development can only be studied with<br />
difficulty, because the conceptacle, which originates from some of the cells below the<br />
trichophore, develops more rapidly than the rest of the cystocarp, and so shuts out<br />
from view the process of the formation of the spores. It is impossible in the present<br />
article to enter into the details of the development of the cystocarp in this<br />
complicated order, but the reader interested in the subject is referred to the superb<br />
work of Thuret and Bornet, Études Phycologiques, and the hardly less admirable<br />
Notes Algologiques, of the same authors, for a masterly exposition of the subject.<br />
MODE OF COLLECTING AND PREPARING SEA-WEEDS.<br />
The collector of sea-weeds should be provided with a pail of tin or wood, or, better<br />
still, with one of papier maché if it can be procured, in which he should place a<br />
number of large wide-mouthed bottles and several small bottles, and one or two vials<br />
filled with alcohol should not be forgotten. A knife is needed for scraping crustaceous<br />
algæ from stones, and a geologist’s hammer and chisel are often useful. A hand-net,<br />
with a long, stout, jointless pole and net with small meshes is a necessity. Clothes<br />
for wading are also indispensable, since the best collecting grounds are below lowwater<br />
mark. If the collector is not already sufficiently encumbered, he may throw a<br />
common botanical collecting-box over his shoulder, as it will serve to carry the<br />
coarser species. Collecting on sandy or gravelly beaches is very simple. One finds<br />
there only the Florideæ and larger brown sea-weeds which are washed ashore after a<br />
storm. It is only necessary to pull over the heaps of refuse at high-water mark, or to<br />
dip up with a net the specimens which are floating at low-water. Collecting on<br />
beaches is uncertain, because it is only at certain times that specimens are washed<br />
ashore. On rocky shores, on wharves, and on the eel-grass we are always sure to find<br />
something. One should examine the surface of rocks wet with the spray, the bases of<br />
the stalks of the marsh-grasses, and even the surface of mud which is
22<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
overflowed at high tide. Here one will find an abundance of Cryptophyceæ and some<br />
Chlorosporeæ. Pools, more especially rocky pools, are rich in Chlorosporeæ and the<br />
filamentous Phæosporeæ. The richest locality is just beyond low-water mark,<br />
especially at the spring tides. One should carefully scrape old wharves and piers.<br />
This is best done at low tide from a boat. A long-handled net with a scraper on one<br />
side is the best thing, but any stout net will do. By scraping old wood-work which<br />
looks very unpromising one sometimes gets the rarer Callthamniai and other<br />
delicate algæ. A number of interesting species are also to be found growing on eelgrass,<br />
which may be reached at low tide by wading, or, better still, by boat.<br />
For botanical purposes the dredge is not of very great service. One sometimes<br />
secures by its means rare species, but, as a rule, a day of dredging is a day wasted.<br />
Most algæ grow on rocky bottoms where the dredge does not work well, in fact not so<br />
well as grappling hooks. The best opportunity for dredging is on a shelly bottom,<br />
where several rare species are found. Good specimens are not unfrequently brought<br />
up by fishermen on their nets. The different species when collected should be<br />
cleaned of sand and small animals and placed in bottles, each species in a separate<br />
bottle. This is absolutely necessary in case of genera like Cladophora and<br />
Ectocarpus, which would otherwise be hopelessly entangled. The small specimens<br />
and those to be kept for microscopic study should be put into alchohol [sic]. The<br />
coarse species which are merely to be mounted and are not to be studied should be<br />
put dry into the pail. Anything to be studied should be kept in plenty of water, or, if<br />
not to be studied in a short time, be put immediately into alcohol. It is, however,<br />
useless to put into alcohol large quantities of sterile specimens of genera, like<br />
Cladophora, the species of which are characterized by their branching and not by<br />
microscopic structure. Sea-weeds are best mounted in salt water, that is, in this way<br />
they are in a more natural condition for after-study, and if one is able to procure<br />
plenty of salt water it is best always to mount in it. However, one may be stopping at<br />
a distance from the shore, in which case it is possible to make use of fresh water.<br />
Besides, if salt water is used continually the driers become saturated with salt, and<br />
it is then impossible to prepare specimens in the damp weather so frequent at the<br />
sea-shore. As a matter of economy, one had better mount only the finer and most<br />
important specimens in salt water and the rest in fresh water.<br />
The larger sea-weeds, as the rock-weeds and devil’s aprons, should be allowed to<br />
soak several hours in fresh water before being mounted. They can then be pressed in<br />
the same way as flowering plants, and, when dried, mounted on the ordinary<br />
herbarium sheets. If a number of large specimens are to be prepared, it is best to<br />
hang the plants up as soon as they are gathered and allow them to dry, and they can<br />
afterwards be soaked out at leisure in fresh water. The collector should know that<br />
there are probably no plants which so quickly spoil driers as the species
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 23<br />
of rock-weed. For mounting the smaller species one-should have two or three shallow<br />
dishes of salt water, in which the plants are to be washed and floated out, and a<br />
deep basin of either salt or fresh water, as the case may be, for mounting. A zinc<br />
tank, one of whose sides is slanting, is convenient for mounting, but is rather an<br />
awkward thing to carry about in travelling. The specimens to be mounted are put<br />
into the basin and floated out; a piece of paper is slipped under them and they are<br />
lifted out of the water. A moderately thick unglazed paper is best for mounting,<br />
although almost any kind will do, provided it is not very thin. Many ladies make use<br />
of photographers cards.<br />
With a little practice it is perfectly easy to remove sea-weeds from the water, but to<br />
prevent the specimen slipping off the paper or to one side of the paper it is best to<br />
put the middle finger under the center of the paper and raise it so that the water<br />
drains off equally on all sides. Some slip a pane of glass under the paper, and lift it<br />
out of the water in that way. The papers should then be left in an inclined position<br />
for a short time, so that the superfluous water may run off. They are then to be put<br />
on the driers and covered with a piece of muslin or other thin white cloth, from<br />
which the glazing has been removed by washing. Very gelatinous specimens should<br />
be exposed for some time to the air before pressing. The driers should be of bibulous<br />
paper and the best material, but unfortunately the most expensive, is thick white<br />
blotting-paper. The specimens are to be laid on the paper and covered with a cloth,<br />
and then another layer of paper is placed above, and so on. The best form of press is<br />
a board with a number of stones for weights. The driers should be changed morning<br />
and night until the specimens are dry. Some of the smaller species dry in a few<br />
hours; others require two or three days. Great pressure is to be avoided, and the<br />
specimens, if prepared in fresh water, should not be allowed to remain long in the<br />
water. Most small species adhere to the papers naturally; others require to be<br />
fastened with gum. Besides mounting specimens on paper, it is a very good plan to<br />
prepare specimens of fruit or any small filamentous species on pieces of mica or<br />
glass. Fragments of mica good enough for the purpose can be obtained for a very<br />
small sum of those who manufacture air-tight stoves. Specimens prepared on mica<br />
can be moistened and at once used for microscopic study. All really microscopic<br />
forms, such as Glœocapsa, Clathrocystis, &c., had better be mounted on mica or<br />
glass than on paper. A difficulty is experienced in preparing corallines and other<br />
calcareous forms. If prepared in the same way as other sea-weeds, they become very<br />
brittle, and are often ruined by transportation. Various means have been devised for<br />
making them less brittle—such as painting them with a thin solution of gum. A<br />
better method is to paint them with a hot solution of isinglass which has been boiled<br />
for a few moments in alcohol. The habit may be preserved, although the structure is<br />
somewhat injured, by immersing corallines
24<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
for a short time in some dilute acid, which, by removing the calcareous matter,<br />
renders the specimens more flexible.<br />
As we have said, selected material for future study should be put into alcohol.<br />
Several other preserving fluids have been recommended, but none in the long run do<br />
as well as alcohol. Some species do well in glycerine, especially parasites like<br />
Streblonema and Bulbocoleon, which grow in the fronds of other species. A one per<br />
cent. solution of osmic acid is a favorite preserving fluid of some botanists. Certain<br />
sea-weeds, as the Phæosporeæ, can be mounted for the microscope in almost any of<br />
the ordinary mounting fluids, and keep very well. The Florideæ, on the other hand,<br />
do not keep at all well, and after a few months the preparations begin to spoil. A<br />
saturated solution of calcic chloride, a mixture of glycerine and acetic acid, half and<br />
half, boiled and filtered, weak solutions of carbolic acid, or a one per cent. solution of<br />
osmic acid are all about equally good for mounting algæ. As we have said,<br />
Phæosporeæ generally do well and Florideæ badly, but one sometimes has success<br />
even with the latter.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 25<br />
ORDERS AND SUBORDERS*<br />
OF<br />
MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW EN GLAND.<br />
Suborder CHROOCOCCACEÆ.<br />
NOSTOCHINEÆ.<br />
Suborder CHLOROSPOREÆ.<br />
ORDER I. CRYPTOPHYCEÆ.<br />
ORDER II. ZOOSPOREÆ.<br />
BRYOPSIDEÆ. BOTRYDIEÆ. PHÆOSPOREÆ.<br />
Suborder VAUCHERIEÆ.<br />
FUCACEÆ.<br />
Suborder PORPHYREÆ.<br />
ORDER III. OOSPOREÆ.<br />
ORDER IV. FLORIDEÆ.<br />
SQUAMARIEÆ. NEMALIEÆ. SPERMOTHAMNIEÆ. CERAMIEÆ. SPYRIDIEÆ.<br />
CRYPTONEMIEÆ. DUMONTIEÆ. GIGARTINEÆ. RHODYMENIEÆ.<br />
SPONGIOCARPEÆ. GELIDIEÆ. HYPNEÆ. SOLIERIEÆ.<br />
SPHÆROCOCCOIDEÆ. RHODOMELEÆ. CORALLINEÆ.<br />
*An artificial key to the genera of New England algæ will be found at the end of this paper.
26<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
ORDER I. CRYPTOPHYCEÆ, THURET.<br />
Algæ composed of cells which are either isolated or imbedded in mucus, so as to form<br />
colonies, or united in the form of filaments. Color usually bluish green, sometimes<br />
brown, purple, or pink. Reproduction by hormogonia or non-sexual spores. Sexual<br />
reproduction unknown.<br />
We have retained the name given by Thuret, in Le Jolis’s Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg, to<br />
the group of low algæ in which sexual reproduction is unknown. Our species belong to the Schizophytæ<br />
of Cohn (Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, Vol. I, p. 202), which also includes the minute forms<br />
commonly known as Bacteria. Most of the species here enumerated are bluish green, owing to the<br />
presence of phycochrome, and would be placed by some writers in the order Phycochromaceæ. Some are<br />
destitute of phycochrome and have been placed by different writers in the Chroococcaceæ and<br />
Palmellaceæ. Nægeli, in Die Niederen Pilze, is of the opinion that the Bacteria should not be classed<br />
with the Phycochromaceæ, as in the Schizophytæ of Cohn, but one cannot expect to make a satisfactory<br />
classification of forms in which no sexual reproduction has, as yet, been discovered. The Protophytes of<br />
Sachs’s Text-Book include all the Schizophytæ of Cohn, together with the Palmellaceæ and<br />
Saccharomycetes. From the nature of the plants themselves, none of the above classifications can be<br />
considered of decided scientific value, and, regarding the question of convenience alone, we have<br />
adopted the name Cryptophyceæ as expressing sufficiently well all the marine Protophytes of our coast,<br />
whether they contain phycochrome or not. The order is divided into two suborders, as follows:<br />
a. Cells free, or united by a gelatinous intercellular substance into families which never<br />
form true filaments............................................ CHROOCOCCACEÆ.<br />
b. Cells arranged in filaments...................................... NOSTOCHINEÆ.<br />
SUBORDER CHROOCOCCACEÆ.<br />
(Glæogenæ, Cohn in part.)<br />
1. Cells free or united in twos or fours ..........................Chroococcus.<br />
2. Cells united by a mucous intercellular substance into amorphous<br />
[NOTE.—In the following descriptive part of the present paper the synonymy of the species is carried<br />
only so far as to enable the reader, in the first place, to recognize the more common synonyms and also<br />
the works in which the synonymy is given in full, and, in the second place, to give a reference to the<br />
more accessible works in which the different species are figured. Of the latter frequent reference is<br />
made to the Nereis Boreali-Americana and Phycologia Brittanica of Harvey, to the Études<br />
Phycologiques and Notes Algologiques of Bornet and Thuret, and the Tabulæ Phycologicæ of Kützing.<br />
For a list of descriptive works consulted the reader is referred to the end of this paper.<br />
All microscopic measurements are given in fractions of a millimeter, but gross measurements of objects<br />
more than half an inch in diameter are given in feet and inches, as the divisions of the meter are not, in<br />
this country, readily applied to objects which can be seen by the naked eye.<br />
Unless otherwise stated, the localities given are those in which the writer himself has collected the<br />
species, but in the case of common species it has been considered unnecessary to give special localities.]
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 27<br />
colonies. Intercellular substance generally forming concentric layers around the cells<br />
.................................................................................Glœocapsa.<br />
3. Cells united in colonies of definite shape.<br />
a. Cells arranged in the form of an irregular sphere, which becomes finally hollow and<br />
net-shaped................................................................. Clathrocystis.<br />
b. Cells arranged in several layers forming a solid spheroidal body.<br />
Polycystis.<br />
c. Cells united in branching dendritic masses ............ Entophysalis.<br />
CHROOCOCCUS, Næg.<br />
[sic] ((From χροοσ [croos], the color of the body, and κοκκοσ [kokkos], a berry.)<br />
Cell division taking place in all directions, cells spherical, solitary, or united in twos<br />
or some multiple of two, free, i.e., not united into families by means of an<br />
intercellular substance.<br />
According to Nægeli, the principal distinction between Chroococcus and Glœocapsa lies in the fact that<br />
in the former genus the cell-wall is thin, while in the latter it is thick and formed of concentric layers.<br />
This difference, however, is not constant, as in Chroococcus turgidus the cell-wall is comparatively<br />
thick, whereas in Glœocapsa crepidinum the cell-wall is reduced to a minimum. A more characteristic<br />
distinction seems rather to be the existence of an intercellular substance in Glœocapsa which binds the<br />
cells together, but which is wanting in Chroococcus.<br />
C. TURGIDUS, Næg. (Protococcus, Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Vol. I, Pl. 6, Fig. 1.—<br />
Hæmatococcus binalis, Hassal, Fresh-water Algæ, p. 331, Pl. 82, Fig. 2.)<br />
Cells bluish green, oval, usually single or binate, about .02 mm to .025 mm in diameter,<br />
surrounded by a thick cell-wall.<br />
Cape Ann, Mrs. A. L. Davis; Europe. Fresh water and marine.<br />
Found on slimy rocks and piers upon which species of Calothrix, Lyngbya, &c., are growing. Probably<br />
common throughout New England. The size of the cells varies very much. What we have given above is<br />
an average measurement.<br />
GLŒOCAPSA, (Kütz.) Næg.<br />
(From γλοιοσ gloios], sticky, and καψα [kapsa], a box.)<br />
Cell division taking place in all directions, cells spherical, with thick walls, solitary<br />
or united in families, which are surrounded by a gelatinous substance which is<br />
generally in concentric layers around the cells. Spores known only in G. stegophila,<br />
Itzigs. (G. Itzigsohnii, Bornet mscr.).<br />
This genus, if we adopt the views of the advocates of Schwendener’s theory, forms the gonidia of the<br />
lichen genera Synalissa, Omphalaria, &c.<br />
G. CREPIDINUM, Thuret, Notes Algologiques, p. 2, Pl. I, Figs. 1-3. (Protococcus,<br />
Thuret, in Mém. Soc. Natur. Cherbourg, Vol. II, p. 388; Le Jolis, Liste des Algues<br />
Marines de Cherbourg, p. 25; Farlow, List
28<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
of Marine Algæ, 1876.—Pleurococcus, Rab.‚ Flora Europ. Alg., Sec. III, p. 25.) Pl. I,<br />
Fig. 1.<br />
Cells spheroidal, yellow, about .0035 mm to .005 mm in diameter, imbedded in an olivebrown<br />
gelatinous stratum, occasionally single, usually united in twos or some<br />
multiple of four.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Gloucester, Mass.; Newport, R. I.; northern coast of France.<br />
We found this species abundant in October, 1875, on the wharves of Eastport, where it formed thin<br />
gelatinous layers of a dark-brown color at high-water mark. It probably occurs at high-water mark on<br />
wharves along our whole coast. This species is said by Thuret to form the gonidia of Verrucaria<br />
halodytes, Nyl., a species which we are informed by Prof. Tuckerman is not known to lichenologists in<br />
this country. In the present species the concentric layers of the gelatinous envelope of the cells is<br />
wanting. The color of the cells is quite constantly brownish yellow, but occasionally they become dark<br />
green. The average diameter of the cells in American specimens seems to be slightly less than Thuret’s<br />
measurement.<br />
POLYCYSTIS, Kütz.<br />
(From πολυσ [polus], many, κυστισ [kystis], a bladder.)<br />
Cells spherical, densely aggregated, united by an intercellular mucus into solid<br />
masses.<br />
In this genus we include Microcystis of Kützing, in which the colonies are isolated<br />
and not united in botryoidal masses, one being evidently an immature state of the<br />
other.<br />
P. ELABENS, Kütz. (Microcystis, Kütz., Tab. Phyc.‚ Vol. I, Pl. 8, Fig. 1.)<br />
Cells bluish green, oblong, about .004 mm in diameter, closely packed in solid colonies,<br />
which are aggregated in botryoidal masses.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Europe.<br />
Common in summer on decaying algæ, over which it forms slimy masses, mixed with species of<br />
Lyngbya, Microcoleus, &c.<br />
P. PALLIDA, (Kütz.).<br />
Cells bluish green, oval, .005-7 mm x .007-9 mm .<br />
Newport, R. I.; Gloucester, Mass.; Europe. On Cladophoræ and Zostera.<br />
Differs mainly in the size of the cells from the preceding species. Our form agrees closely with<br />
European specimens.<br />
CLATHROCYSTIS, Henfrey.<br />
(From κληθρον [klethron], a lattice, and κνστις [kystis], a bladder.)<br />
Cells minute, very numerous, imbedded in mucus, forming a colony which is at first<br />
solid, then hollow, and finally perforate.<br />
C. ROSEO-PERSICINA, Cohn, in Beiträge zur Biologie, Vol. I, Part III,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 29<br />
p. 157, Pl. VI, Figs. 1-10. (Microhaloa rosea, Kütz., in Linnea, VIII, 341.—<br />
Protococcus, Kütz., Spec. Alg.—Pleurococcus roseo-persicinus, Rab.‚ Flora Europ.<br />
Alg.—Cryptococcus roseus, Kütz., Phyc. Gen.; Le Jolis, Liste des Algues Marines;<br />
Crouan, Florule du Finistère; Farlow, List of Marine Algæ, 1876.—Bacterium<br />
rubescens, Lankaster, in Quart. Journ. Micros. Science, Vol. XII, new series, p. 408,<br />
Pl. 22 and 23.)<br />
Cells very small, about .0025 mm in diameter, rose-colored.<br />
Whole New England coast; Europe. Both marine and in fresh water.<br />
Very common on decaying algæ and on the mud, which it covers with a purplish-red film. It is also<br />
found on codfish in the Gloucester market, causing what is known as the red fish. This alga, of which<br />
the detailed history is given by Cohn and Lankaster, l. c., after having been placed by different writers<br />
in several different genera, has finally been associated with Clathrocystis æruginosa, Henfrey, a<br />
common fresh-water alga of Europe and the United States. Both species are at first minute and solid,<br />
but as they grow older become hollow, and at length portions become detached, leaving holes in the<br />
circumference. Although in Europe the species is found in fresh water as well as in salt, it has not yet<br />
been observed in the interior of this country.<br />
ENTOPHYSALIS, Kütz.<br />
(From εντος [entos] and φυσαλις [physalis], a bladder.)<br />
Cells united in colonies, which assume a dendritic form.<br />
The genus is founded on Entophysalis granulosa, a species of the Mediterranean, referred by Zanardini<br />
to the Palmellaceæ, but more correctly by Thuret and Bornet to the Chroococcaceæ.<br />
E. MAGNOLIÆ, n. sp.<br />
Cells dark purple, .004-6 mm in diameter, united in twos and fours and imbedded in<br />
jelly, which forms a densely branching mass. Magnolia Cove, Gloucester, Mass.<br />
Rare. Autumn.<br />
This alga forms a thin slime on exposed rocks, in company with Glœocapsa crepidinum. The<br />
ramifications of the frond are visible on careful dissection. The species is much smaller and differs in<br />
color from E. granulosa of Europe. The cells do not differ much in size from those of the Glœocapsa, but<br />
they are of an entirely different color and have the concentric arrangement of the cell-wall much better<br />
marked than in that species. The cells adhere together in twos, fours, or some multiple of four, and all<br />
are held together by a mucous mass, which branches in a very dense fashion. The genus Entophysalis is<br />
merely a Glœocapsa, which instead of being indefinitely expanded is densely ramified.<br />
SUBORDER NOSTOCHINEÆ.<br />
(Nematogenæ, Cohn in part.)<br />
We have followed Thuret’s Essai de Classification des Nostochinées, Ann. des<br />
Sciences, 6 série, Tome I, in the arrangement of the genera.<br />
1. Filaments terminating in a hyaline hair......................................7<br />
Filaments destitute of a terminal hair .........................................2
30<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
2. Filaments furnished with heterocysts........................................10<br />
Filaments destitute of heterocysts................................................3<br />
3. Filaments spirally twisted .............................................Spirulina.<br />
Filaments not twisted ...................................................................4<br />
4. Filaments without a distinct sheath.............................................5<br />
Filaments formed of one or more colored trichomata contained in a transparent<br />
sheath.............................................................................................6<br />
5. Cells bluish green or purple.......................................... Oscillaria.<br />
Cells colorless, or filled with minute black grains ....... Beggiatoa.<br />
6. Sheath containing several trichomata....................... Microcoleus.<br />
Sheath containing only one trichoma ..............................Lyngbya,<br />
7. Filaments free, forming tufts of indefinite extent......... Calothrix.<br />
Filaments united by a more or less firm gelatinous substance, frond of definite shape<br />
and extent ......................................................................................8<br />
8. Heterocysts basal, i.e., placed at the base of the principal filaments and branches<br />
........................................................................................................9<br />
Heterocysts intercalary .................................................Hormactis.<br />
9. Frond hemispherical or vesiculose, filaments radiating from the base Rivularia.<br />
Frond plane, filaments parallel .......................................... Isactis.<br />
10. Filaments destitute of a sheath .................................Sphærozyga.<br />
Filaments consisting of a trichoma in a sheath ...........Nodularia.<br />
SPHÆROZYGA, Ag.<br />
(From σφαιρα [sphaira], a sphere, and ζυγος [zygos], a yoke.)<br />
Filaments free, destitute of sheath. Spores produced in the cells adjacent to the<br />
heterocysts.<br />
S. CARMICHAELII, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 113 a. (Cylindrospermum, Kütz., Spec. Alg.,<br />
p. 294.—Anabaina marina, Bréb.). Pl. I, Fig. 3.<br />
Filaments flexuous, densely interlaced, forming slimy bluish-green expansions, cells<br />
cylindro-spherical, about .0035 mm in diameter, diminishing in size towards the end of<br />
the filament, terminal cell pointed. Heterocysts several in each filament. Spores<br />
oblong, usually one on each side of heterocyst, about .018 mm in length when ripe,<br />
rather more than twice as long as broad, at first green, then yellowish.<br />
Noank, Conn.; Wood’s Holl, Gloucester, Cambridge, Mass.; Europe. Summer.<br />
Probably a common alga along our whole coast in midsummer and autumn on decaying algæ, looking<br />
like a shining emerald-green film. It occurs most frequently on the surface, but is also found at the<br />
depth of several feet. In his work on the Fresh-water Algæ of America, Prof. H. C. Wood, jr., [sic]<br />
mentions the present species as occurring at Camden, N. J. We cannot, however, agree with him in<br />
placing it in
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 31<br />
the genus Dolichospermum of Thwaites. Ralfs, in Annals and Mag. of Nat. History, Vol. V, 2d series<br />
(1850), p. 325, following C. A. Agardh, who first described the genus Sphærozyga (Flora, 1827), says<br />
that in Sphærozyga the spores are first formed from the cells nearest the vesicular cells (heterocysts),<br />
as is shown by Professor Wood’s figure, Pl. 3, Fig. 3, to be the case with the species from Camden.<br />
Neither can we regard S. Carmichaelii, Harv., as a synonym of Cylindrospermum polysporum, Kütz., as<br />
given by Professor Wood. Although we have examined a large number of specimens, in only one<br />
instance have we found more than a single spore on each side of the heterocyst, which is quite different<br />
from C. polysporum, Kütz.<br />
NODULARIA, Mertens.<br />
(From nodulus, a little joint.)<br />
Filaments free, trichoma inclosed in a definite sheath, cells discoidal. Heterocysts at<br />
regular intervals. Spores numerous, contiguous, not adjacent to the heterocysts.<br />
The genus Spermosira of Kützing is included under the above.<br />
N. HARVEYANA, Thuret, Class, des Nostoch. (Spermosira Harveyana, Thwaites,<br />
Phyc. Brit., Pl. 173 c.)<br />
Filaments curved, cells discoidal, .0015-20 x .004 mm , heterocysts .0035 mm in<br />
diameter, spores numerous, about 4-8 together, spherical, .005-70 mm in diameter.<br />
Charles River, Cambridge, Mass.; Europe.<br />
Found in small quantities, mixed with Sphærozyga, in company with Rhizoclonium.<br />
SPIRULINA, Turpin.<br />
(From spirula, a small spiral.)<br />
Filaments simple, without a proper sheath, oscillating, spirally twisted. Spores<br />
unknown.<br />
S. TENUISSIMA, Kütz., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 105, Fig. 3; Farlow, List of Marine Algæ, 1876.<br />
Pl. I, Fig. 4. [sic; should be Pl. II, Fig. 4.]<br />
Filaments intricately interlaced, .0035 mm in diameter, hyaline, spiral, closely<br />
twisted, cell divisions scarcely visible, oscillations rapid.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Gloucester, Cambridge, Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Europe.<br />
This species is common at Eastport, where it forms, mixed with species of Oscillaria, dark purplecolored<br />
patches on the wharves at low-water mark, and it is without doubt to be found in similar<br />
localities along the whole coast.<br />
We found at Wood’s Holl, in 1876, a species of Spirulina which formed a greenish film on decaying algæ<br />
five or six feet below low-water mark, and the same species was collected by Mr. F. W. Hooper at Key<br />
West. It agrees closely with S. Thuretii, Crn, a species which differs from S. tenuissima, Kütz., in<br />
having slightly smaller filaments, which are also less tightly coiled. It hardly seems to us, however, as<br />
though the difference .was sufficient to separate, the two species. A Spirulina with much finer<br />
filaments than in S. tenuissima, and with a much more open spiral, occurs at Wood’s Holl, but we have<br />
never found it in sufficient quantity to ascertain the species.
32<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
BEGGIATOA, Trevisan.<br />
(Named in honor of Francesco Secondo Beggiato, an Italian botanist.)<br />
Filaments simple, hyaline, no proper sheath, rapidly oscillating, cells filled with<br />
opaque granules. Spores unknown.<br />
A genus separated from Oscillaria only by its color, which is white to the naked eye, and by the<br />
granules of sulphur which often make the cell seem quite opaque when viewed with the microscope.<br />
The species give off a strong odor of hydric sulphate, and are found in both fresh and salt water,<br />
especially in hot springs. The diameter of the filaments, an uncertain mark, is about the only guide to<br />
the distinction of the species.<br />
B. ALBA, Treves, var. MARINA (Warming, Videnskab. Middels., 1875, Pl. X, Figs. 6, 7).<br />
Filaments .0036 mm in diameter, cell divisions indistinct, granules usually irregularly<br />
placed.<br />
Cambridge; Europe.<br />
In brackish ditches.<br />
B. ARACHNOIDEA, Rab. (Warming, l. c., Pl. X, Figs. 2-4).<br />
Filaments .005-7 mm in diameter, cells narrower than broad, granules usually in<br />
bands parallel to the transverse cell-walls.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Europe.<br />
On dead algæ.<br />
B. MIRABILIS, Cohn (Warming, l. c.‚ Pl. X, Fig. 5).<br />
Filaments .016 mm (20-40, Warming) in diameter, cells a third as long as broad,<br />
granules arranged in bands.<br />
Cambridge, Mass.; Europe.<br />
There is a doubt about the accuracy of the determination of the specimens referred to this species. It is<br />
much the largest of the genus found on our coast. The only specimens which we have measured were<br />
.016 mm in breadth, which agrees with the measurement of Cohn, but not with that of Warming. We<br />
have the impression, however, that we have seen larger specimens than those measured.<br />
Leptothrix rigidula, Kütz., is found at Wood’s Holl, on Ectocarpus and other algæ. The genus Leptothrix<br />
is now limited to small species related to Bacillus. The present species is parasitic on Metacarpus and<br />
Cladophora, on which it forms white fringes in midsummer. The filaments are about .002 mm in<br />
diameter. The cell divisions are very indistinct. The species may possibly be the same as Beggiatoa<br />
minima, Warming, l. c., Pl. X, Fig. 10.<br />
OSCILLARIA, Kütz.<br />
(From oscillo, to vibrate.)<br />
Filaments simple, destitute of distinct sheath, oscillating, bluish green or dark<br />
purple.<br />
The species of this genus are found on mud, wharves, and wood work. They are not usually found pure,<br />
but mixed with Spirulina, Lyngbya, &c. The following are all to which we care to give a name, but not<br />
by any means all which occur with us.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 33<br />
O. LIMOSA, Kütz., var. CHALYBEA, Tab. Phyc., Vol. I, Pl. 41, Fig. 3; Le Jolis, Liste des<br />
Algues Marines.<br />
Filaments .008-9 mm in diameter, flexuous, apex obtuse, oscillations marked, cells<br />
about half as long as broad, purplish colored,<br />
Eastport, Maine; Europe.<br />
Forming a slimy layer on piles. Our specimens seem to agree well with specimens from Cherbourg. O.<br />
littoralis, Harv., of Crouan’s Alg. Finistère, No, 325, is apparently very near to this, if not the same.<br />
O. SUBULIFORMIS, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 251 b. Filaments .006-7½ mm in diameter, at<br />
the end tapering to an incurved point, cells about one-third as long as broad, bluish<br />
green. Charles River, Cambridge; Europe.<br />
O. SUBTORULOSA, (Bréb.). (Phormidium subtorulosum, Bréb., in Kütz. Tab. Phyc.,<br />
Vol. I, Pl. 49, Fig. 5.)<br />
Filaments .003-4 mm , cells nearly cuboidal, with rounded angles, so that the filament<br />
appears slightly crenate.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Europe.<br />
To this species is doubtfully referred a form common on wharves at Eastport and on the government<br />
wharf at Wood’s Holl, where it forms slimy patches, mixed with Spirulina, &c. The filaments of this<br />
species bear a decided resemblance to the trichomata of Microcoleus chthonoplastes, and it may perhaps<br />
be a question whether they are not really a stage of that species in which the trichomata have escaped<br />
from the enveloping sheath. Opposed to this view is the large quantity of filaments and apparently an<br />
entire absence of empty sheaths. That the trichomata of M. chthonoplastes often escape from the sheath<br />
can easily be seen, but how long they remain free and how rapidly they increase under such<br />
circumstances is uncertain.<br />
MICROCOLEUS, Desmaz.<br />
(From µικρος [mikros], small, and κολεος [koleos], a sheath.)<br />
Filaments slowly oscillating, destitute of heterocysts, several united in a single<br />
gelatinous sheath, which is either simple or branching.<br />
M. CHTHONOPLASTES, Thuret. (Oscillatoria chthonoplastes, Lyngbye—<br />
Chthonoblastus Lyngbei, Kütz.—Microcoleus anguiformis, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl.<br />
249; Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Vol. I, Pl. 57.—Chthonoblastus anguiformis, Rab., Flora<br />
Europ. Alg., Sect. II, p. 133.) Pl. II, Fig. 3.<br />
Sheaths elongated, fusiform, being six or more times broader in the center than at<br />
the extremities, simple, several twisted together so as to form a green stratum,<br />
filaments dark green, about .005 mm in diameter, intricately twisted together, three<br />
or four only at the extremity of the sheath, but very numerous at the center, where<br />
the sheath is frequently ruptured, allowing the filaments to protrude; cells as long<br />
as broad, or a little broader, terminal cell acutely pointed.<br />
S. Miss. 59——3
34<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Atlantic shore of Europe. Summer<br />
A species easily recognized and probably common along the New England coast in summer, but rarely<br />
found in sufficient quantities to make herbarium specimens. It is usually found in small streaks, so<br />
entangled with other Nostochineæ and Confervæ as to be quite inextricable. At times it is found<br />
tolerably pure on the old stalks of Spartina, between tide-marks. Pure specimens may be obtained by<br />
allowing specimens in which filaments of this species are entangled to remain overnight in a shallow<br />
dish of salt water, when the Microcoleus will have freed itself from other substances and come to the<br />
surface. As generally found, the plant looks like an attenuated cornucopia, owing to the rupture of the<br />
sheath in the middle, allowing the filaments to project. This is shown in Harvey’s figure, l. c., and also<br />
in Pl. II, Fig. 3, where only half of the plant has been drawn. Normally the sheaths are about a quarter<br />
of an inch long, about .075 mm broad in the middle, and tapering to about .012 mm at the ends. Color a<br />
deep bluish green. The filaments readily escape from their sheath, and might in this condition pass for<br />
a species of Oscillaria.<br />
MICROCOLEUS TERRESTRIS, Desmaz. (Chthonoblastus repens, Kütz.), and M. VERSICOLOR, Thuret, are not<br />
infrequently found in muddy places in the interior of New England.<br />
LYNGBYA, Ag.<br />
(Named in honor of Hans Christian Lyngbye, a Danish botanist.)<br />
Filaments free, each provided with a distinct sheath, simple, destitute of<br />
heterocysts, no proper oscillations. Spores unknown.<br />
L. MAJUSCULA, Harv.; Mermaid’s Hair. (Conferva majuscula, Dillw.—L. crispa, Ag.<br />
in part,—L. majuscula, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 62; Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 110, Pl.<br />
47 a.) Pl. I, Fig. 4<br />
Filaments Long, forming floating tufts, crisped, about .028 mm to .032 mm in diameter,<br />
blackish green, sheath prominent, cells 8 to 10 times as broad as long.<br />
Cape Cod, Mass., to Key West; Europe; Pacific Ocean. Common and widely diffused.<br />
Summer.<br />
The largest, most striking, and most common of our marine Lyngbyæ, easily recognized by the length<br />
and diameter of its filaments and its color, which is a blackish green. It forms during the later summer<br />
months large tufts upon Zostera and various other algæ, and is often found floating free in considerable<br />
quantities. In the center of the masses the filaments are intricately twisted together, but on the surface<br />
they float out from one another, so as to deserve the common name of mermaid’s hair. In the older<br />
specimens the filaments are very much curled and twisted, forming the L. crispa of some writers. The<br />
sheath is always well marked, although, as is the case in all the species, it varies so much in thickness<br />
under different circumstances as to render it impossible to give accurate measurements. The<br />
heterocysts, “cellulis interstitialibus sparsis,” described by Rabenhorst in this species, Flora Europ.<br />
Alg., Part II, p. 142, have, in reality, no existence.<br />
L. ÆSTUARII, Liebm. (L. æruginosa, Ag.—L. ferruginea, Ag., in Ner. Am. Bor. Part<br />
III, p. 102, Pl. 47 b; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 311.)<br />
Filaments forming a verdigris-green stratum, about .016-18 mm in diameter, sheaths<br />
distinct.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 35<br />
Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. A. L. Davis, and southward; Europe. Summer.<br />
A common species of the New England coast, abundant in shallow, brackish pools, where it covers the<br />
exposed algæ and Zostera. Much less striking than L. majuscula, Harv., from which it is distinguished<br />
at sight by its brighter green color, changing to yellowish rather than blackish, by the diameter of its<br />
filaments, which is about half that of L. majuscula, by its thinner sheath, and by forming thin strata<br />
rather than loose tufts. In the Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, the diameter of the filaments of L. majuscula,<br />
Harv., is given as .05 inch, and that of the filaments of L. ferruginea, Ag., as .001 inch, which is<br />
evidently incorrect, as one species is not fifty or even five times larger than the other.<br />
L. LUTEO-FUSCA, Ag. (L. fulva, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 102, Pl. 47 f.)<br />
Filaments fasciculate, erect, greenish yellow, .008-10 mm in diameter, sheath distinct.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 48.<br />
Stonington, Conn., Bailey; Noank, Conn.; Wood’s Holl, Mass., W. G. F.; Europe.<br />
Apparently a common alga of Southern New England, differing in its habit from all our other species of<br />
the genus, except L. tenerrima. It grows in large patches on stones and wood-work between tide-marks.<br />
The filaments are erect, from one to three inches high or somewhat higher, when in their best condition<br />
olive-colored, but more frequently a pale yellow. The thickness of the sheath, by which Harvey<br />
separated his L. fulva from L. luteo-fusca, Ag., is by no means constant, and the species cannot be kept<br />
distinct. As is the case in several of the species of Lyngbya, the sheath is some times two, three, or even<br />
a greater number of times thicker than at others.<br />
L. TENERRIMA, Thuret, mscr.<br />
Filaments slender, fasciculate, erect, bluish green, .0035 mm in diameter, sheaths<br />
very thin.<br />
Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. A. L. Davis; Newport, R. I.; Europe.<br />
This species was first detected near Gloucester, by Mrs. Davis, growing apparently on sand-covered<br />
rocks. The filaments are bluish green, and not over a quarter of an inch high. The species will be easily<br />
recognized by the diameter of the filaments, which is decidedly less than that of any other of our<br />
species. Dr. Bornet, to whom a specimen was sent, considers our plant the same as that collected by the<br />
late M. Thuret, at Biarritz, France, and named by him L. tenerrima. I have since found it in<br />
considerable quantity at the base of the cliffs near the Winans mansion, at Newport.<br />
L. NIGRESCENS, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 102, Pl. 47 d.<br />
“Filaments very slender, flaccid, densely interwoven into a fleecy, blackish-green<br />
stratum.” (Harvey, l. c.)<br />
Canarsic Bay, L. I., Hooper; Peconic Bay, Harvey; on mud and on Zostera,<br />
Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. A. L. Davis.<br />
Var. major.<br />
Filaments forming a dark-brown gelatinous stratum, .0152 mm in diameter, sheath<br />
thin.
36<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Wood’s Holl. Common on Zostera. Summer.<br />
From Harvey’s description, it would be difficult to recognize this species. From an authentic specimen<br />
in our possession, collected by Harvey at Peconic Bay, the filaments are seen to be from .0095 mm to<br />
.01115 mm in diameter. The sheaths are distinct, but less marked than in L. æstuarii, from which, the<br />
present species differs in the shortness and smaller diameter of the filaments, and in the color, which is<br />
a dark purple, at times almost black. The filaments differ from those of both L. majuscula and L.<br />
æstuarii in being held together by an amorphous, gelatinous substance, supposed to be characteristic of<br />
the genus Phormidium. That genus, however, includes plants which are now properly assigned to other<br />
genera.<br />
We have often searched for this alga, but have never found a form which seemed to correspond exactly<br />
to Harvey’s specimen. The same alga has, however, been collected by Mrs. Davis at Gloucester. At<br />
Wood’s Holl is a Lyngbya, distributed in Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 47, which is not<br />
uncommon, forming patches several inches long on Zostera, and which resembles L. nigrescens closely<br />
in everything but the greater diameter of the filaments. Its sliminess and the delicacy of the filaments<br />
cause it at first sight to be mistaken for diatomes. In drying, it becomes somewhat greenish. This<br />
species, which resembles closely L. Kützingiana, Thuret (Phormidium, Le Jolis), we can regard only as<br />
a large variety of Harvey’s L. nigrescens.<br />
CALOTHRIX, (Ag.) Thuret.<br />
(From καλος [kalos], beautiful, and θριξ [thrix], hair.)<br />
Filaments terminating in a hyaline hair, fixed at the base, free above, occasionally<br />
branching, growing in little tufts or strata of indefinite extent, heterocysts present in<br />
most of the species, no oscillations. Spores unknown.<br />
We adopt the genus with Thuret’s limitations, including, in part, the genera Schizosiphon, Amphithrix,<br />
Leibleinia, &c., of Kützing.<br />
a. Species growing in little tufts.<br />
C. CONFERVICOLA, Ag. (Leibleinia chalybea and amethystea, Kütz.—C. confervicola,<br />
Ag., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 254; Notes Algologiques, Pl. 3.) Pl. I, Fig. 6.<br />
Tufts fasciculate, filaments dark bluish purple, attenuated, .018 mm in diameter,<br />
heterocysts all basal, generally few in number.<br />
On algæ of all kinds. Summer. Very common. Europe.<br />
C. CRUSTACEA, (Schousb.) Born. & Thur. (Schizosiphon fasciculatus and lasiopus,<br />
Kütz.—Oscillatoria crustacea, Schousb.—Calothrix crustacea, Bornet & Thuret,<br />
Notes Algologiques, p. 13, Pl. IV.)<br />
Tufts fasciculate, filaments bright green, attenuated, .0125 mm in diameter,<br />
heterocysts intercalary, often very numerous.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 49.<br />
On algæ of all kinds, and on rocks. Summer. Very common. Europe.<br />
The two species just described are very common, certainly from Wood’s Holl to New York, and probably<br />
also northward, on all kinds of algæ, on which they form fine tufts or fringes. The two species usually<br />
grow mixed together, but may be
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 37<br />
easily distinguished under the microscope, C. confervicola being darker colored, the filaments thicker,<br />
and only furnished with heterocysts at the base, whereas in C. crustacea the heterocysts are scattered<br />
through the filament, often solitary, but sometimes as many as eight together, and frequently truncate.<br />
C. crustacea is also common on rocks.<br />
b. Species forming expansions.<br />
C. SCOPULORUM, Ag.‚ Phyc. Brit., Pl. 58 b; Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 105.<br />
Filaments forming strata of indefinite extent, flexuous, usually branching, .008-12 mm<br />
in diameter, heterocysts basal and intercalary, sheaths thick, striate.<br />
Var. VIVIPARA. (C. vivipara, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 106.)<br />
Nahant, Wood’s Holl, Mass., W. G. F.; Rhode Island, Bailey; Europe. Var. vivipara at<br />
Nahant, W. G. F., and Seaconnet Point, Bailey.<br />
Forming indefinite-shaped patches on rocks, on Rhizoclonium, and other prostrate algæ. Apparently<br />
much less common than the two preceding species. It differs from C. crustacea in the flexuous habit of<br />
the filaments, which are loosely twisted around one another, in the much rarer occurrence of<br />
intercalary heterocysts, and in the color of the filaments, which is not a bright green, but generally<br />
brownish. The sheaths, too, become thick, dark, and striated. As is the casein all species of Calothrix<br />
where the filaments are closely interwoven, the diameter of the filaments is greater and that of the<br />
sheath less, proceeding from within outwards. The variety vivipara is only a luxuriant form of the<br />
typical species.<br />
C. PULVINATA, Ag. (C. hydnoides, Harv.)<br />
Filaments densely packed, forming a dark green spongy layer, united at the surface<br />
in tooth-like masses, flexuous, .006 mm to .0115 mm in diameter, heterocysts<br />
intercalary.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 50.<br />
Wood’s Holl, on wharves. Common. Europe.<br />
In this species the filaments are much more densely interwoven and flexuous than in any of the<br />
preceding species. It forms patches looking like a honeycomb, or like a small Hydnum, and can be torn<br />
from its attachment in pieces of considerable size.<br />
C. PARASITICA, Thuret. (Rivularia, Chauvin.—Schizosiphon, Le Jolis.) Filaments<br />
loosely united, forming a velvety film, bulbous at base, simple or only slightly<br />
branching, about .008-10 mm in diameter, heterocysts basal, obliquely truncate.<br />
On Nemalion multifidum, Newport, R. I.; Europe.<br />
Easily recognized by its bulbous base and obliquely truncate heterocysts, and its peculiar habitat.<br />
RIVULARIA, Roth.<br />
(Named from the fluviatile habitat of many of the species.)<br />
Frond gelatinous, more or less globose, filaments radiating, attenuated, furnished<br />
with distinct sheaths, branching, a heterocyst at the base of each branch.
38<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Few genera of algæ have been divided by different writers into so many artificial and unsatisfactory<br />
genera as Rivularia. Some of the described genera are characterized by striations or alterations of the<br />
sheath which arise from age or unfavorable external conditions. Other so-called genera are<br />
characterized by the presence of parasitic plants in the thallus of a true Rivularia. As understood in the<br />
present article, the genus differs from Calothrix in the fact that the filaments are imbedded in a mass<br />
of jelly and the thallus is of a definite shape and extent. From Isactis, which might be perhaps<br />
considered a subgenus, Rivularia differs in having its filaments radiate from a central point instead of<br />
being parallel to one another. From Hormactis it abundantly differs in the mode of formation of the<br />
filaments. In Rivularia the branches are formed by the division of the filament laterally, the upper part<br />
of the branch separating from the main filament, and the two being only in contact at the base of the<br />
branch, where a heterocyst is always to be found. In Hormactis the filaments push out sidewise in the<br />
form of an inverted V. The apex of the V then elongates upwards and, at the same time, the sides of the<br />
V elongate so that, in passing from the interior of the thallus outwards, instead of finding a series of<br />
filaments spreading out fan-shaped, we find the filaments converging two by two, which finally unite<br />
into single filaments near the surface of the thallus. Moreover, the heterocysts in Hormactis are<br />
intercalary, not basal. In none of our marine species of Rivularia have spores been seen, but spores are<br />
found in some fresh-water species of Glœotrichia, a genus closely allied to, if not to be included in,<br />
Rivularia.<br />
R. ATRA, Roth. (Zonotrichia hemispærica, [sic] Ag.—Euactis amæna, atra, confluens,<br />
hemisphærica, Lenormandiana, marina, Kütz.—Linckia atra, Lyngb.—R. atra,<br />
Phyc, Brit., Pl. 239.) Pl. II, Fig. 2.<br />
Thallus solid, globose or hemispherical, varying in size from that of a head of a pin<br />
to half an inch in diameter, dark glossy black, filaments straight, .0038-45 mm in<br />
diameter, heterocysts about as broad as or rather broader than the filaments,<br />
usually somewhat pointed.<br />
Var. confluens, flattish, owing to the coalescence of several individuals.<br />
Common along the whole coast, on stones, algæ, and stalks of Spartina, often in company with Isactis<br />
plana. Distinguished by its dark, shining color and usually hemispherical shape. It is generally minute<br />
in size, but occasionally grows as large as a pea or somewhat larger. The variety confluens resembles, to<br />
the naked eye, Isactis plana, but is decidedly thicker. Microscopically the two are quite different.<br />
R. PLICATA, Carm., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 315. (Physactis, Kütz.)<br />
Thallus at first solid, soon becoming hollow, plicato-rugose, folds sinuous, filaments<br />
flexuous, .003-4 mm in diameter, heterocysts nearly spherical, about as broad as the<br />
filaments.<br />
On mud and Spartina roots. Cohasset Narrows, Wood’s Holl, Mass., W. G. F.<br />
Common.<br />
Although as yet known to occur only at the two above-named localities, this species will probably be<br />
found to be common along the whole New England coast, but it is certainly less common than the<br />
preceding species. Its favorite habitat is the mud in which Spartina is growing, between tide-marks. It<br />
attains a larger size than R. atra, is almost always hollow, and easily recognized by its cerebriformly<br />
plicate surface. The substance is softer than in R. atra, the filaments are slightly narrower and less<br />
closely packed together, and the heterocysts are rather more spherical than in that species.<br />
R. HOSPITA, Thuret (Euactis hospita and prorumpens, Kütz.), which differs from the
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 39<br />
preceding species in having filaments .008 mm to .012 mm in diameter, was recognized by Dr. Bornet in<br />
company with R. plicata in a specimen from Cohasset Narrows. As we have not been able to recognize<br />
the species in any of our own specimens from the same locality, the presumption is that it is not very<br />
common.<br />
ISACTIS, Thuret.<br />
(From ισος [isos], equal, and ακτις [aktis], a ray.)<br />
Frond plane, composed of parallel filaments, held together by a tough, gelatinous<br />
intercellular substance, ending in a hyaline hair, heterocysts basal, ramifications<br />
few. Spores unknown.<br />
This genus differs from Rivularia only in that the filaments are parallel to one another so as to form a<br />
flat frond, whereas in Rivularia they radiate from a central point and form more or less spherical<br />
fronds. It might with propriety be considered a subgenus under Rivularia.<br />
I. PLANA, Thuret, l. c. (Dasyactis, Kütz.—Physactis atropurpurea, obducens, Kütz.)<br />
Pl. I, Fig. 2.<br />
Frond flat, thin, dense, dark green, outline irregular, filaments .0076-95 rmm in<br />
diameter, .12-.15 mm high sheaths often torn and striate.<br />
Whole New England coast; Europe.<br />
Very common on rocks, Fucus, Punctaria, and other algæ, forming dark-green spots, scarcely raised<br />
above the substance on which it is growing.<br />
HORMACTIS, Thuret.<br />
(From ορµος [ormos], a necklace, and ακτις [aktis], a ray.)<br />
Frond gelatinous, globose, at first solid, then hollow and plicate, heterocyst<br />
intercalary, filaments simple at the surface of frond, bifurcating below. Spores<br />
unknown.<br />
H. QUOYI, (Ag.) Bornet, in litt. (Rivularia nitida, Farlow, List of Marine Algæ, 1876.<br />
Pl. II, Fig. 1. [sic]<br />
Fronds gregarious, dark green, plicato-rugose, from a quarter of an inch to two to<br />
three inches in diameter, filaments .0028-55 mm in diameter, tortuous, cells of<br />
external part of the frond thick and discoidal, becoming more oval in the interior of<br />
the frond heterocysts numerous, scattered, about .0038 mm x .0058 mm .<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 45.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass., W. G. F.; Falmouth, Mass., Mr. F. S. Collins; Marianne Islands.<br />
This interesting species, although it has as yet only been found at Wood’s Holl and. the adjoining coast,<br />
will probably also be found at other localities on Long Island. Sound. It grows in considerable quantities<br />
upon species of Fucus, at half tide, on the inner side of Parker’s Point, Wood’s Holl, and we have also<br />
found it washed ashore on the beaches of Buzzard’s Bay, in the same township. It makes its appearance<br />
in June, and disappears in the month of September, being in perfection in the month of July. The<br />
fronds sometimes acquire a large size, two or three inches in diameter, but usually they are much<br />
smaller and densely aggregated, almost covering the Fucus
40<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
stalks upon which they are growing. It first appears as solid green spots upon the Fucus, which soon<br />
swell out into thin bladders, which partly collapse on being removed from the water. The peculiar<br />
inverted V-shaped filaments are seen to greater advantage by dissecting with needles small pieces of<br />
the frond than by making sections with a razor.<br />
The only other species of this genus is Hormactis Balani, Thuret, which grows on barnacles on the<br />
coast of France. It is a comparatively minute plant, much less striking than our own species, which<br />
seems rather to replace, on our coast, the Rivularia nitida, Ag., of the coast of Europe, which it<br />
resembles in general appearance and habit. The external resemblance to that species is so great that<br />
specimens were sent to Dr. Bornet as R. nitida, Ag. (?) By him it was recognized as a new species of<br />
Hormactis, H. Farlowii, under which name it was distributed in Alg. Am. Bor. Since then Dr. Bornet<br />
has recognized its identity with Rivularia Quoyi, Ag., of the Marianne Islands. It is not a little<br />
remarkable that the species is only known in two localities so widely remote from one another.<br />
STIGONEMA MAMILLOSUM, Ag., occurs in a brook which empties into the sea at Rafe’s Chasm, Magnolia<br />
Cove, in Gloucester; and CALOTHRIX PARIETINA, Thuret, is found in Nobska Pond, close to the sea, at<br />
Wood’s Holl. The species named all belong in the present order, but are not strictly marine.<br />
ORDER ZOOSPOREÆ<br />
Algæ either green or olive-brown in color. Reproduction by means of zoospores,<br />
which unite in pairs to form a zygospore.<br />
This order includes all the marine Clorospermeæ [sic] attributed to New England in the Nereis Am.<br />
Bor., with the exception of the genus Vaucheria, as well as the greater part of the olive-brown seaweeds,<br />
with the exception of the rock-weeds or Fucaceæ. The account of the order given in the<br />
introduction to the present article should be consulted in the present connection.<br />
a. Green algæ, multicellular, zoospores of two kinds—macrozoospores<br />
with four and microzoospores with two terminal cilia..Chlorosporeæ.<br />
b. Green algæ, frond unicellular, branching ....................Bryopsideæ.<br />
c. Green algæ, frond unicellular, simple............................. Botrydieæ.<br />
d. Olive-brown algæ, zoospores of one kind, with two cilia laterally attached<br />
.....................................................................................Phæosporeæ.<br />
SUBORDER CHLOROSPOREÆ.<br />
1. Fronds membranaceous ......................................................(Ulvæ) 2<br />
Fronds filamentous..............................................................................3<br />
2. Cells in a single layer .................................................. Monostroma.<br />
Cells in two layers ........................................................................Ulva.<br />
3. Some of the cells furnished with long hyaline hairsBulbocoleon. Cells destitute of<br />
hyaline hairs..................................................................................4<br />
4. Filaments branching throughout................................. Cladophora.<br />
Filaments with short, root-like branches only ............. Rhizoclonium.<br />
Filaments unbranched ........................................................................5<br />
5. Filaments rigid, setaceous.........................................Chætomorpha.<br />
Filaments soft and flaccid ......................................................Ulothrix.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 41<br />
MONOSTROMA, (Thuret) Wittrock.<br />
(From µονος [monos], single, and στρωµα [stroma], a bed.)<br />
Fronds membranaceous, consisting of a single layer of cells, which are either<br />
parenchymatous or separated from one another by more or less jelly.<br />
As defined by Thuret, Monostroma differed from Ulva in having the cells embedded in jelly rather than<br />
arranged in the usual form of parenchymatous tissue. Wittrock includes in the genus all the Ulvæ<br />
consisting of a single layer. In most of the species the frond is at first sack-shape, but soon ruptures, the<br />
segments being composed of one layer of cells. The basal cells are prolonged downwards, but they<br />
become more or less circular in the upper part.<br />
M. PULCHRUM, n. sp.<br />
Fronds membranaceous, fasciculate, light green, lanceolate or cuneate-lanceolate,<br />
attenuated at the base, margin crisped, two to twelve inches long, two inches broad,<br />
substance very delicate, about .006 mm in thickness, cells irregular, more or less<br />
sinuous, intercellular substance small.<br />
Watch Hill, Conn., Prof. Eaton; Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. Bray; Portland, Me., Mr. C.<br />
B. Fuller. Spring.<br />
A beautiful and apparently not uncommon spring plant of New England, distinguished by its outline<br />
and delicate substance. When fully grown the fronds are most frequently attenuated at the base and<br />
rather obtuse at the summit. When young they are lanceolate, and seem to be always plane, never<br />
saccate, as in the next species. The color is a delicate green, and the plant cannot easily be removed<br />
from the paper on which it is pressed. This species has sometimes been distributed as Ulva Linza, to<br />
which it bears more or less resemblance in shape.<br />
M. GREVILLEI, Wittrock. (Ulva Lactuca, Grev. non Linn.; Harv. Phyc. Brit., Pl. 243,<br />
and Ner. Am. Bor. ‚ Part III, p. 60.—Enteromorpha Grevillei, Thuret.)<br />
Frond at first saccate, then split to the base into irregular segments, color light<br />
green, segments plane, unequally laciniate, frond about .012 mm thick, cells angular,<br />
intercellular substance small.<br />
Boston Bay (Ner. Am. Bor.); Maiden, Mass., Mr. Collins; Ives Point, Conn., Mr. F. W.<br />
Hall; Europe. Spring.<br />
A common spring species of the Atlantic shores of Europe, but apparently not so common in New<br />
England. The cells of this species vary considerably, and in some specimens the intercellular gelatinous<br />
substance is tolerably prominent.<br />
M. BLYTII, (Aresch.) Wittr. (Ulva Blytii, Aresch., Phyc. Scand., p. 186, Pl. 10 g.—M.<br />
Blyttie [sic], Wittrock, Monog. Monostr., p. 49, Pl. IV ‚ Fig. 11.)<br />
Frond membranaceous, subcoriaceous, dark green, irregularly cleft, margin crisped,<br />
.028-40 mm in thickness, cells angular, closely packed, intercellular substance small.<br />
Exs.—Nordstedt & Wittrock, Alg. Scand., No. 44; Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson &<br />
Eaton, No. 98.
42<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Gloucester, Nahant, Mass.; Northern Europe. Autumn.<br />
This, by far the most striking of our Monostromata, grows luxuriantly in the large tide-pool at Dog<br />
Island, Eastport, where it attains a length of one foot. In habit it resembles Ulva lactuca var. rigida,<br />
but it is of a deeper green. Our specimens were collected in the month of September. As it occurs at<br />
Nahant the species is not generally more than two or three inches long, and recalls the figure of Ulva<br />
obscura, Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Pl. 12, No. 2. It is found in the clefts of exposed rocks, late in the season. Its<br />
color is a deep green when growing, which becomes brownish in drying. It does not adhere well to<br />
paper.<br />
M. CREPIDINUM, n. sp.<br />
Fronds delicate, light green, one to three inches long, flabellately orbiculate, split to<br />
the base, segments obovate, .018-36 mm thick, cells roundish-angular, intercellular<br />
substance prominent.<br />
Government wharf, Wood’s Holl, Mass. August.<br />
This small species is common on the piles of the wharf at Wood’s Holl. It is very soft, and collapses on<br />
removing it from the water. It preserves its color well on paper. The above name is given provisionally,<br />
as we are not able to refer the species to any known form. It resembles M. Wittrockcii, Bornet, a species,<br />
we believe, not yet described. Except in its small size, it is very near M. orbiculatum, Thur., but the<br />
thickness of that species, as given by Wittrock, is .032-40 mm . An examination of a specimen collected by<br />
Thuret, however, gives the same measurement as our species. If the species eventually is united with<br />
M. orbiculatum, the present must be regarded as a small form.<br />
ULVA, (L.) Le Jolis.<br />
(Supposed to be from ul, Celtic for water.)<br />
Fronds simple or branching, consisting of two layers of cells, which are either in<br />
close contact with one another or else at maturity separate so as to form a tubular<br />
frond.<br />
We have followed Le Jolis in uniting the old genera Ulva and Enteromorpha, and we might perhaps<br />
have gone farther and united Monostroma with Ulva, for if Monostroma Grevillei when young<br />
resembles an Enteromorpha, in its older stages it splits into membranes consisting of a single layer of<br />
cells, which are certainly imbedded in a certain amount of gelatinous substance, yet so little as to make<br />
it doubtful whether to call the frond parenchymatous or not.<br />
U. LACTUCA, (Linn.) Le Jolis. (Ulva latissima and rigida, Ag. & Auct. recent.—U.<br />
latissima, Grev. & Harv.—Phycoseris gigantea, myriotrema, australis, &c., Kütz.) Pl.<br />
III. Fig. 1.<br />
Frond flat, thick, unbranched, variously more or less ovate in outline, divided, the<br />
two layers of cells adherent.<br />
α. Var. RIGIDA, (Ag.) Le Jolis. (U. rigida, Ag.—U. latissima, Harv.‚ Phyc. Brit.,<br />
partim.—Phycoseris australis, Kütz.)<br />
Frond rigid, rather thick, generally deeply divided, laciniæ irregularly lacerateerose,<br />
the base of frond more dense and deeply colored than the rest.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 43<br />
β. Var. LACTUCA, Le Jolis. (U. latissima, Harv., partim.—Phycoseris gigantea, Kütz.)<br />
Frond orbicular, oblong or elongate-fasciate, simple, undivided or scarcely Lobed,<br />
frequently spirally contorted.<br />
γ. Var. LATISSIMA, Le Jolis.<br />
Frond simple, at first cuneate-substipitate, afterwards broadly expanded.<br />
Very common all over the world, especially in brackish waters.<br />
The present species nearly corresponds to the Ulva latissima of the Nereis Am. Bor., but is not the U.<br />
Lactuca of that work. It is distinguished from the remaining species by being always flat, never tubular<br />
at any age, and by its more or less orbicular outline not becoming linear or ribbon-shaped. Var. α is the<br />
common Ulva on rocks and in pools exposed to the action of the waves. The frond, although not very<br />
large, is rigid, and does not adhere well to paper in drying. In outline it is orbicular, and is generally<br />
deeply incised. Var. β has a more elongated shape, and is generally plicato-undulate. Var. γ is very<br />
common in brackish places on the mud, and attains a very Large size. When fully grown it has no<br />
definite shape, but is ragged on the margin and often perforated.<br />
Ulva enteromorpha, Le Jolis.<br />
Frond linear or lanceolate in outline, attenuated at base, the two layers of cells<br />
either entirely separating, so as to form a tubular frond, or slightly cohering,<br />
forming a flat frond.<br />
α. Var. LANCEOLATA, Le Jolis. (Ulva Linza, Greville & Harvey.—Phycoseris<br />
lanceolata and crispata, Kützing.)<br />
Frond narrow, flat, ribbon-shaped, unbranched, much attenuated at base, margin<br />
somewhat crisped, sometimes so much so that the frond appears spirally twisted.<br />
β. Var. INTESTINALIS, Le Jolis. (Enteromorpha intestinalis, Auct.)<br />
Frond simple, attenuated, and subcompressed at base, above tubuloso-inflated.<br />
γ. Var. COMPRESSA, Le Jolis. (Ulva compressa, L.— Enteromorpha compressa, Auct.)<br />
Frond tubuloso-compressed, generally proliferously branched, branches uniform,<br />
simple, attenuate at the base, broader and obtuse at the apex, color somewhat dingy.<br />
Very common all over the world, particularly in brackish water.<br />
This species includes the Ulva Linza, Enteromorpha intestinalis, and Enteromorpha comressa of the<br />
Nereis Am. Bor., which can only be regarded as varieties of one species. The species reaches its highest<br />
development in the var. β (Enteromorpha intestinalis, Auct.), which is excessively common in all<br />
shallow water along our coast, and is conspicuously disagreeable by its resemblance in shape to the<br />
swollen intestines of some animal. The species approaches Ulva Lactuca, L., in var. α, which is not so<br />
common as the other forms of the species whose long ribbon-like fronds are compressed instead of<br />
tubular, as in var. β. In var. γ, with branching instead of simple fronds, the
44<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
species approaches Ulva clathrata. Innumerable varieties have been made of the various forms of this<br />
species, but an enumeration of them is quite uncalled for in this place.<br />
Ulva clathrata, Ag.<br />
“Frond tubular, filiform, several times branched, branches attenuate at the apex,<br />
often very fine, cells arranged in rows.” (Le Jolis, Liste des Algues Marines de<br />
Cherbourg.)<br />
As usually defined by algologists, Ulva clathrata differs from U. compressa principally in the smaller<br />
size of the branches, a character by no means constant. We quote the specific distinctions as given by<br />
Le Jolis, l. c., which express more clearly than the descriptions of other writers the relations between<br />
the species:<br />
“I think they (the specific characters) are to be found, first, in the general form of the fronds, which,<br />
broadened at the summit in the different varieties of Ulva Enteromorpha, are, on the contrary, much<br />
attenuated at the extremity in Ulva clathrata. Secondly, in the ramification. While Ulva compressa and<br />
intestinalis are rather proliferous than branching in the true acceptation of the word—their branches<br />
being ordinarily of such a character that when they are given off from the lower part of the frond there<br />
does not exist, so to speak, any principal axis, or when borne towards the extremity of the frond<br />
reduced to simple proliferations; in Ulva clathrata, on the contrary, there exists a well-marked<br />
ramification, the fronds or primary axes bearing numerous secondary branches, which in their turn<br />
produce branchlets of an inferior order.”<br />
Of the species, as defined by Le Jolis, there are several varieties common on our coast, principally to be<br />
distinguished by the fineness of the branches and more or less complicated ramification. The variety<br />
Agardhiana of Le Jolis (Enteromorpha Linkiana, Grev.), rather coarse and rigid, is common in shallow<br />
water, as is also the form called by Harvey Enteromorpha ramulosa. The var. Rothiana forma prostrata<br />
is found in a ditch at Maiden, Mass.<br />
ULVA HOPKIRKII, (McCalla) Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 263.<br />
Frond capillary, excessively branched, ramuli ending in a single row of cells.<br />
Greenport, L. I., Mr. Hooper; Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. A. L. Davis; Europe.<br />
A beautiful species, looking much more like a fine Cladophora than an Ulva. It is in most cases easily<br />
recognized by its tenuity and light-green color. It grows in large tufts on other algæ and is about eight<br />
or ten inches long. It is by no means certain that this species should not be regarded as an extreme<br />
variety of U. clathrata in spite of the fact that the branches usually end in a single row of cells.<br />
ULOTHRIX, (Kütz.) Thur.<br />
(From υλη [ule], a forest, and θριξ [thrix], a hair.)<br />
Filaments grass-green, soft and flaccid, unbranched, at first forming tufts attached<br />
at the base, afterwards becoming more or less entangled, cells never long in<br />
proportion to their diameter.<br />
The genus Ulothrix here includes all the unbranching marine Chlorosporeæ of a delicate <strong>text</strong>ure, and<br />
embraces the species included by Harvey in the genus Hormotrichum of Kützing, which can hardly be<br />
kept distinct from Ulothrix, an older genus of Kützing. When young the species of the genus are<br />
attached at the base and unbranched, but in some cases, when old, the filaments are twisted together,<br />
and it is not always easy to find the point of attachment.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 45<br />
The genus is too nearly related to Chætomorpha, from which it differs in substance, the filaments being<br />
more or less gelatinous in Ulothrix and rigid in Chætomorpha. Of all the filamentous marine<br />
Chlorosporeæ the species of Ulothrix are best adapted for the study of zoospores. The conjugation of<br />
zoospores in Ulothrix zonata, a fresh-water species, has been very fully described by Dodel-Port in<br />
Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher, Vol. X.<br />
U. FLACCA, (Dillw.) Thuret. (Lyngbya flacca and Carmichaelii, Harv.‚ Phyc. Brit., Pl.<br />
300 and 186 a.—Hormotrichum Carmichaelii, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 90.)<br />
Filaments fine, lubricous, greenish yellow, one to three inches long, at first tufted,<br />
then entangled and forming strata of indefinite extent filaments .014-30 mm in<br />
diameter, becoming moniliform, cells .003-12 rmm long, generally narrow, discoidal.<br />
Eastport, Maine., on stones and Rhodymenia, August; Nahant, Mass., Mr. Collins,<br />
spring; Isles of Shoals, N. H., Mrs. Davis; Europe.<br />
A species most luxuriant in the spring, but also found in summer. The form found at Eastport was the<br />
entangled stage which is common on wood-work at low-water mark.<br />
U. ISOGONA, (Engl. Bot.) Thuret. (Conferva Youngana, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 328.—<br />
Lyngbya speciosa, 1. C., Pl. 186 b.—Hormotrichum Younganum, Ner. Am. Bor., Part<br />
III, p. 89.—Urospora penicilliformis, Aresch. in part.)<br />
Filaments fine, yellowish green, one to three inches long, at first tufted, afterwards<br />
forming strata, filaments .036-58 mm in diameter, moniliform, cells .015-50 mm long,<br />
from cuboidal becoming ovate, constriction at nodes marked.<br />
New York, Harvey; Ives Point, Conn., Mr. Hall; Gloucester, Mrs. Davis; Nahant, Mr.<br />
Collins; Europe. Spring.<br />
Distinguished from the last by its greater size and by the marked constriction between the cells at<br />
maturity. Apparently common on wood-work. Whatever name we may give to this species, it is the<br />
same form which is common in the northern part of Europe in spring and summer. It is the<br />
Hormotrichum Younganum of British authors, and the U. isogona of the French. It is the species<br />
referred by Areschoug, Observationes Phycologicæ, II, Act. Reg. Soc. Scient., Ser. Ill, Vol. 9, to Conferva<br />
penicilliformis, Roth, and made by him the type of the genus Urospora. Areschoug unites under the<br />
single species U. penicilliformis the following species of Phycologia Brittanica: Lyngbya speciosa, L.<br />
Carmichaelii, L. Cutleriæ, L. flacca, and Conferva Youngana. In the present ease we have kept U.<br />
flacca and U. isogona distinct, but agree with Areschoug in uniting U. speciosa with U. isogona.<br />
Perhaps a further acquaintance with the species might lead us to unite the present two species under<br />
Areschoug’s name.<br />
The Hormotrichum speciosum of Baton’s list of Eastport algæ belongs to another genus. The H. boreale,<br />
l. c., is unknown to me.<br />
U. COLLABENS, (Ag.) Thur.? (Conferva collabens, Harv.‚ Phyc. Brit., Pl. 327.—<br />
Hormotrichum collabens, Kütz Spec. Alg.‚ p. 383.) Filaments tufted, two to six inches<br />
long deep green, cells from .05-
46<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
.18 mm in breadth, once or once and a half as long as broad, nodes constricted.<br />
To this species is referred, with considerable doubt, a rare Ulothrix found by Mr. Collins at Nahant.<br />
The filaments are six or seven inches long, very soft, and they can with difficulty be removed from the<br />
paper on which they are pressed. The cells average from .035-90 mm in breadth by .054-.324 mm in length.<br />
In Rhode Island Plants, by S. T. Olney, Providence Franklin Society, April, 1847, under No. 1189, is the<br />
following; “Conferva collabens, Ag.? ‘or near it’—Harv. MSS. Sogonnet Point! Narragansett Pier!” In the<br />
Nereis Am. Bor., Part III, no. reference is made to C. collabens, Ag., by Harvey, whom Olney quotes in<br />
his list. Harvey, however, in the Nereis, describes a new species, Chætomorpha Olneyi, which calls to<br />
mind C. collabens, and perhaps that is the plant referred to by Mr. Olney.<br />
CHÆTOMORPHA, Kütz.<br />
(From χαιτη [chaite], hair, and µορφη [morphe], shape.)<br />
Filaments grass green, coarse and rigid, unbranched, either attached in tufts or<br />
floating in masses, cells variable in length, often much longer than broad.<br />
The species of this genus may be divided into two groups. In the first the filaments arise in tufts from a<br />
definite base. In the second the filaments are twisted together and form intricate masses, which rest<br />
upon stones and other algæ. It may be a question whether the members of the last-named group are not<br />
the advanced stage of the species of the first group, which, us they have developed, have become<br />
twisted together and torn from their attachments. It would be comparatively a simple matter to classify<br />
our own species taken by themselves, but in comparing them with foreign species it becomes very<br />
complicated in consequence of the confusion of names applied to some of the common European species.<br />
We can only briefly mention the synonyms, which are almost hopelessly confused.<br />
C. MELAGONIUM, (Web. & Mohr.) Kütz. (Conferva Melagonium, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 99 a.)<br />
Filaments erect, base scutate, coarse and wiry, dark glaucous green, cells .4-5 mm<br />
broad by .4-7 mm long.<br />
In tide-pools.<br />
Common from Boston northward; Northern Europe.<br />
The most easily recognized species of the genus with us. It grows in deep tide-pools, attached to pebbles<br />
and rocks. The filaments can be recognized at a distance by their dark glaucous-green color and<br />
rigidity. It is generally a foot or more in length, and the filaments are usually free, but become more or<br />
less twisted together. It does not adhere well to paper in drying, and in spite of its coarseness it does<br />
not bear immersion in fresh water.<br />
C. ÆREA, (Dillw.) Kütz. (Conferva ærea, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 99 b.)<br />
Filaments erect, base scutate, setaceous, yellowish green, cells .25-40 mm long by .15-<br />
30 mm broad.<br />
In high-tide pools.<br />
New York Harbor, Harvey; New Haven, Prof. Eaton; Newport, Bailey; Gloucester;<br />
Europe.<br />
This species has a wider range than the last, being found not only in the north of Europe, but also in<br />
the Mediterranean and other warm seas. With us it is not
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 47<br />
uncommon in Long Island Sound, but is little known north of Cape Cod. It grows in pools, sometimes<br />
near high-water mark, and resembles in habit C. melagonium, from which it differs in color, in being<br />
much less rigid, and in the smaller size of its cells. As found on our coast, the filaments are rather more<br />
slender than the average of European specimens.<br />
C. PICQUOTIANA, (Mont.) Kütz. (Conferva Picquotiana, Ann. Scien. Nat., 3d Ser., Vol.<br />
XI, p. 66.—Chætomorpha Piquotiana, Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 85, Pl. 46 c.)<br />
Filaments prostrate, intricately twisted together in masses, rigid, dark-green, cells<br />
.2-4 mm broad by .2-1.6 mm long, slightly oval in shape.<br />
Deep water, and washed ashore.<br />
Rather common from Boston northward; Staten Island, Harvey; Gay Head, Mass.<br />
This species was first described by Montagne from specimens collected by Lamare-Picquot in Labrador.<br />
It is the largest of our prostrate Chætomorphæ, and north of Boston is not uncommon on beaches after<br />
a storm, but it has not been seen in tide-pools. The localities South of Cape Cod perhaps need revision.<br />
We have found the species washed ashore at Gay Head, from deep water. It reminds one of C.<br />
melagonium by its color, rigidity, and size of the filaments, and it seems to us probable that it is merely<br />
an advanced stage of that species which has broken from its attachments and become entangled<br />
without having lost its power of growth. It is certainly very unlikely that any alga of this suborder is<br />
throughout its whole period of existence unattached. The cells differ from those of C. melagonium in<br />
being sometimes several times longer than broad, but, on the other hand, they frequently are found no<br />
longer than broad. If the species is really distinct and not an older stage of C. melagonium, as we<br />
suspect, it is the largest and coarsest of our species, and is to be compared with C. torulosa, Zan, of<br />
which we have examined specimens collected by Hauck at Pirano, in the Adriatic. In drying, our species<br />
does not adhere to paper, and the cells contract at the joints so as to give a toruloid appearance.<br />
C. LINUM, (Flor. Dan.) Kütz. (Conferva Linum, Crouan, Algues Marines du Finistère,<br />
No. 353.—Conferva Linum, Areschoug, Alg. Scand., No. 183.—Chætomorpha<br />
herbacea, Kütz., in Hohenacker’s Meeralgen, No. 355.—Chætomorpha Linum, Kütz.,<br />
Spec. Alg., p. 378.—Chætomorphasutoria, (Berk.) Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part 3, p.<br />
87.—Non Conferva Linum, Alg. Danmon., No. 220, nec Rhizoclonium Linum, Herb.<br />
Thuret.)<br />
Filaments prostrate, intricately twisted together in masses, rigid, bright green, cells<br />
.20-25 mm broad by .20-30 mm long, about as broad as long.<br />
Just below low-water mark.<br />
Common in Long Island Sound; Nahant, Ten Pound Island, Gloucester, Mass.;<br />
Europe.<br />
The confusion which has arisen from the application of the name Conferva Linum to different species<br />
and the useless multiplication of names, especially on the part of Kützing, makes it exceedingly<br />
difficult to ascertain the name of this common species on our coast. It forms strata of considerable<br />
extent upon rocks and gravel just below
48<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
low-water mark. It can be distinguished from the preceding species by its lighter color, by being less<br />
rigid, and by the smaller size of the cells, which are rather uniformly as broad as long. If we may<br />
suspect that C. Picquotiana is only a form of C. melagonium, we may also suggest that the present is<br />
possibly the corresponding form of C. ærea. To unravel the synonymy of the species is quite hopeless.<br />
Our specimens agree with No. 353 of Crouan’s Algues Marines du Finistère and No. 183 of Areschoug’s<br />
Algæ Scandinavicæ, both of which are supposed to be the Conferva Linum. of the Flora Danica. They<br />
are also identical with No. 355 of Hohenacker’s Meeralgen, which purports to have been determined as<br />
C. herbacea, Kg., by Kützing himself. Whether they are the same as the Conferva Linum of the<br />
Phycologia Brittanica we cannot determine. They approach very near to, if they are not identical with,<br />
C. crassa of the Italian algologists. In fact, Crouan considers C. Linum, Pl. Dan., to be the same as C.<br />
crassa, Ag. The Chætomorpha sutoria of the Nereis Am. Bor. seems to us the same thing. We have<br />
examined Bailey’s specimens, from which Harvey named the species in the Nereis, and have also<br />
examined. Bailey’s locality, at Stonington. To the naked eye, in Bailey’s specimens, the filaments<br />
appear smaller than the typical form, but a microscopic examination gives the same measurements as<br />
specimens we collected ourselves, which agreed precisely with No. 353, Crouan. In saying that the New<br />
England specimens of C. sutoria should be considered to be rather C. Linum, we do not mean to imply<br />
that the European C. sutoria is not distinct. Whether our species is the same as Rhizoclonium Linum,<br />
Thuret, is, perhaps, doubtful. In specimens of the last-named species from Cherbourg the filaments<br />
appear to be somewhat smaller. The species usually, but not always, loses its color drying, and scarcely<br />
adheres to paper unless under considerable pressure.<br />
species inquirendæ.<br />
C. OLNEYI, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 86, Pl. 46 d.<br />
“Filaments tufted, setaceous, straight or curved, soft, pale green; articulations once<br />
and a half as long as broad.” (Harvey, l. c.)<br />
Rhode Island, Olney.<br />
C. LONGIARTICULATA, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 86, Pl. 46 e.<br />
“Filaments capillary, curved, loosely bundled together, flaccid, soft, pale green;<br />
articulations 4-6 times as long as broad, swollen at the nodes; var. β, crassior,<br />
filaments more robust.” (Harvey, 1. c.)<br />
In rock-pools, between tide-marks. Ship Anne Point, Mr. Hooper; Boston Bay, Mrs.<br />
Asa Gray; Little Compton, Mr. Olney; var. β in brackish ditches at Little Compton,<br />
Mr. Olney.<br />
The two last species are only known from the descriptions in the Nereis. No authentic specimens exist<br />
in the Olney Herbarium, which is now the property of Brown University. The specimen of C. Olneyi<br />
mentioned in Algæ Rhodiaceæ by Olney was determined by the present writer, not by Harvey himself,<br />
and a recent examination of the specimen, for which we are indebted to the kindness of Professor<br />
Bailey, lead us to think that the specimen was not correctly determined.<br />
RHIZOCLONIUM, Kütz.<br />
(From ριζον [rizon], a root, and κλων [klon], a branch.)<br />
Filaments decumbent, entangled, branches short and root-like.<br />
The genus is easily recognized, as a rule, by the root-like character of the branches. In some species the<br />
branches are frequent; in others, however, they are only occasionally
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 49<br />
found, and in that case the species may easily be mistaken for species of Chætomorpha.<br />
R. RIPARIUM, Roth, Harv. Phyc. Brit., Pl. 328. (R. salinum, Kütz.) Filaments<br />
decumbent, pale green, forming entangled masses, furnished with numerous short<br />
root-like branches, generally consisting of but few cells, but sometimes elongated,<br />
filaments from .02 mm to .025 mm in diameter, cells about as long as broad, or a little<br />
longer. Pl. III, Fig. 2. Eastport, Maine; Nahant, Wood’s Holl, Mass., W. G. F; New<br />
Haven, Conn., Prof. D. G. Eaton; Europe.<br />
An alga which is probably common all along the coast on wood-work and sandy rocks between tidemarks.<br />
It forms thin light-green masses on the substance on which it is growing. The root-like<br />
processes usually consist of not more than three or four cells, and not unfrequently they fork.<br />
Distinguished at sight from the next by its yellowish color. It often covers the ground at the base of<br />
Spartina, and it is found nearer high-water mark than the next species.<br />
R. TORTUOSUM, Kütz. (Conferva implexa and tortuosa, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 54 a<br />
and b.—Chætomorpha tortuosa, Ner. Am. Bor.)<br />
Filaments dark green, very much curled and twisted, forming prostrate masses,<br />
diameter of filaments, .035 mm to .058 mm , cells about twice as long as broad, branches<br />
few, short;<br />
Common all along the New England coast; Europe.<br />
The most common species of our coast, recognized by its dark-green color, and by the very much twisted<br />
filaments which form woolly strata over other algæ. Its favorite habitat is in tide-pools, where it is<br />
exposed at dead low water.<br />
R. KOCHIANUM, Kütz. (Conferva arenosa, Crouan, Algues Marines du Finistère, No.<br />
355.—Conferva implexa, var., Alg. Scand., No. 187.—Rhizoclonium Kochianum,<br />
Kütz., in Le Jolis’s Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg.)<br />
Filaments pale yellow, forming loose masses of indefinite extent, cells .010-14 mm<br />
broad by .036-54 mm long.<br />
On algæ below low-water mark. Summer.<br />
Gloucester, Mass.; Nahant, Mass., Mr. Collins; Europe.<br />
Much finer than any of the species previously mentioned, covering algæ with a delicate pale-yellow<br />
fleece. It is apparently less common than our other two species, and we have only found it once growing<br />
over Laminariæ just below low-water mark, off Niles’s Beach, Gloucester. The species agrees with<br />
French specimens of R. Kochianum in the size and general appearance of the cells, but the root-like<br />
processes characteristic of the present genus are not evident in our specimens, and the species is here<br />
retained in Rhizoclonium on the authority of Kützing, in Le Jolis’s Liste des Algues Marines de<br />
Cherbourg. R. Kochianum is considered by Rabenhorst to be a variety of R. flavicans, Jürg., in which he<br />
also includes Conferva arenicola of Berk. Our specimens agree perfectly with No. 355 of Crouan’s<br />
Algues Marine du Finistère, but are rather smaller than No. 187 of Areschoug’s Algæ Scandinavicæ,<br />
which is referred with doubt to Conferva arenosa. The name which we have adopted refers our<br />
specimens without doubt to French forms, but the identity with the genuine C. arenosa of British<br />
botanists<br />
S. Miss. 59——4
50<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
still remains to be settled. The species does not adhere well to paper, and would probably, at first sight,<br />
be referred by collectors to Chætomorpha rather than to Rhizoclonium.<br />
CLADOPHORA, Kütz.<br />
(From κλαδος [klados], a branch, and φορεω [phoreo], to bear.)<br />
Filaments firm, not gelatinous, branching throughout.<br />
A genus including the greater part of the branching Chlorosporeæ, which are found both in salt and<br />
fresh water. It differs from Ulothrix and Chætomorpha in having branching filaments, and from<br />
Rhizoclonium in having well-developed branches and not mere rhizoidal growths. The species abound<br />
on rocks and in tide-pools, as well as in ditches and shallow bays along the shore, and usually grow in<br />
tufts. Some of the species, however, especially those growing in brackish ditches, at maturity form<br />
dense layers upon the surface of the water or on the bottom. The number of described species of the<br />
genus is immense, but, in all probability, a great part are not distinct. It is at present impossible<br />
correctly to refer the New England species to European forms, since European botanists by no means<br />
agree as to their own species, and there has been a tendancy [sic] on the part of algologists of different<br />
countries to ignore the species of other countries in studying their own. The principal specific character<br />
is the mode of branching, which, in the present genus, is at best an uncertain mark. The young and old<br />
plants of the same species often differ very much in the appearance of the branches, so that the habit<br />
varies at different seasons. When old, some species are usually torn from their attachments and<br />
washed ashore in large masses, and, in this battered condition, it is often impossible to recognize the<br />
species, or perhaps even to distinguish the specimens from Rhizoclonium species. Unfortunately,<br />
names have been given to the battered forms until there is such a labyrinth of synonyms that one is<br />
tempted to reject all but a few well-marked species. In the present instance we have attempted merely<br />
to compare our specimens with those in the Algæ Danmonienses, the Algues Marines du Finistère, the<br />
Algæ Scandinavicæ of Areschoug, and with specimens received from Dr. Bornet, M. Le Jolis, Dr.<br />
Kjellman, and Dr. Wittrock. It is to be hoped that some responsible algologist will undertake the<br />
revision of this much-abused genus.<br />
SUBGENUS SPONGOMORPHA, Kütz.<br />
Plants spongy, at least towards the base, owing to the interlacing of the branches,<br />
some of which are strongly recurved and rhizoidal.<br />
C. ARCTA, (Dillw.). (Cladophora arcta, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 135.)<br />
Filaments slender, two to eight inches long, tufted and densely matted at base,<br />
becoming free and divergent above, color a bright green; branches near the base<br />
strongly recurved and interlaced, upper branches erect or appressed, numerous,<br />
opposite or scattered, apices obtuse; cells at base about twice as long as broad, cells<br />
of upper portion several times longer than broad, average diameter of cells about<br />
.08 mm .<br />
On rocks between tide marks. Winter and spring.<br />
Common along the whole coast; Europe.<br />
One of the few species which are recognized without difficulty, although it varies considerably in aspect<br />
at different seasons. When young the filaments are but slightly matted together, .except at the very<br />
base, and the species is then the C. vaucheriæformis
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 51<br />
of Agardh; but when old they become spongy nearly to the tip, and constitute the C. centralis of some<br />
authors. The species is, as a rule, easily distinguished by its bright-green color and erect or appressed<br />
branches in the upper portion of the plant. The plant preserves its beautiful green color, and adheres to<br />
paper except when very old and spongy.<br />
C. LANOSA, (Roth) Kütz. (C. lanosa, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 6.)<br />
Tufts more or less globose; filaments one to three inches long, densely matted, color<br />
at first bright green, but soon becoming pale yellow; branches long, numerous,<br />
irregularly placed, often secund, given off at wide angles; cells .03-4 mm in breadth, as<br />
long as broad in lower part, becoming in upper part several times longer than broad.<br />
On Chondrus crispus and other algæ.<br />
Gloucester, Nahant, Mass.; common. Europe. Spring and early summer.<br />
Var. UNCIALIS, Thuret. (Cl. uncialis, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 207.)<br />
Filaments longer and looser than in the type, and of a lighter color.<br />
On sandy rocks.<br />
Long Island Sound; Nahant and Gloucester, Mass.; common. Spring. Europe.<br />
An easily recognized species, probably common along the whole coast in spring and early summer. It<br />
grows attached to sea-weeds or to sand-covered rocks at low tide and below, and is often washed ashore<br />
in considerable quantities. It forms globose tufts, which, when growing, are bright green, but which<br />
soon lose their color, and, on drying, became pale and silky. The var. uncialis, which is more common in<br />
Long Island Sound, is less dense and forms looser tufts than the type. It does not adhere very well to<br />
paper.<br />
SUBGENUS EUCLADOPHORA.<br />
Plants tufted, or, at times, stratose, not united into spongy masses by rhizoidal<br />
branches or recurved branches.<br />
C. RUPESTRIS, (Linn.) Kütz., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 180.<br />
Filaments five to ten inches long, rigid, dark green, tufted; branches crowded,<br />
usually opposite or in fours, ultimate branches given off at an acute angle, short,<br />
subulate; cells constricted at the joints, average diameter of cells .08-16 mm .<br />
On rocks near low water mark.<br />
Common along the whole coast throughout the year; Europe.<br />
Recognized by its dark green color and rigidity, and by the numerous appressed ramuli which are given<br />
off two or three at a joint.<br />
C. ALBIDA, (Huds.) Kütz., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 275.<br />
Filaments slender, silky, forming dense tufts from a few inches to a foot long, color a<br />
pale green; branches irregular, often opposite,
52<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
ultimate branches long, given off at wide angles; cells .02-3 mm in diameter, cell-wall<br />
delicate, terminal cells blunt.<br />
Staten Island, Beesley’s Point, New York Bay, Harvey; in pools, Newport, R. I.;<br />
Europe. Summer.<br />
Not yet observed north of Cape Cod. The species is recognized by forming dense tufts of a pale color and<br />
almost spongy consistency. The sponginess, however, is not, as in the subgenus Spongomorpha, due to<br />
the interlacing of short recurved branches and rhizoidal filaments, but to the fineness of the filaments,<br />
which are densely twisted together. The cells do not vary much in diameter throughout. This species,<br />
when dried, loses most of its color, and does not adhere well to paper.<br />
C. REFRACTA, (Roth) Areschoug. (Non C. refracta, Alg. Danmon., No. 228, nec Phyc.<br />
Brit., Pl. 24.)<br />
Filaments rather rigid, forming tufts from 2-8 inches long, color a glaucous green;<br />
branches flexuous, clothed throughout with nearly equal, short, frequently opposite<br />
branchlets, which are at first patent and furnished with erect or corymbose,<br />
afterwards reflexed, branchlets; cells .03-8 mm in diameter, terminal cells blunt.<br />
Common in deep tide-pools and on stones and sea-weeds at low-water mark<br />
throughout our limits. Spring and summer. Northern Europe.<br />
We have refrained from quoting any synonyms in the description just given. The species, as we<br />
understand it, is one common in rocky places where the water is pure. It forms rather short tufts of a<br />
somewhat glaucous green, which is paler when the plant grows exposed to the sun. The branchlets,<br />
which are in general short, are at first erect, but, as usually found, are somewhat corymbose and<br />
ultimately decompound and reflexed. It is rather rigid and does not collapse when removed from the<br />
water. In drying it sometimes retains its color, but usually becomes yellowish and does not adhere well<br />
to paper. What we have described seems to be the C. refracta of Harvey’s Nereis, but we have refrained<br />
from quoting the localities given by Harvey. The C. refracta of the French coast is considered by Le<br />
Jolis to be a variety of C. albida. The same is not true of our species, which is certainly distinct from C.<br />
albida. It may be that we have also the refracted variety of C. albida on our coast, but we have never<br />
met with it. The present species is much coarser and differs in habit and ramification from the C.<br />
albida of New England, which agrees well with European specimens. The American C. refracta is much<br />
nearer to, if not identical with, the species published by Areschoug in the Algæ Scandinavicæ, 2d series,<br />
No. 338, as C. refracta, (Roth). In coarseness it approaches C. lætevirens, but it certainly is not the same<br />
as No. 143, Algæ Danmonienses, which Harvey considers to be C. lætevirens. In short, we think that<br />
the C. refracta of New England is not the species to which the French botanists apply that name, but<br />
probably the species of Areschoug. Whether it is really the Conferva refracta of Roth is a point on which<br />
we can only follow the authority of others. At any rate, after the explanation given, the name can be<br />
retained without causing greater confusion than has hitherto existed.<br />
C. GLAUCESCENS, (Griff.) Harv. (Cl. glaucescens, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 196.—Cl. pseudosericea,<br />
Crouan, Alg. Finist., No. 367.)<br />
Filaments loosely tufted, 3-12 inches long, much branched, color light green;<br />
branches erect, pectinate, ultimate branchlets elongated, erect,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 53<br />
given off at an acute angle; cells with delicate cell-wall, .03-6 mm in diameter,<br />
terminal cells acute.<br />
On stones and wood-work near low-water mark. Summer.<br />
From Halifax, N. S., to Charleston, S. C., Harvey; Newport, R. 1.5 Europe.<br />
A delicate species which is characterized by its light color, loosely tufted habit, and slender branches,<br />
which are all given off at uniformly acute angles. When growing in exposed localities the tufts are<br />
short, but in quiet bays they become long and loose. This species, which has the light color and slender<br />
filaments of C. albida, differs from that species in not being spongy in consistence and in the length of<br />
the ultimate branchlets, which are always erect. Our Newport species resemble very closely the No. 120<br />
b of Wittrock and Nordstedt, Algæ Scandinavicæ, which is considered by them a form of C. crystallina,<br />
(Roth), but differs from the Cl. crystallina of the algologists of Southern Europe. It may be remarked<br />
that Cl. glaucescens, (Griff.) Harv., has been referred to other older species, but not knowing the limits<br />
of C. crystallina, (Roth), and C. sericea, (Huds.), we have adhered to the latter name, as has also been<br />
done by Le Jolis and other French algologists. This species generally becomes very pale in drying and<br />
adheres well to paper.<br />
The variety β, pectinella, of this species, mentioned by Harvey in the Nereis Am. Bor. as occurring in<br />
Charleston Harbor, is not known on our northern coast. In the variety the branches are said to be<br />
recurved.<br />
C. LÆTEVIRENS, (Dillw.) Harv., Alg. Danmon., No. 142; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 190.<br />
Filaments much branched, rigid, forming loose tufts 3-6 inches long, color a<br />
yellowish green; branches fastigiate, erect, often opposite or in threes, ultimate<br />
branches secund, of few cells, apex obtuse; diameter of cells .05-.15 mm .<br />
In tide-pools.<br />
New York Bay; Boston, Harvey; Gloucester, Mass., Mrs Davis.<br />
A rather robust species, recognized by the denseness of the branches, which are crowded at the tips.<br />
Less robust and differing from C. Hutchinsiæ in having fastigiate branches. We have only seen one<br />
specimen, collected by Mrs. Davis, which corresponded exactly to the C. lætevirens of Algæ<br />
Danmonienses and to the C. lætevirens of the Nereis Am. Bor. It is doubtful whether the forms to which<br />
the same name has been given by French botanists belong to the same species as our own. Some of<br />
them, at least, appear to belong to a more slender and less densely branching species. The species does<br />
not adhere well to paper in drying.<br />
C. HUTCHINSIÆ, (Dillw.) Kütz. (Cl. Hutchinsiæ, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 124.—Cl. diffusa,<br />
Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 130.)<br />
Filaments rigid, glaucous green, flexuous, forming loose tufts 6-12 inches long;<br />
branches scattered, rather distant; ultimate branches few, short, secund; cells .10-<br />
24 mm in diameter.<br />
In tide-pools.<br />
Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. Davis.<br />
A single specimen which seems unmistakably to belong to this species was collected by Mrs. Davis. The<br />
species, which is one of the coarsest on the coast, is distinguished
54<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
by the large size of the filaments and remoteness of the branches, together with the shortness of the<br />
ultimate branches. The Cladophora diffusa of the Phycologia Brittanica is now considered, with good<br />
reason, to be a form of C. Hutchinsiæ in which the branches are very long and nearly destitute of<br />
branchlets. Probably the Cladophora diffusa? of the Nereis Am. Bor., said by Harvey to be found in<br />
“New York Sound,” is to be referred to the present species. Specimens which correspond well enough to<br />
the C. diffusa of the Algæ Danmonienses, No. 144, have been collected by Mrs. Davis and Mrs. Bray at<br />
Gloucester.<br />
C. FLEXUOSA, (Griff.) Harv.<br />
“Filaments very slender, pale green, tufted, flexuous, sparingly and distantly<br />
branched; branches elongate, subsimple, of unequal length, flexuous, sometimes<br />
nearly naked, sometimes ramuliferous; the ultimate ramuli secund or alternate,<br />
short or long, curved; articulations of the branches 3-4 times, of the ramuli twice as<br />
long as broad.” (Nereis Am. Bor., Part III. p. 78.)<br />
Rocks between tide-marks, &c.<br />
Hingham and Boston, Mass.; Jackson Ferry and Hell Gate, N. Y.<br />
We have quoted from the Nereis Am. Bor. the description given by Harvey of the present species, and<br />
have purposely refrained from adding any localities of our own. Harvey considers C. flexuosa very<br />
nearly related to Cl. glaucescens, if indeed it is distinct from it. On the other hand, the greater part of<br />
the French specimens of C. flexuosa which we have seen are quite distinct from C. glaucescens, and<br />
seem to approach some of the forms of C. gracilis. We have frequently seen at Wood’s Holl, Newport,<br />
and Gloucester specimens which correspond pretty well with the C. flexuosa of Alg. Danmon, No. 227.<br />
As we understand the species, it is more rigid than Cl. glaucescens, and has shorter branches, which<br />
are at times refracted. The cells are .02-6 mm in diameter and not more than two or three times as long<br />
as broad as a rule. Le Jolis states that C. flexuosa lines the bottom of pools. The American forms which<br />
we would refer to this species are found in pools on rather exposed rocky shores.<br />
C. MORRISIÆ, Harv.<br />
“Tufts elongate, dense, somewhat interwoven, dark green; filaments very slender,<br />
much and irregularly branched; the penultimate branches very long, filiform,<br />
flexuous, simple, set with alternate or secund, short, erecto-patent ramuli, some of<br />
which are simple and spine-like, others pectinated on their upper side; articulations<br />
filled with dense endochrome, in the branches 2-3 times, in the ramuli about twice<br />
as long as broad, cylindrical, not contracted at the nodes.” (Harvey, Nereis Am. Bor.,<br />
Part III, p. 79, Pl. 45 b.)<br />
Elsinborough, Del., Miss Morris.<br />
We only know this species from the description and plate of Harvey.<br />
C. Rudolphiana, Ag.<br />
Filaments very long and gelatinous, forming loose tufts one or two feet long, color<br />
yellowish green; branches opposite or irregular, very long and flexuous, given off at<br />
wide angles, clothed with long, secund,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 55<br />
tapering branchlets; cells .02-8 mm in. diameter, those of the main branches many<br />
times longer than broad.<br />
On stones and covering algæ just below low-water mark. Summer.<br />
Jackson Ferry, N. Y., Harvey; Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Europe.<br />
One of the longest but at the same time most delicate of the genus. It forms intricately branching tufts,<br />
one or two feet long, attached to stones, or covers with a soft fleece algæ and Zostera growing in still,<br />
shallow bays, like the Little Harbor at Wood’s Holl. It is more or less gelatinous and at once collapses<br />
on being removed from the water and adheres closely to paper in drying. In drying the cells shrivel very<br />
much, and the coloring matter is collected at the ends of the cells, which, in the main branches, are<br />
much longer than broad, and on moistening the cells do not recover their shape as readily as in other<br />
species.<br />
C. GRACILIS, (Griff.) Kütz.<br />
Filaments loosely tufted, 3-12 inches long, irregularly bent, provided at the angles<br />
with rather short branches, which are pectinate, with long recurved or incurved<br />
branchlets; color a yellowish green; cells .04-16 mm in diameter.<br />
On wharves or in muddy pools.<br />
New Haven, Prof. Eaton; Wood’s Holl, Mass.<br />
α. Var. EXPANSA.<br />
Very irregularly branched, forming masses one to two feet in extent.<br />
Muddy pools.<br />
β. Gloucester, Nahant, Mass.<br />
Var. TENUIS, Thuret. (Cl. vadorum, Aresch.)<br />
Branches remote, filaments more slender than in the type, .04-8 mm in diameter.<br />
Growing over Laminariæ.<br />
Gloucester.?<br />
A common and variable species, growing in rather muddy sheltered places and not on exposed spots. In<br />
its typical form it is recognized by its very irregular branches, which are more divergent than in most<br />
other species, and by its pectinate branchlets, which are at times flabellate. The species, although<br />
rather delicate in substance, is much stouter than C. albida or C. glaucescens, and does not adhere well<br />
to paper. The form which we have referred to, var. tennis, Thuret, is doubtful. It formed masses of<br />
indefinite extent on Laminariæ and other algæ below low-water mark off Niles’s Beach, Gloucester.<br />
What we have called var. expansa resembles somewhat C. expansa, Kütz., and like it is found in muddy<br />
places. It. does not, however, form the dense masses of the last-named species, but floats loosely in the<br />
water in shallow places. The ordinary forms of the species are recognized without much difficulty, but<br />
one sometimes meets forms which are long and almost denuded of branches, in which case<br />
determination is difficult.<br />
C. EXPANSA, Kütz.<br />
Filaments of a dull-green color, at first tufted, then matted together, forming<br />
extensive strata; main branches irregularly flexuous, .10-15 mm
56<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
in diameter, clothed with secondary branches, which are divaricately divided and<br />
furnished with secund ultimate branches; cells several times longer than broad.<br />
In brackish ditches. Summer.<br />
Wood’s Holl; Maiden, Mass.<br />
To the present species may be referred the greater part of the New England specimens of brackish<br />
water referred to C. fracta. It is at first tufted, but soon rises to the top of shallow ditches and coves,<br />
and forms an intricately interwoven mass. It is distinguished from C. fracta by the greater size of the<br />
main branches and the fact that the diameter of the secondary branches is always much less than that<br />
of the main branches, whereas in the true C. fracta the branches gradually diminish in size. In some<br />
specimens the branches are clothed at intervals with very short fasciculated ramuli. The species when<br />
in its tufted condition resembles some of the forms of C. gracilis. It also approaches the C. fracta of the<br />
Algæ Danmonienses, said by Harvey to be rather C. flavescens.<br />
C. FRACTA, (Fl. Dan.) Kütz.<br />
“Tufts irregular, entangled, often detached, and then forming floating strata, dull<br />
green; filaments rather rigid, distantly branched, the lesser branches somewhat<br />
dichotomous, spreading, with very wide axils; the ramuli few, alternate or secund;<br />
articulations 3-6 times as long as broad, at first cylindrical, then elliptical, with<br />
contracted nodes.” (Harvey, Nereis Am. Bor., Part III, p. 83.)<br />
Salt-water ditches and ponds.<br />
West Point, Prof. Bailey; Beesley’s Point, Ashmead; New York, Walters; Baltimore,<br />
Md.<br />
We have quoted from the Nereis the description given by Harvey. It is doubtful whether under the<br />
name C. fracta he referred to the species of that name as recognized by Scandinavian botanists. The<br />
only marine locality of this species which we have examined is in the vicinity of the Marine Hospital,<br />
Baltimore. As we understand the species, it is much finer than C. expansa, the cells being from .02-8 mm<br />
in diameter, those of the main branches tapering gradually into those of the secondary branches, while<br />
in the last-named species the transition is sudden. The branches are less numerous and more irregular<br />
in their mode of branching in C. fracta than in C. expansa.<br />
C. MAGDALENÆ, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 335 a.<br />
Filaments one to three inches long, decumbent, entangled, coarse, blackish green;<br />
branches given off at obtuse angles, flexuous, with very few curved, irregularly<br />
placed branchlets; cells .04-8 mm in diameter, about 2-4 times as long as broad.<br />
Napatree Point, R. L, Prof. Eaton.<br />
This rather unsightly and insignificant species is recognized by its procumbent habit and dingy green<br />
color, and by having but few branches, which are arranged without any definite order, and are given off<br />
at very obtuse angles from the main filaments. It may be doubted whether the species is not a reduced<br />
form of some other.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 57<br />
BULBOCOLEON, Pringsh.<br />
(From βολβος [bolbos], a bulb, and κολεον [koleon], a sheath.)<br />
Filaments branching, creeping, composed of two kinds of cells, one producing<br />
numerous zoospores, the other bulbous at the base but drawn out into a tube, from<br />
the open extremity of which projects a long flexible hair.<br />
This genus, consisting of a single species, was first described by Pringsheim in the Abhandlungen der<br />
königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1862, who founded it upon a small alga parasitic in the<br />
fronds of Leathesia and other Phæosporeæ, at Helgoland.<br />
The genus resembles Coleochæte, a fresh-water genus, in the structure of the hairs, but in Bulbocoleon<br />
no reproductive bodies, except zoospores produced in the ordinary cells, have as yet been discovered. It<br />
is not impossible that oospores may at some time be found, and it will then be necessary to remove the<br />
genus from the present order.<br />
B. PILIFERUM, Pringsheim, l. c., p. 8, Pl. I.<br />
Characters same as those of the genus.<br />
Parasitic in the fronds of Leathesia tuberiformis and Chordaria divaricata. Summer.<br />
Newport, R. I.; Wood’s Holl, Gloucester, Mass.; Europe.<br />
This minute species is found creeping among the cortical cells of Leathesia and Chordaria, generally in<br />
company with a Streblonema. It forms dark spots on the fronds, and, on microscopic examination, the<br />
hyaline hairs are seen projecting above the surface. The species is studied with difficulty when<br />
parasitic on Leathesia, owing to the density of the cortical part of the frond, but is more easily<br />
examined when it grows on Chordaria. It was found by Pringsheim on Chorda filum, Chordaria<br />
flagelliformis, and Mesogloia vermicularis, as well as on Leathesia. It probably will be found on several<br />
other Phæosporeæ of our coast, where it appears to be common.<br />
The following genus described by Reinsch, including a species of which we have not been able to<br />
examine specimens, should be included in the account of the Chlorosporeæ of our coast:<br />
ACROBLASTE, new genus of Chroolepideæ.<br />
Plants microscopic, marine, forming densely aggregated tufts attached to stones and shells; threads<br />
erect, subsimple, branching from the base, arising from procumbent, densely interlaced threads;<br />
conceptacles in the upper part of the branches nearly spherical, at first unicellular, afterwards<br />
producing 20-35 spherical zoospores; after the discharge of zoospores elliptical, with a wide mouth;<br />
development of the branches and growth of the threads as in Chroolepus and Cladophora.<br />
Acroblaste, spec. Contents of cells finely granular, distinctly circumscribed; color slightly glaucous<br />
green; cell-wall thick, sublamellated, twice as long as broad.<br />
Height of plant, .336-.6 mm .<br />
Diameter of filaments, .0050-80 mm .<br />
Diameter of conceptacles, .0168-196 mm .<br />
Diameter of zoospores, .0022 mm .<br />
Hab.—Attached to shells and stones, Buzzard’s Bay, Mass.<br />
Reinsch., in Botanische Zeitung, 1879, No. 23, Pl. 3 a.
58<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
SUBORDER BOTRYDIEÆ.<br />
Fronds minute green unicellar [sic], spherical or pyriform, with a rhizoidal process<br />
at the base. Globose bodies produced in the cells, from which, when discharged,<br />
there is formed a large number of zoospores, with two cilia, which conjugate.<br />
A small suborder, of which the development is known only in a single species, B. granulatum, of which<br />
Rostafinski and Woronin have given a full account. Probably the suborder may require to be united<br />
with the Siphoneæ, a group abundant in the tropics, but not strictly found with us.<br />
CODIOLUM, A. Br.<br />
(Named from the resemblance to species of Codium, a genus of marine algæ.)<br />
Frond unicellular, at the base prolonged into a tapering, solid, hyaline stalk, above<br />
clavate, containing an oval chloropyllaceous mass, which ultimately is transformed<br />
into a large number of spores, development of spores unknown.<br />
The present genus was founded by A. Braun on a species found by him at Helgoland in 1852 and<br />
described and figured in his work on unicellular algæ. A second species (C. Nordenskioldianum) was<br />
described by Kjellman.<br />
The genus is placed by Braun and Kjellman near Characium, but until the development of the spores<br />
has been made out the position of the genus must remain doubtful. Braun compares the spores to those<br />
of Codium, but states that he had never seen cilia. In American specimens we have never seen the<br />
spores escape from the mother cell and swim about by means of cilia, but, on the other hand, the wall of<br />
the mother cell dissolves and the spores thus set free begin to grow at once. It often happens that the<br />
spores begin to grow inside the mother cell. The spores are oval and have a thick wall. Each spore<br />
either gives off a projection at one end, which grows into a long stalk, or else the contents of the spore<br />
become divided into a small number of cells by means of cross-partitions at right angles to its longer<br />
axis, thus forming a short filament, each cell of which gives off a stalk as previously described. There<br />
results in the last case a dense cluster of individuals, which adhere together by their bases. It may be<br />
that what we have seen was only the hypnosporic condition of the plant, and that Braun had examined<br />
a stage in which motile spores existed. Occasionally one finds two spore-bearing cells on a single stalk,<br />
one always being very much smaller than the other. The second cell is lateral and may be nearly sessile<br />
on the stalk or furnished with a short secondary stalk of its own.<br />
Our plant recalls the hypnosporic condition of Botrydium granulatum, and in the Algæ Am. Bor. Exs. it<br />
was distributed under the name of B. gregarium. As the development is so little known, we have now<br />
thought best to retain the name Codiolum, on the supposition that our species is the same as that of<br />
Braun. The study of the development is rendered difficult because the plant grows inextricably<br />
entangled with other small algæ.<br />
C. GREGARIUM, A. Br. (C. gregarium, Braun, Alg. Unicell., Genera nova et minus<br />
cognita, p. 20, Pl. 1.—Botrydium gregarium, Farlow, in Alg. Am. Bor. Exs., No. 99.)<br />
Cells densely aggregated, average length of cells, including stalk,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 59<br />
.35-60 mm , sporiferous mass .04-8 mm broad by .10-15 mm long. Spores .015 mm by .020 mm .<br />
On wharves and rocks between tide-marks, mixed with Calothrix scopulorum and<br />
Ulothrix.<br />
Eastport, Me.; Gloucester, Mass.; Europe.<br />
Probably common in the autumn along our northern coast, and at once recognized by the long terminal<br />
stalk, which appears to be an appendage of the cell-wall. The size is so variable that no accurate<br />
measurements as to length can be given. Those above stated represent the size of fully-grown<br />
sporiferous individuals.<br />
SUBORDER BRYOPSIDEÆ.<br />
Fronds green, unicellar [sic], filamentous, branching; reproduction by zoospores,<br />
with two cilia, formed in the occluded branches.<br />
A small suborder, including with us a single species of Bryopsis and a single species of Derbesia, a<br />
genus whose position is uncertain and which may prove to be more nearly related to Vaucheria than to<br />
Bryopsis, although in the present article we have placed it with the latter.<br />
BRYOPSIS, Lam.<br />
(From βρυον [bryon], a moss, and οψις [opsis], an appearance.)<br />
Fronds bright-green, unicellular, branching, usually pinnately divided; reproduction<br />
by spores formed in occluded portions of the branches; spores of two (?) kinds—either<br />
green zoospores, furnished with two apical cilia, or orange-colored.<br />
The genus Bryopsis includes perhaps not far from twenty species, which are characterized by the mode<br />
of branching. Most of them are pinnately compound, and the different forms pass so gradually into one<br />
another that the species cannot be said to be well marked. The fronds are unicellular except at the<br />
period of reproduction, when some of the smaller branches are separated by partitions from the rest of<br />
the frond. The position of the genus is still doubtful, as the development is not known. The reproductive<br />
bodies generally found are green zoospores which have two terminal cilia. Whether they conjugate or<br />
not is not known, although as Thuret reports the occurrence of zoospores with four cilia, such is<br />
probably the case. A second form of reproductive bodies was found by Pringsheim in Bryopsis, orangecolored<br />
motile bodies furnished with two terminal cilia. The development of these bodies has not been<br />
observed. Janczewski and Rostafinski have expressed the opinion that they may be parasites, but<br />
Cornu confirms the statement of Pringsheim that they are really organs of the Bryopsis.<br />
B. PLUMOSA, (Huds.) Ag., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 3. Pl. IV, Fig. 1.<br />
Fronds 2-6 inches long, often gregarious, 2-4 times pinnate, pinnules pyramidal in<br />
outline, naked at the base, in the upper part clothed with short pinnulæ, which are<br />
constricted at base.<br />
On muddy wharves and stones at low-water mark.<br />
A beautiful species, not uncommon along our whole eastern coast, and also frequently
60<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
found on the shores of California. It is very widely diffused, being found in nearly all seas. B. hypnoides,<br />
which occurs at Key West, passes almost insensibly into B. plumosa, but the typical B. hypnoides is not<br />
known in New England.<br />
? DERBESIA, Sol.<br />
(Named in honor of Prof. Alphonse Derbes of Marseilles.)<br />
Fronds green, simple or slightly branching, unicellular, or sometimes with crosspartitions<br />
at the base of the branches; fructification consisting of ovoidal sporangia<br />
containing zoospores, which are of large size and have a hyaline papilla at one end,<br />
at the base of which is a circle of cilia; oospores unknown.<br />
The genus Derbesia was founded by Solier on two Mediterranean species, D. marina and D.<br />
Lamourouxii. The position of the genus is. doubtful. The Derbesiæ resemble in habit the more delicate<br />
species of Vaucheria and Bryopsis, and like them are often unicellular, but it is, however, not<br />
uncommon to find at the base of some of the sterile branches a short cell, separated by a wall both from<br />
the branch above and the main filament below. A similar cell is always present at the base of the<br />
sporangia, and the same cell is found in some species of Vaucheria. Derbesia differs from Bryopsis in<br />
having zoospores provided with a circle of cilia, borne around the base of a terminal hyaline papilla as<br />
in Œdogonium. It differs from Vaucheria in not having oospores, so far as is known. The zoospores of<br />
Derbesia, according to Solier, germinate at once and are apparently of a non-sexual character, so that<br />
we may expect that hereafter either oospores or conjugating zoospores will be found. As we have said,<br />
the zoospores bear a striking resemblance to those of Œdogonium, and perhaps the relationship to the<br />
last-named genus is closer than has usually been supposed. In this connection it should be mentioned<br />
that, in the formation of the cells sometimes found at the base of the branches, the cell-wall ruptures in<br />
the same way as in Œdogonium, and if we do not have the same rings forming a cap at the end of the<br />
cells as in Œdogonium it may be because in Derbesia the formation of new cells is very limited.<br />
D. TENUISSIMA (De Not.), Crouan. (D. marina, Solier, Ann. Sci. Nat., 3 série, Vol.<br />
VII, p. 158, Pl. 9, Figs. 1-17.—Bryopsis tenuissima, De Not., Fl. Capr.—D.<br />
tenuissima, Crouan, Florule du Finistère, non D. marina, Crouan, Algues Marines<br />
du Finistère, No. 398.—Chlorodesmis vaucheriæformis, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part<br />
III, p. 30, Pl. 40 c.) Pl. IV, Fig. 4.<br />
Filaments tufted, bright green, one to two inches long, .04 mm in diameter; branches<br />
few, erect, constricted, and often with a cuboidal cell at the base; sporangia on short<br />
branches, ovoidal or pyriform, .09-.12 mm broad by .20-.30 mm long, resting on a<br />
cuboidal basal cell; spores large, few, about 15 in number.<br />
Forming tufts on algæ.<br />
Eel Pond Bridge, Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Key West; Europe.<br />
We have found this species but once on our coast, in May, 1876. With us it is apparently rare, but the<br />
species is not uncommon in some parts of Europe, especially on the shores of the Mediterranean. Our<br />
form is very well developed and the sporangia are rather longer than in the European specimens which<br />
we have seen.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 61<br />
SUBORDER PHÆOSPOREÆ.<br />
Reproduction by means of olive-brown zoospores which have two laterally attached<br />
cilia; sporangia of two kinds—unilocular, containing a large number of zoospores,<br />
and plurilocular, compound sporangia, each cell of which contains a single zoospore;<br />
conjugation of zoospores known in a few species; marine plants, of an olive-brown<br />
color, whose fronds vary greatly in structure, but which all agree in reproducing by<br />
zoospores.<br />
A large group, first correctly defined by Thuret. Previous writers had regarded the structure of the<br />
frond to the exclusion of the organs of reproduction, and the species here included were placed in<br />
different orders. In the Nereis they were placed partly in the Dictyotaceæ, Sporochnaceæ,<br />
Laminariaceæ, Chordariaceæ, and Ectocarpaceæ. The four last orders have been kept as families, but<br />
the true Dictyotaceæ are a distinct order. All the olive-brown sea-weeds of New England, except the<br />
rock-weeds, belong to the present suborder. In no order of plants do the species vary so widely in habit<br />
as in the present. A large number, as the Ectocarpi, are filamentous and resemble in habit the<br />
Cladophoræ. The Laminariæ have expanded flat fronds, and in Macrocystis and Egregia, the most<br />
highly organized of the order, there are stems, distinct leaves, and air-bladders, and in Egregia special<br />
fructiferous leaflets. Many of the species are of microscopic size, but Macrocystis grows to be several<br />
hundred feet long.<br />
SPHÆNOSIPHON, Reinsch.<br />
(From σφην [sphen], a wedge, and σιφων [siphon], a tube.)<br />
Fronds formed of single cells placed side by side so as to form a more or less coherent mass; cells<br />
pyriform-cuneate or oblong-elliptical; contents of cells transformed into a number of very small<br />
spherical bodies (zoospores?).<br />
In the Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam, Reinsch places the genus Sphænosiphon, of which<br />
he describes nine species, in the order Melanophyceæ. One of the species occurs in fresh water and the<br />
rest are marine. They all form minute spots on other algæ, and consist simply of cells placed side by<br />
side, the whole forming a thin membranous expansion. If the small bodies described and figured by<br />
Reinsch in the interior of the cells are really zoospores, and if the cells themselves are olive-brown, we<br />
must regard the genus Sphænosiphon as the lowest of the Phæosporeæ. The development of the<br />
zoospores has not been observed, and as Reinsch describes the color of some of the species as bluish<br />
green and rose-colored, we must consider the position of the genus to be in doubt. Species of<br />
Sphænosiphon are not unfrequent on our coast, but they have not yet been sufficiently studied. Those<br />
which we have seen are more like the Cyanophyceæ than the Phæosporeæ in color. The following<br />
descriptions, which may apply to some of our species, are taken from Reinsch, l. c.<br />
S. SMARAGDINUS, Reinsch, l. c., Pl. 35, Fig. 4.<br />
Cells pyriform or broadly cuneiform, rounded at the apex, prolonged at the base into a hyaline pedicel;<br />
cells .0168-333 mm long, .0084-112 mm broad at apex, .002 mm at base; color bluish green; base hyaline.<br />
On Plocamium coccineum, Labrador.<br />
On Polysiphonia, Anticosti.<br />
S. OLIVACEUS, Reinsch, l. c., Pl. 36, Fig. 2 a.<br />
Cells pyriform or cuneiform, broadly rounded at apex, contracted at base; color olive-green; cells .013-<br />
24 mm long, breadth .0096-168 mra .<br />
On Ceramium rubrum, Anticosti and Labrador.<br />
S. ROSEUS, Reinsch.<br />
Cells broadly ellipsoidal, placed loosely together, and surrounded by a thick hyaline mucus; rosecolored;<br />
.0041-50 mm long, .004-5 mm broad.<br />
On zoophytes, Labrador.
62<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
As an account of the families into which the suborder is divided has already been given on pp. 15-17, it<br />
is unnecessary to repeat them here, but the reader will find them briefly described in their order on<br />
subsequent pages, together with a synopsis of the genera found on our coast belonging to each family.<br />
FAMILY SCYTOSIPHONEÆ.<br />
Fronds unbranching, either membranous or tubular; plurilocular sporangia in short<br />
filaments, densely covering the whole surface of the fronds; unilocular sporangia not<br />
well known.<br />
Fronds expanded membranes ................................................Phyllitis.<br />
Fronds tubular.................................................................. Scytosiphon.<br />
PHYLLITIS, (Kütz.) Le Jolis.<br />
(From φυλλιτης [phyllites], a name given by Dioscorides to an unknown plant.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, simple, membranaceous, composed of a cortical layer of minute<br />
colored cells and an internal layer of larger, oblong, colorless cells, which are<br />
sometimes prolonged downwards in the form of short filaments; plurilocular<br />
sporangia formed from the cortical cells, covering the surface of the fronds,<br />
consisting of a few (4-6) cells arranged in short filaments, which are closely packed<br />
together at right angles to the surface of the fronds; unilocular sporangia and<br />
paraphyses unknown; growth from the base.<br />
A genus consisting of two species, formerly placed in the genus Laminaria in consequence of their<br />
membranous habit, but differing essentially from the true Laminariæ in the structure and disposition<br />
of their sporangia.<br />
P. FASCIA, Kütz. (Laminaria fascia, Ag.)<br />
Fronds gregarious from a disk-like base, three to six inches long, a quarter to half an<br />
inch wide, linear-elongate, contracted at the base into a short stipe.<br />
Var. CÆSPITOSA. (Phyllitis cæspitosa, Le Jolis, Études Phycol., p. 10, Pl. 4.—<br />
Laminaria cæspitosa, Ag.—Laminaria fascia, Harv., in Phyc. Brit., Pl. 45.—<br />
Laminaria debilis, Crouan, Alg. Finist., No. 81.) Pl. IV, Fig. 3.<br />
Fronds stipitate, cuneiform, often falcate and undulate.<br />
Very common on stones between tide-marks; widely distributed over all parts of the<br />
world.<br />
About the limits of the present species there is a diversity of opinion. Le Jolis regards the L. fascia and<br />
L. cæspitosa of Agardh as distinct species, but by Harvey they were considered as merely different<br />
forms of the same species. Harvey’s opinion seems to us to be correct, for it is impossible to draw the<br />
line between the two forms as found on our coast.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 63<br />
SCYTOSIPHON, (Ag.) Thuret.<br />
(From σκυτος [skytos], a whip, and σιφων [siphon], a tube.)<br />
Fronds simple, cylindrical, usually constricted at intervals, hollow, cortex of small<br />
colored cells, inner layer of vertically elongated, colorless cells; sporangia as in<br />
Phyllitis; paraphyses single-celled, oblong-obovate, interspersed among the<br />
sporangia.<br />
The present genus is founded on the Chorda lomentaria of older writers. The genus Scytosiphon, as<br />
proposed by Agardh, included both C. lomentaria and C. filum. The latter species, which is still kept in<br />
the genus Chorda by most writers, has the surface of the frond covered with club-shaped paraphyses,<br />
between which are situated the oval unilocular sporangia. In S. lomentarius the bodies called<br />
paraphyses are only occasionally found, and their real nature is a little uncertain. Both Bornet and<br />
Areschoug consider them to be paraphyses, and the latter has figured them in Observationes<br />
Phycologicæ, Part III, Pl. 2, Fig. 1. As at present understood, Scytosiphon differs from Phyllitis only in<br />
the fact that the frond is tubular instead of membranous, and in the presence of paraphyses, which<br />
have not yet been found in Phyllitis.<br />
S. LOMENTARIUS, Ag. (Chorda lomentaria, Lyngb.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 285.—Chorda<br />
filum var. lomentaria, Kütz., Spec. Alg.)<br />
Fronds gregarious, three to eighteen inches long, attached by a disk-like base,<br />
shortly stipitate, expanding into a hollow tube, from a quarter of an inch to an inch<br />
in diameter, at first cylindrical, afterwards constricted at intervals.<br />
Very common on stones between tide-marks; found nearly all over the world.<br />
A species easily recognized, except when quite young, by its tubular and constricted frond, but chiefly<br />
interesting in consequence of the smaller species of algæ which grow upon it. At Eastport a very large<br />
form is found, nearly an inch in diameter, and much twisted.<br />
FAMILY PUNCTARIEÆ.<br />
Fronds unbranching, forming expanded membranes or cylinders; fructification in<br />
spots (sori) on the surface of the fronds; plurilocular sporangia ellipsoidal, composed<br />
of few cells; unilocular sporangia spheroidal.<br />
PUNCTARIA, Grev.<br />
(From punctum, a point, referring to the dots formed by the sporangia and hairs.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, simple, membranaceous, attached by a discoidal base, composed<br />
of several (2-6) layers of cuboidal cells of about the same dimensions in all parts of<br />
the fronds; unilocular sporangia immersed in the frond, collected in spots, sphericalcuboid,<br />
formed from the superficial cells; plurilocular sporangia collected in spots,<br />
immersed except
64<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
at the apex, formed from the superficial cells; fronds covered with clusters of hairs;<br />
paraphyses wanting.<br />
A small genus, containing probably not more than half a dozen good species, which are widely diffused.<br />
In the Nereis Am. Bor. the genus is placed by Harvey in the Dictyotaceæ. That order is now restricted to<br />
a group, not represented, as far as is known, on the coast of New England, in which there are quiescent<br />
spores, tetraspores, and antheridia, but no zoospores, and Punctaria is evidently related to the<br />
Phæosporeæ, judging by its sporangia. Litosiphon pusillus, a small parasite on various algæ, is closely<br />
related to Punctaria, but differs in having a filamentous frond and more simple sporangia. It probably<br />
occurs on our coast, bulb has not yet been observed.<br />
P. LATIFOLIA, Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 8; Études Phycol., p. 13, Pl. 5.<br />
Fronds pale olive-green, gregarious, shortly stipitate, lanceolate or obovate, four to<br />
twelve inches long, one to five inches broad, substance tender.<br />
Var. ZOSTERÆ, Le Jol. (P. tenuissima, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 248.)<br />
Fronds thin, pale, lanceolate at both extremities, narrow, margin undulated.<br />
On different algæ at and below low-water mark. Spring and summer. Europe.<br />
P. PLANTAGINEA, (Roth) Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 128. Pl. IV., Fig. 5.<br />
Fronds deep brown, gregarious, broadly lanceolate, attenuated at base, one to three<br />
inches broad, three inches to a foot long, substance somewhat coriaceous.<br />
Orient, L. I.; Point Judith, R. I., Olney; Wood’s Holl, Gloucester, Mass.; Europe.<br />
Summer.<br />
It is not altogether easy to distinguish our two species in some cases, although as a rule they are<br />
sufficiently distinct. P. latifolia is much the more delicate of the two, and has a greenish tinge. When in<br />
fruit it is punctate, the dots being the sori. Both forms of sporangia are often found simultaneously on<br />
the same frond. In P. plantaginea the frond is decidedly brown and rather coriaceous, and the punctate<br />
spots are caused by the dense clusters of hairs which are often found to correspond on both sides of the<br />
frond. Both species are common in spring and summer, and although often washed ashore in<br />
considerable quantities on exposed beaches, they prefer quiet bays.<br />
FAMILY DESMARESTIEÆ.<br />
Fronds branching, cylindrical or compressed, with an axis of filaments composed of<br />
elongated cells and a cortex composed of spheroidal cells; unilocular sporangia<br />
formed by the direct transformation of the cortical cells; plurilocular sporangia<br />
unknown.<br />
DESMARESTIA, Lamx.<br />
(In honor of A. G. Desmarest, a French naturalist.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, solid, cylindrical or compressed, much branched, attached by a<br />
disk, cortical layer composed of small polygonal cells,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 65<br />
internal portion consisting of an axial filament formed of a single row of rather large<br />
cylindrical cells, surrounded by a mass of oblong cells Sometimes mixed with smaller<br />
winding cells; in the spring fronds covered with branching hairs, which drop off later<br />
in the season; unilocular sporangia formed directly from the cortical cells, which do<br />
not undergo any change in shape or size; growth trichothallic.<br />
A small genus, consisting of about fifteen described species, a considerable portion of which bear a close<br />
resemblance to D. aculeata. They are inhabitants of the colder seas in both the northern and southern<br />
hemispheres. Our two species are very widely diffused, but D. ligulata, a common species of California<br />
as well as of Europe, is wanting on our coast. The genus is easily distinguished from its allies by the<br />
axial filament and the formation of the zoospores in the unchanged superficial cells.<br />
D. ACULEATA, Lamx., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 49; Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, Pl. 4 b.<br />
Fronds dark olive-brown, one to six feet long, terete below, compressed above, naked<br />
at the base; branches alternate, numerous, long and virgate, lower branches longer<br />
than upper, several times pinnate, clothed in spring with hairs, which fall off and<br />
leave alternate, distichous, spine-like processes.<br />
Common on exposed shores below low-water mark. Throughout the year. Europe.<br />
A coarse and homely species as usually found; often washed ashore in large masses. Not likely to be<br />
confounded with any other of our species. In spring it presents a feathery appearance, owing to the<br />
tufts of hairs with which the frond is beset. It is one of the species used as a fertilizer on the northern<br />
coast of New England.<br />
D. VIRIDIS, Lam. (Dichloria viridis, Grev.—Desmarestia viridis, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 312.)<br />
Fronds light olive, one to three feet long, cylindrical or but slightly compressed;<br />
branches all opposite, distichous, several times pinnate, ultimate branches capillary.<br />
Common on stones at and below low-water mark. Europe.<br />
A smaller and much more delicate species than the last, for which it can never be mistaken, rather<br />
resembling in some of its conditions a Dictyosiphon. The name is derived from the fact that on decaying<br />
or on being placed in fresh water it turns quickly to verdigris-green. Harvey mentions that air-cavities<br />
are to be seen in cross-sections of the filaments. The air-cavities are, however, merely the sections of<br />
the larger cells which are surrounded by dense masses of smaller cells, whereas in D. aculeata a crosssection<br />
shows the axial filament surrounded by a mass of cells of nearly equal diameter.<br />
FAMILY DICTYOSIPHONEÆ.<br />
Fronds branching, filiform, axis composed of elongated cuboidal cells, the cortex of<br />
smaller roundish cells; unilocular sporangia spherical, scattered or aggregated,<br />
formed from the subcortical cells; plurilocular sporangia unknown.<br />
S. Miss. 59——5
66<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
DICTYOSIPHON, Grev.<br />
(From δικτυον [diktyon], a net, and σιφων [siphon], a tube.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, filiform, branching, solid above, becoming hollow below, cortex<br />
composed of small, irregularly polygonal cells, interoir of larger, colorless,<br />
longitudinally elongated cells; branches corticated throughout; growth from an<br />
apical cell (scheitel-zelle); unilocular sporangia spherical, scattered, immersed in the<br />
cortex; paraphyses and plurilocular sporangia unknown.<br />
The genus was founded on D. fœniculaceus, a species placed by C. A. Agardh and Lyngbye in<br />
Scytosiphon. Under D. fœniculaceus were included a number of forms which have since been separated<br />
by Areschoug and placed in two different genera, Phlæospora and Dictyosiphon. In the former the<br />
unilocular sporangia are formed directly from the cortical cells and cover the surface in dense patches,<br />
at maturity projecting above the surface of the frond. In the latter genus the sporangia are scattered<br />
and immersed. In Dictyosiphon, moreover, the growth is from an apical cell, but in Phlæospora it is<br />
trichothallic, and in the former genus the superficial cells are polygonal and irregularly placed, while in<br />
the latter they are quadrate and arranged in regular series. The genus is divided by Areschoug into two<br />
subgenera, Dictyosiphon proper and Coilonema, the latter of which is referred by Gobi to Cladosiphon,<br />
since the cortical layer consists of very short filaments rather than a continuous cellular membrane.<br />
Our two species belong to Dictyosiphon proper, but species of Coilonema and Phlæospora are to be<br />
expected in the region of Eastport. By Harvey the genus was placed in the Dictyotacæ, from which order<br />
it was necessarily removed when the true nature of the sporangia was discovered.<br />
D. FŒNICULACEUS, Grev. (Scytosiphon fœniculaceus, Ag.—D. fœnieulaceus, Phyc.<br />
Brit., Pl. 326; Areschoug, Phyc. Mar., Pl. 7.)<br />
Fronds yellowish brown, six inches to two feet long, much branched; branches<br />
alternate or occasionally opposite; superficial cells angularly quadrate.<br />
Common on stones and algæ at low-water mark. Spring and summer. Europe.<br />
A variable species as found on our coast, but one which cannot well be subdivided at present. Early in<br />
the season the fronds are light colored and delicate in substance, but later they become more rigid.<br />
Perhaps some of the forms which we have here included may properly be placed under var. flaccidus of<br />
Areschoug. Such, at least, .appears to be the case with some of the specimens collected in May at<br />
Wood’s Holl.<br />
D. HIPPUROIDES, (Lyngb.) Aresch.? (Scytosiphon hippuroides, Lyngb., Hydr., Pl. 14<br />
b.—D. fœniculaceus α, Aresch., Phyc. Mar., Pl. 6 a and b.—Chordaria flagelliformis<br />
var. β and γ, Agardh, Sp. Alg., Vol. I, pp. 66 and 67.)<br />
Fronds dark brown, four inches to two feet long; main branches rather densely beset<br />
with flagellate, scattered, subequal secondary branches; superficial cells in the lower<br />
part arranged in horizontal series, above irregular.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 67<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 95.<br />
On stones at low tide.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Cape Ann, Mass.<br />
We have referred to the present species a rather large form found abundantly in September, 1877, at<br />
Eastport, near Dog Island, where it grows with Chordaria flagelliformis, which it somewhat resembles<br />
in habit. It is much coarser than D. fœniculaceus, and of a darker color, and the branches are long and<br />
flagellate, and furnished with comparatively few secondary branches. The Cape Ann specimens are<br />
smaller and approach nearer D. fœniculaceus. The Eastport form can hardly be regarded as an extreme<br />
state of D. fœniculaceus, but whether it is really the D. hippuroides of Areschoug admits of some doubt,<br />
as Areschoug describes his species as being only six or seven inches long. According to Areschoug, the<br />
conjugation of zoospores has been observed in this species.<br />
FAMILY ECTOCARPEÆ.<br />
Fronds filamentous, monosiphonous or sometimes partly polysiphonous, cortex<br />
rudimentary or wanting; sporangia either in the continuity of the filaments or<br />
external, sessile or stalked; unilocular sporangia globose or cuboidal; plurilocular<br />
sporangia muriform (formed of numerous small rectangular cells densely aggregated<br />
in ovoidal or lanceolate masses); growth trichothallic.<br />
Fronds polysiphonous above, monosiphonous below, densely beset above<br />
with very short horizontal branches............................... Myriotrichia.<br />
Fronds generally monosiphonous throughout, branches free, opposite or<br />
alternate..............................................................................Ectocarpus.<br />
MYRIOTRICHIA, Harv.<br />
(From µυριος [myrios], a thousand, and θριξ [thrix], a hair.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, filamentous, at first consisting of a single row of cells, which by<br />
transverse and longitudinal division afterwards form a solid axis; branches short,<br />
closely approximated, radiating in all directions, formed by outgrowths from the<br />
superficial cells of the axis; unilocular sporangia spherical, borne on the axis<br />
between the branches; plurilocular sporangia unknown; main axis and branches<br />
ending in hyaline hairs.<br />
A genus comprising three species which are hardly distinct. They form small tufts or fringes on<br />
different Phæosporeæ, especially on Scytosiphon, and are recognized by the numerous short branches<br />
which in some cases almost cover the main axis and cause it to resemble a Stigonema. The development<br />
of the frond is given in detail by Nægeli in Die neuern Algensysteme.<br />
M. CLAVÆFORMIS, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 101. (M. Harveyana, Næg. partim.)<br />
Fronds half an inch to an inch in length, club-shaped in outline, axis clothed<br />
throughout with branches, upper branches longer than lower and bearing secondary<br />
branches.
68<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Var. FILIFORMIS. (M. filiformis, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 156.—M. Harveyana, Næg.<br />
partim.)<br />
Fronds filiform in outline, axis furnished only at intervals with branches.<br />
On various algæ, especially Scytosiphon lomentarius.<br />
Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. Bray.<br />
Var. filiformis, Penobscot Bay, Maine, Hooper; Newport, R.I.; Europe.<br />
A species forming small tufts on different Phæosporeæ, probably abundant on our coast, but as yet only<br />
recorded in a few localities. Nægeli has shown, l. c., that the two species of Harvey are merely forms of<br />
a single species, the variety filiformis being less fully developed than M. clavæformis, which was first<br />
described.<br />
ECTOCARPUS, Lyngb.<br />
(From εκτος [ektos], external, and καρπος [karpos], fruit.)<br />
Fronds filamentous, monosiphonous or occasionally partly polysiphonous by radial<br />
division of some of the cells; plurilocular sporangia ovate, cylindrical or siliculose,<br />
consisting of numerous small cells arranged in regular longitudinal and transverse<br />
series; unilocular sporangia cylindrical or oval, either stalked or formed by the direct<br />
transformation of the cells of the branches.<br />
The genus is here accepted in an extended sense, and includes a number of genera of modern writers<br />
which we have preferred to consider subgenera. Perhaps Pylaiella should be kept distinct, as in this<br />
subgenus both the unilocular and multilocular sporangia are formed by the direct transformation of<br />
some of the cells in the continuity of the filaments rather than in special branches. But in Capsicarpella<br />
we have the multilocular sporangia formed in the continuity of the branches as in Pylaiella, while the<br />
unilocular sporangia are .partly emergent and seem to be intermediate between those of Pylaiella and<br />
Ectocarpus proper. Streblonema, if separated from Ectocarpus by its creeping habit, resembles it<br />
perfectly in its fruit, and, as the different species of Streblonema vary considerably as to their<br />
procumbent habit, it seems, on the whole, better not to retain the genus. The described species of<br />
Ectocarpus proper are very numerous, but unfortunately they are not well characterized. The greater<br />
part of the species may be grouped around E. confervoides and E. fasciculatus as types, but exactly how<br />
far differences in ramification and dimensions of the sporangia are to be considered specific rather than<br />
mere variations is a matter about which botanists do not agree. One thing is certain, that specific<br />
analysis has been carried too far in this group, and it is especially true with regard to the species of<br />
Kützing. In describing a species of Ectocarpus it is important to have both the unilocular and<br />
plurilocular conditions. In most of the species, however, only one form is known. The unilocular<br />
sporangia are often difficult to determine, because the Ectocarpi, especially those growing on dirty<br />
wharves, are infested by parasites, Chytridium, &c., which produce globular swellings of the cells,<br />
which might then, especially in dried specimens, be mistaken for unilocular sporangia.<br />
Besides the two forms of sporangia, Thuret and Bornet have recorded the existence of bodies to which<br />
they have given the name of antheridia. It has been suggested that the antheridia were cells distorted<br />
by parasites. We have never seen antheridia in American specimens, and are not in a position to<br />
express any opinion. The fact that a conjugation of the zoospores has been observed by Goebel in E.<br />
pusillus
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 69<br />
would, however, incline one to consider that the antheridia in this genus were not proper male bodies.<br />
Some of the species of Ectocarpus described by Harvey in the Nereis were founded on sterile specimens,<br />
but, at the present day, algologists agree in thinking that the presence of sporangia is necessary for the<br />
determination of species of Ectocarpus, and we have, accordingly, omitted the Harveyan species<br />
founded on sterile plants as being inadequate.<br />
SUBGENUS STREBLONEMA, Derb. & Sol. (Entonema, Reinsch).<br />
Primary branches procumbent, creeping in or over the substance of other algæ;<br />
secondary and fructifying ramuli erect.<br />
E. CHORDARIÆ, n. sp.<br />
Filaments much branched, irregularly nodose, about .02 mm in diameter, sunk in the<br />
tissue of the host-plant; hairs and fertile branches erect, the former projecting above<br />
the surface; unilocular sporangia on short stalks, solitary or clustered, oval, about<br />
.07 mm broad by .14 mm long; plurilocular sporangia unknown.<br />
Parasitic in the fronds of Chordaria divaricata, Leathesia tuberiformis, and other<br />
Phæosporeæ.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Gloucester, Mass.; Newport, R. I.<br />
A common- but insignificant species which grows in the cortical portion of different Phæosporeæ,<br />
especially Chordaria divaricata, and usually in company with Bulbocoleon. It forms dark-colored spots<br />
on the surface of the plant in which it is growing, and, on a hasty microscopic examination, would pass<br />
unnoticed, so great is the resemblance of the sporangia to those of Chordaria. Our plant resembles S.<br />
sphæricum, Thuret, but differs from the Mediterranean forms of that species in having oval, not<br />
spherical, sporangia, which are often clustered. The filaments, too, are composed of very irregularshaped<br />
cells, and are never moniliform as in well-developed specimens of S. sphæricum. It may,<br />
however, be the ease that what we have considered specific marks are only local variations. It may also<br />
be asked whether the present species is not the form of S. fasciculatum, Thuret, which bears unilocular<br />
sporangia. At present only the plurilocular form of sporangium is known in that species as it occurs in<br />
Europe.<br />
E. REPTANS, Crouan, Florule du Finistère, p. 161; Kjellman, Bidrag till Känn. Skand.<br />
Ect. Tilop., p. 52, Pl. 2, Fig. 8,<br />
Filaments forming circular spots on the host-plant, primary branches very densely<br />
branching, so that they almost form a membrane, furnished with numerous erect<br />
branches, which are .5-7 mm high and gradually taper to a hyaline hair; cells at base<br />
about .0l mm broad; plurilocular sporangia arising from the primary filaments, sessile<br />
or on short stalks, ovate-acute, .012-20 mm broad by .038-76 mm long.<br />
On Phyllitis and Dictyosiphon. Summer.<br />
Newport, R. I.; Europe.<br />
A larger species than the preceding and growing more superficially, so that the filaments may be said<br />
to creep over the surface rather than in the substance of the host-plant. Owing to the dense branching<br />
of the prostrate filaments and the abundance
70<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
of the erect branches, this species forms a connecting link between Ectocarpus and Myrionema.<br />
SUBGENUS EUECTOCARPUS.<br />
Filaments monosiphonous, erect, occasionally corticated by the growth of descending<br />
filaments which are given off from some of the cells; both unilocular and plurilocular<br />
sporangia formed by the transformation of special branches.<br />
E. TOMENTOSUS, (Huds.) Lyngb., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 182. (Spongonema tomentosum,<br />
Kütz., Spec. Alg., p. 461; Tab. Phyc., Vol. V, Pl. 83 a.)<br />
Filaments erect, two to four inches long, densely interwoven into rope-like, spongy<br />
masses, irregularly much branched; primary branches scarcely distinct; cells .008-<br />
12 mm broad by .012-70 mm long; plurilocular sporangia linear-oblong, straight or<br />
incurved, .010-15 mm broad by .025-75 mm long, sessile or on short pedicels, which are<br />
given off at right angles to the branches; unilocular sporangia “subovate on short<br />
pedicels” (Areschoug).<br />
On Fucus and other plants.<br />
Boston Bay, Harvey; Magnolia, Mass.; Europe.<br />
This species, which is easily recognizable by its spongy, rope-like habit, and by the microscopic<br />
characters above enumerated, seems to be rather scarce on our coast. It is not rare, however, on the<br />
shores of Europe. The species is to be sought in summer, and it grows attached to the larger algæ. Only<br />
the plurilocular sporangia are known on our coast.<br />
E. GRANULOSUS, (Eng. Bot.) Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 200.<br />
Filaments tufted, rather rigid, two to four inches long, main branches opposite or<br />
whorled, corticating filaments often numerous; cells .07-10 mm in diameter; secondary<br />
branches short, opposite, given off at very wide angles, often revolute at the tip;<br />
ultimate branches secund, short, acute; plurilocular sporangia broadly ovate,<br />
obliquely truncate on the inner side, .04-6 mm broad by .06-8 mm long, sessile on the<br />
ultimate and penultimate branches; unilocular sporangia?<br />
Var. TENUIS. (Ectocarpus Durkeei, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, p. 142, Pl. 12 f.)<br />
Filaments more slender than in the type; cells .05-8 mm broad; branches usually<br />
alternate; plurilocular sporangia ovate or ellipsoidal, but slightly truncate at the<br />
base.<br />
Boston, Harvey; Newport, R. I.<br />
Var. tenuis. Portsmouth, N. H.; Nantucket, Mass., Harvey; Wood’s Holl, Mass.<br />
A species not rare in Europe and apparently common on the coast of California, but not often found<br />
with us. The species occurs in summer, and forms small tufts on
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 71<br />
other algæ. It is distinguished from our other species by the short, broad, and sessile sporangia. In the<br />
type the branching is opposite and compact, and the corticating filaments are sometimes so numerous,<br />
especially in the Newport specimens, as to lead one to admit the validity of Kützing’s genus<br />
Corticularia. But in other cases the corticating filaments are few in number.<br />
E. CONFERVOIDES, (Roth) Le Jolis. (Ectocarpus siliculosus, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 162; Ner.<br />
Am. Bor., Vol. I, p. 139.)<br />
Filaments erect, two to twenty inches long, loosely entangled at the base, becoming<br />
free and feathery above; branches alternate or secund, gradually tapering; cells of<br />
larger branches .04-5 mm in diameter; plurilocular sporangia ovate-acute or<br />
acuminate, sessile or stalked, sometimes rostrate average size of sporangia .025-<br />
40 mm broad by .15-40 mm long; unilocular sporangia oval or ellipsoidal, .023-30 mm<br />
broad by .035-50 mm long.<br />
α, var. SILICULOSUS, Kjellman. (Ectocarpus viridis, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Vol I, p.<br />
140, Pl. 12 b and c.)<br />
Plurilocular sporangia subulate or linear-subulate, sessile or subsessile, frequently<br />
rostrate.<br />
β, var. HIEMALIS, Kjellman. (Ectocarpus hiemalis, Crouan.)<br />
Plurilocular sporangia elongated, conical or subacuminate, .08-15 mm long by .02-3 mm<br />
broad, generally rostrate.<br />
Very common on algæ and wood work along the whole coast.<br />
Var. α, most common south of Cape Cod.<br />
Var. β, Wood’s Holl, Mass.?<br />
The largest, moat variable, and most common summer species of our coast, and found in nearly all<br />
parts of the world. It has been subdivided by Kützing into a large number of species, which are scarcely<br />
to be recognized from his descriptions and plates. Formerly some of the different forms of E. littoralis<br />
were referred to the present species, but the true E. littoralis is now recognized as belonging to the<br />
subgenus Pylaiella. Those interested in tracing the synonymy of E. confervoides should consult<br />
Kjellman’s Bidrag till Kännedomen om Skandinaviens Ectocarpeer och Tilopterider, Stockholm, 1872.<br />
As seen on our own coast, what we have called the typical E. confervoides forms tufts of indefinite<br />
extent on wharves, and especially on the larger algæ, varying in length from a few inches to a foot and<br />
a half long. It frequently fringes the fronds of Chorda filum with its soft, silky tufts. In the type the<br />
plurilocular sporangia, which are much more common than the unilocular, are ovate-acuminate, and<br />
only occasionally rostrate. In the variety siliculosus the plurilocular sporangia are long and<br />
comparatively very narrow. The variety hiemalis is found in the winter and spring, and has<br />
plurilocular sporangia, which are almost always rostrate and somewhat cylindrical in form, so that<br />
they may be said to resemble those of the subgenus Pylaiella. The color of the present species when<br />
growing is a light brown approaching yellowish, which in drying often turns to a yellowish-green,<br />
especially in the variety siliculosus, of which herbarium specimens might be mistaken for Cladophoræ.<br />
The winter forms are deeper brown than those found in summer. E. amphibius, mentioned in the<br />
supplement to the Nereis as occurring near New York in brackish water, is a form of the present<br />
species.
72<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
E. fasciculatus, Harv.<br />
Filaments one to eight inches long, erect, tufted, entangled below but free and<br />
feathery above; cells of main branches .05 mm in diameter, about as long as broad;<br />
secondary branches alternate, short, given off at an obtuse angle; ultimate branches<br />
very numerous, secund, ending in a hair; plurilocular sporangia ovate-acuminate or<br />
subulate, sessile or on short stalks, borne principally on the upper side of the<br />
penultimate branches, very variable in size, but averaging from .018-25 mrm broad by<br />
.070-150 mm long; unilocular sporangia sessile, oval, .04-6 mm by .03-45 mm .<br />
Very common on the larger algæ along the whole coast; Europe.<br />
When found in its typical form the present species is easily recognized, but it varies considerably, so<br />
that the extreme forms are not easily determined. It is very common on fronds of Laminaria and other<br />
large Phæosporeæ, on which it forms a dense fringe one or two inches high. The larger forms are much<br />
looser and feathery and the tips of the branches are fasciculate when seen with the naked eye. When<br />
long and slender it becomes the var. draparnaldioides of Crouan. The most puzzling forms are those in<br />
which the filaments are short and thick and the rather stout plurilocular sporangia are arranged<br />
without order on the branches. In this species the unilocular and plurilocular sporangia are more<br />
frequently found growing together on the same individual than in any of the other species found on our<br />
coast.<br />
E. LUTOSUS, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, p. 140, Pl. 12 a.<br />
Filaments tufted, two to four inches long, densely interwoven in spongy masses;<br />
lower branches opposite, .03-4 mm broad; upper branches irregular, ending in long<br />
hairs; plurilocular sporangia .04-5 mm broad by .15-20 mm long, cylindrical in outline,<br />
ending in very long hairs, which occasionally fork; unilocular sporangia?<br />
Greenport, L. I., Harvey; Wood’s Holl, Mass.<br />
The above description is taken from a species common on Fucus at Wood’s Holl, in May, 1876, which<br />
corresponds very well to the E. lutosus of the Nereis Am. Bor., a species which Harvey states is not<br />
clearly defined. It differs from the description given by Harvey in the fact that the sporangia are not<br />
very long, and it is not impossible that our plant may not be the same as that described by Harvey. The<br />
present species, as we understand it, is short and tufted and the filaments are densely interwoven into<br />
rope-like masses as in E. tomentosus,. The species seem to connect Pylaiella with Euectocarpus,<br />
resembling on the one hand E. siliculosus var. hiemalis, and on the other E. firmus. From the former it<br />
differs in the branching and the shape of the plurilocular sporangia, which are strictly cylindrical,<br />
never being in the least acuminate. From the latter it differs in being more slender and in having the<br />
sporangia always at. the base of very long hairs, which sometimes branch, and not in the continuity of<br />
the branches themselves. The ramification is very like that of E. firmus. In drying the species becomes<br />
decidedly yellow.<br />
E. MITCHELLÆ, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, p. 142, Pl. 12 g.<br />
“Tufts feathery; filaments very slender, decompoundly much branched; the branches<br />
and their lesser divisions alternate; the ultimate ramuli approximated; angles wide,<br />
and branches and ramuli patent; ramuli
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 73<br />
attenuate; articulations of the branches twice or thrice as long as broad, of the<br />
ramuli once and a half as long; propagula elliptic-oblong or linear, quite sessile and<br />
very obtuse, transversely striate, several to gether.” (Harvey, l. c.)<br />
Nantucket, Miss Mitchell.<br />
Only known from the description and plate in the Nereis.<br />
SUBGENUS PYLAIELLA, Bory.<br />
Both forms of sporangia formed from the cells in the continuity of the branches, and<br />
not by a transformation of special branches.<br />
In the present subgenus one might, at first sight, be inclined to include E. siliculosus var. hiemalis and<br />
E. lutosus, but in those species the sporangia are rather situated at the end of branches, which are<br />
prolonged beyond the sporangia in the form of hairs, than in t he continuity of the branches themselves.<br />
E. LITTORALIS, Lyngb. (Ectocarpus firmus, Ag.—Pilayella littoralis, Kjellman.)<br />
Filaments tufted or irregularly expanded at the base, two to ten inches long;<br />
branches numerous, usually opposite, given off at wide angles, erect; cells .02-4 mm<br />
broad; plurilocular sporangia irregularly cylindrical, very variable in size; unilocular<br />
sporangia formed of from two to thirty contiguous cells, .02-3 mm broad; fertile<br />
branches moniliform.<br />
Var. ROBUSTUS. (Ectocarpus Farlowii, Thuret, in Farlow’s List of the Marine Algæ of<br />
the United States, 1876.)<br />
Filaments three or four inches long, densely branching; branches robust, opposite or<br />
irregular; cells .03-5 mm in breadth; fertile branches short and rigid, often<br />
transformed through nearly their whole length into unilocular sporangia, which are<br />
stout and cylindrical, only slightly moniliform at maturity; cells .04 mm broad and .03-<br />
4 mm in length.<br />
Very common along the whole coast.<br />
Var. robustus in exposed places from Nahant northward.<br />
A very common species on our coast, which, although offering numerous forms, cannot, as it seems to<br />
us, be well specifically divided. When growing on wharves, where it is very common, or on other wood<br />
work, it forms expansions of indefinite extent from which rise tufts several inches long. The basal or<br />
prostrate portions branch very irregularly, and the cells are infested with Chytridia and other<br />
parasites. If species of Ectocarpus could be formed from sterile specimens, the basal portions of E.<br />
littoralis would offer a rich field to the species-maker. What is called var. robustus has not yet been<br />
found south of Cape Cod, but is common on the northern coast on Fuci and other algæ exposed to the<br />
action of the waves. The original E. Farlowii was founded on specimens collected by Mr. Higbee, at<br />
Salem, in November, 1874, and pronounced by the late M. Thuret, in a letter dated April 26, 1875, to be<br />
distinct from E. littoralis. In the Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam Pl. 20, Reinsch figures,<br />
under the name of Ectocarpus anticostiensis, a form which, as far as can be
74<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
judged from the figure, is the same as E. Farlowii. Although in the present instance we have considered<br />
E. Farlowii to be a variety of E. littoralis, it must be admitted that it differs considerably from the form<br />
of E. littoralis common on the coast of France and England. Our reason for not considering it distinct is<br />
that we have large sets of specimens in which we have been unable to say with certainty whether they<br />
should be referred to E. littoralis or E. Farlowii, and with so many connecting links it seems best to<br />
regard E. Farlowii as an extreme form found in northern localities. Should the variety be eventually<br />
considered distinct the name of E. anticostiensis should be adopted, as no description of E. Farlowii has<br />
been published, and the species would be characterized by the robustness of the filaments and by the<br />
unilocular sporangia, which are broader than long, and borne in short, stout, patent branches. It is of<br />
frequent occurrence that some of the unilocular sporangia are binate. The plurilocular sporangia are<br />
common in spring and early summer, and the unilocular in the autumn.<br />
E. BRACHIATUS, Harv.<br />
“Finely-tufted, feathery, much branched; the branches free, opposite or quarternate;<br />
ramuli opposite, very patent; propagula forming oblong or elliptical swellings in the<br />
smaller branches, or at the point where two opposite ramuli issue.” (Harv., Ner. Am.<br />
Bor., Vol. I, p. 138.)<br />
South Boston, Lynn, Mass., Harvey.<br />
We have never found this species, which is only known on our coast from Harvey’s description. Le Jolis<br />
considers that the E. brachiatus of the Phyc. Brit., Pl. 4, is not the true Conferva brachiata, Engl. Bot.,<br />
and he gives to the former the name of E. Griffithsianus. Never having seen American specimens, we<br />
cannot tell whether the American form mentioned by Harvey belongs to the E. Griffithsianus or not.<br />
SUBGENUS CAPSICARPELLA, Kjellman.<br />
Filaments erect, monosiphonous or in part polysiphonous; unilocular sporangia<br />
partly immersed in the frond; plurilocular sporangia formed by direct<br />
transformation of the cells of the branches.<br />
E. SPHÆROPHORUS, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 126. (Capsicarpella sphærophora,<br />
Kjellman, Bidrag, p. 20, Pl. 1, Fig. 2.)<br />
Filaments one to three inches long, tufted, densely branching; main branches<br />
opposite or whorled, often polysiphonous; secondary branches opposite or alternate,<br />
monosiphonous; unilocular sporangia spherical, about .04 mm in diameter, solitary,<br />
often binate, sometimes whorled, the cell from which the sporangia are formed<br />
dividing into at least three cells; plurilocular sporangia?<br />
On Ptilota elegans. May.<br />
Nahant, Mr. Collins; Europe.<br />
A rare species which has only been collected by Mr. Collins, The main filaments are at intervals<br />
polysiphonous, and remind one of a Sphacelaria. In Mr. Collins’s specimens the sporangia were<br />
numerous and in some cases whorled, as is occasionally seen in European specimens. The species is to<br />
be sought in spring and early summer, and may be commoner than is now supposed, having escaped<br />
the observation of collectors on account of its small size.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 75<br />
INSUFFICIENTLY DESCRIBED SPECIES.<br />
E. LANDSBURGII, Harvey, Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, Pl. 12 d.<br />
Halifax, N. S.<br />
E. HOOPERI, Harvey, l. c., Pl. 12 e.<br />
Greenport, L. I. (?)<br />
E. DIETZIÆ, Harvey, l. c., p. 144.<br />
Greenport.<br />
FAMILY SPHACELARIEÆ,<br />
Fronds branching, polysiphonous, terminating in a large apical cell, often with a<br />
cortex formed of densely interwoven rhizoidal filaments; fructification same as in<br />
Ectocarpeæ.<br />
Corticating cells wanting or confined to the base of the frond.<br />
Main branches corticated throughout.<br />
Branches opposite, distichous..................................... Chætopteris.<br />
Branches whorled ......................................................Cladostephus.<br />
SPHACELARIA, Lyngb.<br />
Sphacelaria.<br />
(From σφακελος [sphakelos], gangrene, referring to the tips of the branches, which are black and<br />
shriveled when dried.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, filamentous, branching; axis and branches terminated by a<br />
large apical cell, from which, by transverse, longitudinal, and oblique divisions, a<br />
solid frond is formed whose external surface is composed of rectangular cells<br />
arranged in regular transverse bands; hairs slightly developed or wanting; rhizoidal<br />
filaments few, rarely interwoven so as to form a false cortex; unilocular and<br />
plurilocular sporangia spherical or ellipsoidal, on short pedicels; non-sexual<br />
reproproduction [sic] by peculiarly modified branches called propagula.<br />
The old genus Sphacelaria was divided by Kützing into a number of genera, and his views have been<br />
adopted by many recent writers, especially in Germany. In Stypocaulon and Halopteris the branches<br />
arise from lateral divisions of the apical cell itself, while in Sphacelaria proper, Chætopteris and<br />
Cladostephus, the branches arise from cells below the apex. Whether this difference in the apical<br />
growth can be considered a generic mark is not altogether certain, and there hardly seems to be<br />
sufficient ground for separating Halopteris from Sphacelaria, and a number of writers, among whom<br />
may be named Harvey and Le Jolis, even include Stypocaulon. Cladostephus is markedly distinct; and<br />
Chætopteris, which differs from Sphacelaria principally in the cortication<br />
GIRAUDIA SPHACELARIOIDES, Derb. & Sol., a common Mediterranean alga, which occasionally occurs as<br />
far north as the Scandinavian coast, may perhaps be found on our shore. It resembles a small<br />
Sphacelaria, but its growth is trichothallic, not from an apical cell, and the small unilocular sporangia<br />
cover the frond in dense patches. The plurilocular sporangia resemble those of some Ectocarpi, and are<br />
found at the base of the plant according to Areschoug.
76<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
of the main branches, is kept distinct by most writers. We have but a very imperfect representation of<br />
the Sphacelarioid group in this country. Stypocaulon and Halopteris are entirely wanting, and of<br />
Sphacelaria we have only S. cirrhosa and S. radicans on the northeastern coast, S. tribuloides in<br />
Florida, and what is supposed to be S. fusca in California. The species of Sphacelaria are variable, and<br />
the determination sometimes uncertain. The apical cells of our Sphacelariæ are frequently attacked by<br />
the unicellular parasite, Chytridium sphacelarum, Kny.<br />
S. CIRRHOSA, (Roth) Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 178.<br />
Fronds olive-brown, densely tufted half an inch to two inches high; main filaments<br />
erect, several times pinnate with opposite or irregularly spreading branches;<br />
rhizoidal filaments few or wanting; unilocular sporangia .06-7 mm long, globose;<br />
plurilocular sporangia .05 mm broad by .08 mm long, broadly ellipsoidal, secund on<br />
lateral branches, with unicellular pedicels; propagula rather stout, three (2-4) rayed,<br />
usually borne on distinct plants.<br />
Common on Fucus, on which it forms dense globose tufts. Europe.<br />
A variable species, sometimes with regularly opposite branches, at times with irregularly placed long<br />
branches. The propagula vary very much in size, and are generally found on plants which do not bear<br />
sporangia. With us they are much more common than the sporangia. An excellent account of the<br />
propagula is given by Janczewski in the Annales des Sciences, Series 5, Vol. XVII. In the Nereis Am.<br />
Bor. the word propagulum is used by Harvey to signify the contents of the apical cells, and this use of<br />
the word should not be confounded with its present application. The word propagulum as used in the<br />
Nereis is rather equivalent to the term sphacela of other writers. Sporangia are more common in the<br />
winter months, but are found occasionally in summer.<br />
S. RADICANS, (Dillw.) Harv. (S. olivacea, var., Ag.; Pringsheim, l. c.‚ Pls. 9 and 10.—<br />
S. radicans, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 189.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, half an inch to an inch high, forming dense turfs; filaments<br />
erect or prostrate, branches few, somewhat appressed, rhizoidal filaments often<br />
numerous; unilocular sporangia globose, .04-5 mm in diameter, numerous on the<br />
branches, on very short unicellular pedicels; plurilocular sporangia unknown;<br />
propagula slender, elongated.<br />
On mud-covered rocks between tide-marks.<br />
Newport, R. I.; Wood’s Holl, Mass., and common from Nahant northwards; Europe.<br />
The present species is smaller than the last, and forms small, indefinitely expanded turfs, especially on<br />
the under side of mud-covered rocks, often in company with Ceramium Hooperi. Numerous rhizoidal<br />
filaments are sometimes found at the base, so that different plants are bound together, but the species<br />
is without a false cortex. The name originally proposed for the species by Dillwyn was S. radicans.<br />
Agardh adopts Dillwyn’s later name, S. olivacea, making of the form with numerous rhizoidal filaments<br />
a variety, radicans. Apart from their different habit and place of growth, it is difficult to assign exact<br />
marks by which to distinguish in all cases S. cirrhosa and S. radicans. In the latter the secondary<br />
branches are few and appressed, irregularly placed, never opposite, while in the former they are<br />
numerous, given off at
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 77<br />
angles, and frequently opposite. In S. cirrhosa the sporangia are generally scattered on the secondary<br />
branches, while in S. radicans they are often clustered on the main branches. In both cases the pedicels<br />
are usually one-celled. In both species the propagula are so variable in outline that they cannot be<br />
described in few words, but those of S. cirrhosa are more robust than those of S. radicans.<br />
Sphacelaria dedalea, Reinsch, Contrib. ad Alg. et Fung., p. 22, Pl. 30, described from the coast of<br />
Labrador, does not correspond to any form known to us from New England.<br />
CHÆTOPTERIS, Kütz.<br />
(From χαιτη [chaite], a hair, and πτερις [pteris], a fern.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, filamentous, branching; branches opposite, distichous, apical<br />
growth as in Sphacelaria; rhizoidal filaments very numerous, densely interwoven, so<br />
as to form a false cortex; plurilocular sporangia borne on the branches, shortly<br />
pedicillate, unilocular sporangia “ globose on the tips of short special filaments”<br />
(Areschoug).<br />
A genus founded on the old Sphacelaria plumosa of Lyngbye. It differs from Sphacelaria in the false<br />
cortication of the main branches by the interlacing of rhizoidal filaments, and from Cladostephus by the<br />
opposite, not whorled branches. The genus does not rest on a firm basis, for it occasionally happens in<br />
some of the species of Sphaceleria that the rhizoidal filaments form a rudimentary cortex. Chætopteris<br />
squamulosa, Kütz., is made by Geyler the type of a new genus, Phloiocaulon.<br />
C. PLUMOSA, (Lyngb.) Kütz. (Sphacelaria plumosa, Lyngb., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 87.—<br />
Chætopteris plumosa, Kütz., Phyc. Gen., p. 293; Tab. Phyc., Vol. 6, Pl. 6, Fig. 1;<br />
Areschoug, Obser. Phyc., Part III, Pl. 2, Figs. 4 and 5.)<br />
Fronds two to six inches long, tufted, rigid, attached by a small disk, main branches<br />
sparingly branched, secondary branches plumose; plurilocular sporangia numerous,<br />
secund on the upper side of short special branches, shortly stipitate, elliptical in<br />
outline; unilocular sporangia globose, terminal on short branches. (Areschoug, l. c.)<br />
Prince Edward’s Island, Mrs. Davis, and northward; Northern Europe.<br />
A beautiful species, common in Northern Europe and Greenland, but not yet found farther south than.<br />
Prince Edward’s Island on the American coast. It may, however, be expected at Eastport and our<br />
northern border.<br />
CLADOSTEPHUS, Ag.<br />
(From κλ δος [sic] [klados], a branch, and στεφος [stephos], a crown.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, branching, secondary branches (leaves) whorled, apical growth<br />
as in Sphacelaria; main stems densely corticated by growth of rhizoidal filaments,<br />
secondary branches (leaves) naked, hairs borne in tufts just below the apex of<br />
branches; unilocular and plurilocular sporangia on special branches (leaves),<br />
stipitate.
78<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
A genus comprising eight described species, several of which are undoubtedly merely forms of the<br />
common and widely diffused C. verticillatus, whose structure is minutely described by Pringsheim, l. c.<br />
The term leaves is applied by Pringsheim to the secondary branches. He considers the branching of the<br />
axis to be monopodial. The sporangia are produced in the winter months, the two kinds on separate<br />
plants or sometimes together.<br />
C. VERTICILLATUS, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 33; Pringsheim, l. c., Pls. 1-7.<br />
Fronds four to ten inches high, slender, subdichotomous, secondary branches<br />
distinctly whorled, falcate, acute at apex, attenuate at base, furnished externally<br />
with a few spine-like branchlets; hairs numerous; unilocular sporangia globose,<br />
plurilocular sporangia irregularly ellipsoidal, borne on short pedicels on small<br />
special branches, which grow front the axis between the insertions of the secondary<br />
branches.<br />
Var. SPONGIOSUS. (Cladostephus spongiosus, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 38.)<br />
Fronds more compact, whorls approximate, indistinct, secondary branches usually<br />
destitute of hairs and spine-like branchlets.<br />
On stones in pools and below low-water mark.<br />
Newport, R. I.; Orient, L. I.; Martha’s Vineyard; Cape Ann, Mass.; Europe.<br />
A plant at once recognized by its resemblance to a small Ceratophyllum. Rather common in several<br />
places south of Cape Cod, but seldom seen on the northern coast. It prefers somewhat exposed shores,<br />
and occurs at considerable depths. Although the close resemblance between C. verticillatus and C.<br />
spongiosus has long been noticed, the two species have generally been considered distinct. Geyler says<br />
that C. spongiosus is characterized by the absence of hairs and the external spines on the branches.<br />
Although this is in general true, one not unfrequently finds hairs and small spines on some of the<br />
branches, and C. spongiosus is evidently merely a variety of C. verticillatus. Nor is it the case, as some<br />
have supposed, that the verticillate form is confined to deeper water, while the spongiose form is found<br />
in tide-pools and near low-water mark.<br />
FAMILY MYRIONEMEÆ.<br />
Fronds minute, forming spots or thin expansions on other algæ, consisting of<br />
prostrate filaments united into a horizontal membrane, from which rise short<br />
vertical filaments, between which are borne the sporangia; unilocular and<br />
pluriocular [sic] sporangia as in Ectocarpeæ.<br />
MYRIONEMA, Grev.<br />
(From µυριος [myrios], numberless, and νυµα [nyma], a thread.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, forming thin expansions on other algæ, composed of a horizontal<br />
layer of cells lying on the substratum, from which arise very numerous vertical<br />
filaments, closely packed together; unilocular and plurilocular sporangia between<br />
the vertical filaments, either sessile on the horizontal layer or on short pedicels;<br />
hairs arising from horizontal layer; growth peripheral.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 79<br />
A genus of minute algæ which form small brown spots on other plants. The species are ubiquitous, but<br />
the specific characters are not well defined, and a good share of the described species are merely<br />
different forms of the very common M. vulgare. The two different kinds of sporangia are sometimes<br />
found together, but are usually on different plants. The genus is most nearly related to Ralfsia, which<br />
may be said to be a Myrionema in which the horizontal layer has become much thickened, and the<br />
vertical filaments, with the interspersed sporangia, instead of covering the surface uniformly, have<br />
been confined to certain circumscribed portions. The two genera are closely connected by Ralfsia<br />
clavata, Crn., which was first described as a Myrionema by Carmichael. In Ralfsia the vertical<br />
filaments must be considered to be paraphyses, and perhaps those of Myrionema should also be so<br />
considered.<br />
M. VULGARE, Thur. (M. strangulans, Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 280.—M. punctiforme,<br />
Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 41 b.—M. maculiforme, Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Vol. VII, Pl. 93, Fig.<br />
2.)<br />
Fronds .04-8 mm in thickness, vertical filaments (paraphyses) slightly club-shaped<br />
and moniliform, unilocular sporangia oval, .019-27 mm broad by .03-4 mm long, sessile<br />
or borne on short pedicels.<br />
Everywhere common on various algæ.<br />
In Le Jolis’s Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg, Thuret is quoted as authority for uniting several<br />
of the species of Myrionema of Harvey and Kützing. The alleged specific distinctions are plainly nothing<br />
but modifications of the same species, dependent on the place of growth. When found on small<br />
cylindrical fronds, as in some Enteromorphæ, the Myrionema surrounds the frond and constitutes the<br />
M. strangulans of Greville, and when growing on flat surfaces the form known as M. punctiforme is<br />
found. In this country the unilocular sporangia are very common, but we have never seen the<br />
plurilocular sporangia, while in the next species the plurilocular sporangia are more numerous,<br />
although both kinds are found.<br />
M. LECLANCHERII, (Chauv.) Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 41 a. Pl. 6, Fig. 5.<br />
Fronds .06-10 mm in thickness, vertical filaments (paraphyses) cylindrical, unilocular<br />
sporangia oval, plurilocular sporangia .008-10 mm broad by .023-30 mm long, ovate,<br />
oblong, sessile or on very short pedicels.<br />
On Rhodymenia palmata.<br />
Gay Head, Mass.; Europe.<br />
This species forms rather larger spots than the last on the common dulse. That it is really distinct from<br />
M. vulgare admits of doubt. There appears to be a difference in the paraphyses of the two, but such<br />
differences cannot be considered of much value. We have found both unilocular and plurilocular<br />
sporangia in the present species, but unfortunately have not preserved measurements of the latter. The<br />
plurilocular sporangia are sometimes very numerous and stand side by side without intervening<br />
paraphyses.<br />
FAMILY LEATHESIEÆ.<br />
Fronds lubricous or gelatinous, indefinitely expanded or irregularly globose,<br />
consisting of a basal portion, composed of irregularly branching filaments formed of<br />
large, colorless cells, and a cortical portion of closely packed, short, colored<br />
filaments; paraphyses often present;
80<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Fructification borne at the base of cortical filaments; plurilocular sporangia<br />
cylindrical, composed of few cells in a row; unilocular sporangia globose.<br />
Fronds forming small tufts on other algæ.<br />
Cortex with a series of exserted colored filaments ......Elachistea.<br />
Cortex destitute of exserted filaments .......................... Myriactis.<br />
Fronds irregularly globose, hollow at maturity ..................Leathesia.<br />
ELACHISTEA, Duby.<br />
(From ελαχιστα [elachista], very small.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, tufted or pulvinate, basal portion solid, some-what<br />
parenchymatous, composed of densely packed branching filaments, which become<br />
free at the surface and branch corymbosely so as to form a layer of short filaments<br />
(paraphyses), at the base of which are borne the sporangia of both kinds and a series<br />
of long exserted filaments; hairs formed at the base of the paraphyses, exserted;<br />
unilocular sporangia rhombic-ovoid, plurilocular sporangia cylindrical, composed of<br />
a few cells in a linear series.<br />
A genus consisting of a few species, all of which form small tufts on other algæ, especially on Fucaceæ.<br />
They may be recognized by the double series of filaments borne on the surface of the solid and but<br />
slightly developed basal portion. The longer filaments and hairs float freely in the water, but the<br />
shorter paraphyses are packed rather closely together, forming as it were a definite cortical layer over<br />
the basal portion. The unilocular sporangia are common. The more or less solid basal portion of the<br />
fronds in some of the species gives off filaments which penetrate into the substance of the algæ on<br />
which they are growing, and by the growth and persistence of these filaments it may be that the species<br />
are propagated from year to year, as happens in the case of certain fungi. In other species no<br />
penetrating basal filaments have as yet been found.<br />
The limits of the species are pretty well defined except in the case of E. fucicola, E. lubrica, and E.<br />
flaccida, where it must be confessed the species show a tendency to run into one another. In the present<br />
case we have included in Elachistea only the species in which, besides the paraphyses which cover the<br />
surface, there are long projecting colored filaments as in E. scutulata, on which Duby founded his genus<br />
Elachistea in the Botanicon Gallicon. Here undoubtedly belong E. fucicola and its allies, but the same<br />
can hardly be said of E. pulvinata, which was made by Kützing the type of his genus Myriactis. In this<br />
species the surface of the frond is covered by the paraphyses, but there is not in addition a series of<br />
elongated filaments as in E. fucicola, for the exserted hairs in E. pulvinata are of a quite different<br />
nature. We have referred E. pulvinata to the genus Myriactis, not, however, limiting the genus as<br />
Kützing has done, for some of the forms placed by him in Phycophila should be referred to Myriactis,<br />
although the greater part of them are correctly placed by algologists in Elachistea. It may be that there<br />
exist forms intermediate between the true Elachisteæ and Myriactis, but, from the study of dried<br />
specimens, we have not been able to come to such a conclusion. It should be remarked that M.<br />
pulvinata is placed in Elachistea by the most prominent algologists, as Thuret and Bornet, Agardh,<br />
Harvey, Le Jolis, and others. The unilocular sporangia are most common in summer, and the<br />
plurilocular sporangia are more frequent early in the season.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 81<br />
E. FUCICOLA, Fries; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 240; Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, Pl. 11 b. (Phycophila<br />
fucorum and P. Agardhii, Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Vol. VIII, Pl. 95, Fig. 2, and Pl. 96, Fig.<br />
1.) Pl. 7, Fig. 3.<br />
Fronds tufted, half an inch to an inch in thickness, basal portion distinct,<br />
subglobose, exserted filaments about .05 mm broad, attenuated at base, obtuse at<br />
apex, cells of lower portion broader than long, becoming longer in the upper portion;<br />
paraphyses recurved, clavate, submoniliform; unilocular sporangia .07-8 mm broad by<br />
.15-20 mm long, pyriform or obovate-rhombic.<br />
Common on Fuci along the whole coast.<br />
On submerged wood work, Eastport, Peak’s Island, Maine.<br />
A common parasite, forming small tufts on Fuci. There seems to be but one species on the coast of New<br />
England, although E. lubrica, Rupr., may be expected on Halosaccion. According to Areschoug, E.<br />
lubrica differs from E. fucicola in the shorter cells and the decidedly elongated base of the free<br />
filaments, but in these respects European specimens of E. fucicola vary greatly. Possibly the form<br />
occurring on wood at Eastport may be rather referred to E. lubrica. Ruprecht, in Phycologia Ochotensis,<br />
mentions an Elachistea from Canada parasitic on Halosaccion, which he considers distinct from both E.<br />
lubrica and E. fucicola, to which he gives the provisional name of E. canadensis. It is distinguished,<br />
from E. fucicola “by the thicker filaments, which never give off free branches at the base, by the dense,<br />
indistinctly filamentous structure of the basal layer, and by the greater number of short filaments and<br />
few long filaments.” From Ruprecht’s description it is hardly likely that the species will ever be<br />
recognized by American collectors. The views of Ruprecht with regard to development in algæ are<br />
curiously shown in his remarks on Elachista, Myrionema, and Leathesia. He thinks it very probable<br />
that the genera named were “originally organs of fructification of Halidrys, Cystoseira, &c., which in<br />
course of time have not developed, and have in this way formed what appear to be stereotyped species.”<br />
Although the fact is not as Ruprecht supposed, this pronounced tendency to Darwinism is remarkable<br />
when we think that Ruprecht wrote in 1850.<br />
MYRIACTIS, Kütz., emend.<br />
(From µυριος [myrios], countless, and ακτις [aktis], a ray.)<br />
Fronds as in Elachistea, but destitute of exserted colored filaments.<br />
A comparison of the two admirable plates of Elachistea scutulata and Elachistea (Myriactis) pulvinata<br />
in the Études Phycologiques of Thuret and Bornet will give a clear notion of the difference of the two<br />
genera.<br />
M. PULVINATA, Kütz. Var. MINOR. (Elachistea pulvinata, Harv., in Études<br />
Phycologiques, p. 18, Pl. 7—Elachistea attenuata, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 28.)<br />
Fronds forming minute tufts, basal portion slightly developed, giving off lateral<br />
filaments, which penetrate the substratum; paraphyses slightly curved, fusiform,<br />
attenuated at base, somewhat moniliform; cells .0075-180 mm broad, two or three<br />
times as long; plurilocular sporangia very numerous, clustered at the base of the<br />
paraphyses, cylindrical,<br />
S. Miss. 59——6
82<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
0076 mm broad by about .057 mm long, composed of 8-10 cells in a row unilocular<br />
sporangia.<br />
Parasitic in the cryptostomata of Sargassum vulgare. Summer.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass.<br />
This species forms minute tufts on Sargassum, and is so small as easily to escape detection. It is<br />
furthermore likely to be mistaken for the hairs normally found at certain seasons in the cryptostomata.<br />
The description given above applies to the plant found at Wood’s Holl, which is smaller than the typical<br />
M. pulvinata of Europe, which grows in the cryptostomata of various Cystoseiræ. In the European<br />
specimens examined the paraphyses were decidedly stouter, rarely being less than .018 mm in breadth,<br />
whereas with us they are seldom more than .010-12 mm broad. Our plant is through- [sic] but smaller<br />
than the European, but, in proportion, the paraphyses are longer and slenderer. It remains to be seen<br />
whether we are correct in considering our form a mere variety, or whether it should be kept distinct.<br />
Perhaps it may be the Phycophila arabica of Kützing, Tab. Phyc., Vol. 8, Pl. 1, Fig. 2, which grows on<br />
Cystoseira myrica. The species is not uncommon in summer at Wood’s Holl, and both forms of sporangia<br />
occur together, the unilocular being much less abundant than the plurilocular.<br />
LEATHESIA, S. F. Gray.<br />
(Named in honor of Rev. G. R. Leathes, a British naturalist.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, gelatino-carnose, forming irregularly globose masses, solid<br />
when young, but soon becoming hollow; internal portion composed of radiating,<br />
dichotomous filaments, formed of large, irregular, colorless cells, the terminal ones<br />
bearing a series of short, simple, colored filaments (paraphyses), which are densely<br />
packed together, constituting the cortical layer of the frond; sporangia and hairs<br />
borne at the base of the paraphyses; plurilocular sporangia cylindrical, composed of<br />
few cells in a single row; unilocular sporangia pyriform or ovoid.<br />
A small genus, comprising not more than half a dozen species, of which L. difformis is common in the<br />
North Atlantic. Leathesia Berkeleyi, Harv., now placed in the genus Petrospongium,; Næg., although<br />
found not rarely in Europe and apparently tolerably common on the coast of California, has not yet<br />
been detected in New England, but may be expected. It forms rather leathery expansions on rocks at<br />
low-water mark.<br />
L. DIFFORMIS, (Linn.) Aresch. (Tremella difformis, Linn., Syst.—Rivularia<br />
tuberiformis, Engl. Bot., Pl. 1956.—Corynephora marina, Ag., Syst.—Leathesia<br />
tuberiformis, Gray, in Phyc. Brit., Pl. 324, and Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, Pl. 10 c; Thuret,<br />
in Ann. des Sciences, Ser. 3, Vol. XIV, Pl. 26, Figs. 5-12.) (Pl. V, Fig. 1.)<br />
Fronds from half an inch to two inches in diameter, solitary or aggregated, at first<br />
globose and solid, becoming irregularly lobed and hollow; plurilocular sporangia<br />
produced early in the season, unilocular sporangia in summer.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 83<br />
Common on algæ and on sand-covered rocks at low water along the whole coast.<br />
Not to be mistaken for any other alga on our coast. The gelatinous balls which this species forms are<br />
found growing in large quantities at low-water mark, and are sometimes called potatoes by the<br />
unromantic dwellers on the shore.<br />
FAMILY CHORDARIEÆ.<br />
Fronds cylindrical, branching, usually gelatinous, with an axis of longitudinal<br />
filaments formed of long slender cells, and a cortex composed of short, densely<br />
packed horizontal filaments formed of subspherical cells; sporangia borne among the<br />
cortical filaments or formed directly from them.<br />
Fronds tough and elastic, cortical filaments densely united to one another Chordaria.<br />
Fronds gelatinous, cortical filaments only adhering loosely to one another.<br />
Upper cells of the cortical filaments producing the plurilocular sporangia<br />
............................................................................Castagnea.<br />
Upper cells of cortical filaments not producing sporangia.<br />
Mesogloia.<br />
CHORDARIA, Ag.<br />
(From chorda, a chord.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, cartilaginous, filiform, branching; axial layer composed of<br />
longitudinally elongated cylindrical cells and smaller winding cells packed closely<br />
together in a solid mass; peripheral layer composed of short, simple, horizontal<br />
filaments, densely packed together; unilocular sporangia oblong, borne at the base of<br />
the peripheral filaments (paraphyses), plurilocular sporangia unknown.<br />
The distinction between the genera Chordaria and Mesogloia, in the absence of a knowledge of the<br />
development of the fronds, must be quite arbitrary. In the present instance we have considered that the<br />
genus Chordaria should be limited to the forms having a tough cartilaginous substance and solid axis,<br />
of which we have only one representative, C. flagelliformis. C. divaricata, both in its consistency and<br />
the development of the frond, seems to belong to Mesogloia, accepting that genus in an extended sense<br />
as we have done.<br />
C. FLAGELLIFORMIS, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 3. Pl. V, Fig. 2.<br />
Fronds blackish, solitary or gregarious, attached by a disk, coriaceous, lubricous, one<br />
to two feet long, filiform, solid, main axis usually undivided, furnished with<br />
numerous long, subequal, flagelliform branches, which are given off at wide angles,<br />
simple or with few, irregular, secondary branches; peripheral filaments<br />
(paraphyses) few-celled, cylindrical or slightly club-shaped ; unilocular sporangia<br />
ovoid or pyriform.
84<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Var. DENSA.<br />
Fronds six to eight inches long, main axis densely clothed with very numerous short<br />
branches.<br />
Common on stones near low-water mark along the whole coast.<br />
The var. densa at Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. Davis.<br />
A common species, recognized by its tough, somewhat elastic substance, and reminding one of bunches<br />
of small leather shoe-strings. When soaked in water it gives out a large amount of slime, and is not<br />
easily mounted. To the naked eye it resembles some of the forms of Dictyosiphon, but the microscopic<br />
structure is very different. The variety has been collected several times at Gloucester, but has not been<br />
received from other localities.<br />
MESOGLOIA, Ag.<br />
(From µεσος [mesos], the middle, and γλοιος [gloios], slimy.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, gelatinous, filiform, branching; axial layer composed of<br />
filaments rather loosely united into a solid mass, which soon becomes fistulose;<br />
peripheral layer of short horizontal filaments, packed in a gelatinous substance;<br />
unilocular sporangia oval, borne at the base of peripheral filaments; plurilocular<br />
sporangia unknown.<br />
The old genus Mesogloia has been divided by modern algologists into a number of genera. In the<br />
present instance we have kept in Mesogloia the species in which the peripheral filaments are not<br />
transformed into plurilocular sporangia, and have placed in Castagnea the species in which they are so<br />
transformed. The distinction between Mesogloia and Castagnea is artificial, because the plurilocular<br />
sporangia of Mesogloia proper are unknown, and it is not impossible that they may be formed from the<br />
peripheral filaments themselves, as in Castagnea. The development of the fronds is not well known,<br />
and the genera founded upon the variations in the mature fronds in the present group are plainly<br />
artificial. As regards its development, M. divaricata resembles very closely C. virescens. From a disklike<br />
expansion, composed of a single layer of cells, which form spots on the substance upon which it is<br />
growing, arise vertical filaments, which end in a hair such as is found in Ectocarpus and other<br />
Phæosporeæ. The vertical filaments produce, usually only on one side, fasciculated branches terminated<br />
by a hair, beneath which is a cluster of short moniliform filaments. Besides these there arise, at a later<br />
period, rhizoidal filaments. The mature fronds of the two species above named may be regarded as a<br />
collection of filaments with a trichothallic growth, which have become twisted together and partially<br />
united by means of the rhizoidal filaments, and whose fasciculated branches constitute what, in the<br />
mature plant, seems to be a distinct cortical layer. In Castagnea virescens the separate filaments, with<br />
their lateral fasciculate branches, can easily be isolated by dissecting the smaller branches, and the<br />
same thing can also be accomplished with Chordaria divaricata, although not so easily. The species of<br />
Mesogloia and Castagnea should not be dried under too heavy pressure, and alcoholic specimens are<br />
much better for study than those mounted on paper.<br />
M. DIVARICATA, Kütz. (Chordaria divaricata, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 17; Ner. Am. Bor.,<br />
Vol. I, Pl. 11 a.)<br />
Fronds tufted, lubricous, six inches to two feet long, branching very irregular,<br />
generally without a definite main axis; branches flexuous, ultimate branches very<br />
numerous, short, and divaricate, at first solid,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 85<br />
afterwards becoming fistulose and tubular; peripheral filaments short, few-celled,<br />
the last cell obovate and several times-larger than the other cells; unilocular<br />
sporangia ovoid.<br />
On algæ and stones near low-water mark.<br />
Very common from Cape Cod southward; Niles Beach, Gloucester, Mass.; Europe.<br />
A characteristic species of Long Island Sound, where it is probably more abundant than in any other<br />
part of the world. It abounds in still, shallow bays. North of Cape Cod it is of small size, and is only<br />
occasionally met with. It assumes a number of different forms, none of which, however, can be<br />
considered as distinct varieties. It first appears in May, and reaches perfection in August and<br />
September. At first the fronds are small and solid, but they grow to be two feet long, or even longer, and<br />
the main branches become hollow and finally collapsed. Except that they are more luxuriant, our forms<br />
agree well with Norwegian specimens.<br />
M. VERMICULARIS, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 31.<br />
Fronds tufted, gelatinous, one to two feet long, branches long, irregularly pinnate,<br />
thick, vermiform, flexuous; peripheral filaments clavate, somewhat incurved,<br />
moniliform cells spheroidal; unilocular sporangia ovoid.<br />
On stones and algæ between tide-marks.<br />
Halifax, N. S., Harvey; Europe.<br />
A rather common plant of Europe, and probably occurring within our limits, but as yet only reported at<br />
Halifax on the American coast. The species is rather thick and clumsy, and very gelatinous; not at all<br />
likely to be confounded with M. divaricata, which is less gelatinous, has a different mode of branching,<br />
and whose peripheral filaments are terminated by a cell much larger than the others. Dried specimens<br />
may be mistaken for Castagnea virescens, a more slender plant, with longer and more slender<br />
peripheral filaments, the upper cells of which are transformed into plurilocular sporangia. We have<br />
only examined dried specimens of this species.<br />
CASTAGNEA, (Derb. & Sol.) Thuret, emend.<br />
(In honor of Louis Castagne, a French botanist.)<br />
Fronds and unilocular sporangia as in Mesogloia; plurilocular sporangia formed by<br />
outgrowths from the uppermost cells of the peripheral filaments.<br />
C. VIRESCENS, (Carm.) Thuret. (Mesogloia virescens, Carm., in Phyc. Brit.; Ner. Am.<br />
Bor., Vol. 1, Pl. 10 b; Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. 14, Pl. 27.) Pl. 7, Fig. 1.<br />
Fronds filiform, gelatinous, three inches to a foot and a half long, axis clothed with<br />
numerous, irregular, flexuous branches, ultimate branches short, given off at wide<br />
angles; fronds at first solid, becoming fistulous; peripheral filaments slender,<br />
clustered, recurved or incurved, cylindrical or only slightly moniliform, cells<br />
ellipsoidal, .015-20 mm in diameter; unilocular sporangia ovoidal or rhombic-ovate;<br />
plurilocular sporangia
86<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
siliculose, composed of three to six cells, formed from the terminal cells of peripheral<br />
filaments, often secund on the upper side.<br />
On sand-covered rocks and algæ at and below low-water mark.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Nahant, Gloucester, Mass.; Portland, Maine, Mr. Fuller; Europe.<br />
A species which is rather common in the spring months, but which disappears with us about the 1 st of<br />
July. The fronds are more slender than in M. vermicularis, but when dried under too great pressure, or<br />
when allowed to remain some time in fresh water, they somewhat resemble that species. The<br />
distinction is best seen in the peripheral filaments. Those of M. vermicularis are shorter, decidedly<br />
clavate, less curved, and are formed of spheroidal cells In C. virescens they are longer, more nearly<br />
cylindrical, recurved, and formed of ellipsoidal cells. The number and size of the plurilocular sporangia<br />
vary very much.<br />
C. ZOSTERÆ, (Mohr.) Thuret. (Myriocladia zosteræ, Ag.—Mesogloia vermicularis, var.<br />
zosteræ, Kütz., Spec. Alg.—M. virescens, var. zostericola, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 82.—<br />
M. zosteræ, Aresch., in Ner. Am. Bor.‚ Vol. I, p. 127, Pl. 10 a.) Pl. 7, Fig. 2.<br />
Fronds filiform, gelatinous, three to eight inches long, subsimple, furnished with a<br />
few short, remote branches, given off at wide angles; peripheral filaments erect,<br />
rather rigid, cylindrical below, moniliform above; cells spheroidal, .02-4 mm in<br />
diameter; unilocular sporangia ovate; plurilocular sporangia siliculose, composed of<br />
three to six cells, usually forming dense tufts on the upper part of the peripheral<br />
filaments.<br />
On eel-grass.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Gloucester, Mass.; Europe.<br />
A small species with very few branches, which, although it has been by some considered a variety of C.<br />
virescens, is sufficiently distinct both in its microscopic structure and the season of growth. C. virescens<br />
is a spring form, which disappears in early summer, while C. Zosteræ, at least on our coast, occurs in<br />
summer and autumn. The appearance of the peripheral filaments is different in the two species. In C.<br />
virescens they are slender and curved and in C. zosteræ rather stout and erect and more densely packed<br />
together, in this respect resembling M. vermicularis, in which, however, the filaments are distinctly<br />
clavate and moniliform, and do not produce plurilocular sporangia at the extremity. A section of the<br />
frond of a well-developed C. virescens shows a circle of roundish cells around a central cavity and on the<br />
outside a series of branching filaments, which end in the proper peripheral filaments and sporangia. In<br />
C. Zosteræ there is also a circle of cells surrounding a central cavity, but the peripheral filaments seem<br />
to be given off directly from the circle of cells. The figure in the Nereis Am. Bor. does not correctly<br />
represent the structure of C. Zosteræ, for the clusters of peripheral filaments are not outgrowths from<br />
special colored filaments, but from the uncolored cells. American specimens agree perfectly with the<br />
specimens of Mesogloia zosteræ, No. 100, of Areschoug’s Alg. Scand.<br />
FAMILY RALFSIEÆ.<br />
Fronds horizontally expanded, sometimes crustaceous; fructification in raised spots<br />
(sori), composed of few-celled club-shaped paraphyses and spheroidal unilocular<br />
sporangia.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 87<br />
RALFSIA, Berkeley.<br />
(In honor of John Ralfs, an English botanist.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, forming flat coriaceous or crustaceous expansions of indefinite<br />
extent, composed of a single horizontal layer, from which arise short vertical<br />
filaments, which are firmly united to one another so as to form a solid<br />
parenchymatous structure; fruit scattered over the surface of the fronds in spots<br />
(sori), which are composed of club-shaped, several-celled paraphyses, at whose base<br />
are borne the unilocular sporangia; hairs arising from crypts in the frond;<br />
plurilocular sporangia unknown; growth peripheral.<br />
A genus containing only about half a dozen species. In its mode of growth the frond resembles that of<br />
Myrionema, but the vertical filaments are not free, as in that genus, but united so as to form a solid<br />
mass. R. verrucosa, the typical species, has a well-developed frond, but in R. clavata the frond is minute<br />
and the fruit-dots are usually confluent, so that the species has by some been placed in Myrionema.<br />
R. VERRUCOSA, Aresch. (R. deusta, Berk.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 98.) Fronds licheniform,<br />
adherent throughout, crustaceous or membranaceous, at first orbicular, at length<br />
becoming indefinite in outline, one to six inches in diameter, zoned and irregularly<br />
tuberculated, the newer lobes overlapping the older; sori scattered; paraphyses .06-<br />
12 mm long, clavate, few-celled; unilocular sporangia ovoid or pyriform, .038 mm long by<br />
.019 mm broad.<br />
Common on rocks in pools at half-tide from Nahant northward; Europe.<br />
A homely, dark-colored species, which has more the habit of a lichen than an alga. It abounds on the<br />
northern coast in shallow exposed pools, and is found at all seasons. At first the crusts are of small size<br />
and adhere closely to the rocks, but afterwards, as they increase in size, they become lobulated and<br />
rough and are easily detached. The species, contrary to the statement of Janczewski, is furnished with<br />
tufts of hairs at certain seasons of the year. It may occur also south of Cape Cod, but, if so, it must be in<br />
a reduced form.<br />
R. DEUSTA, J. Ag.<br />
Fronds licheniform, membranaceous, attached at center, margin free, irregularly<br />
orbicular, with overlapping marginal lobes, marked with concentric zones and with<br />
radiating striæ; spores?<br />
At low water mark.<br />
Eastport, Maine.<br />
A larger and more foliaceous species than the preceding, being about .25-30 mm in thickness. Both the<br />
concentric zones and radiating striæ are well marked, and the species is comparatively loosely attached<br />
to the substratum. On sectioning the fronds of R. deusta, the cells are seen to be arranged in lines<br />
which curved upwards and down wards from a medial plane, while a section of the frond of R. verrucosa<br />
shows the cells arranged in lines which curve upwards from the attached base.
88<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
R. CLAVATA, (Carm.) Crouan, Florule du Finistère. (Myrionema clavaturn, Carm., in<br />
Phyc. Brit., Pl. 348.)<br />
Fronds thin, forming closely adherent crusts or coriaceous expansions, at first<br />
orbicular and afterwards irregular; paraphyses clavate, rather uniformly diffused<br />
over the frond; unilocular sporangia pyriform, .06-7 mm broad by .15-.18 mm long,<br />
attached to the base of the paraphyses.<br />
On stones and wood work<br />
Eastport, Maine; Wood’s Holl, Maiden, Mass.; Europe.<br />
A small species, whose position is, doubtful. It was placed by Harvey in Myrionema, from the typical<br />
species of which it differs in having a frond composed of several layers of horizontal cells. By Crouan it<br />
was placed in Ralfsia, but the erect filaments rather resemble the paraphyses in Myrionema. In short,<br />
the species may be said to be a Ralfsia with diffuse fructification and slightly developed frond, or a<br />
Myrionema with an excessively developed basal portion. American specimens resemble perfectly the<br />
No. 56 of Crouan’s Algues Marines du Finistère. The alga described by Areschoug under the name of<br />
Lithoderma fatiscens bears a striking resemblence [sic] to the present, species. The species is much<br />
smaller and thinner than R. verrucosa, not exceeding on the average .15 mm in thickness, and covers<br />
stones and wood work at Eastport, sometimes in company with R. verrucosa. Further inquiry will<br />
probably show that the plant is common along the whole coast.<br />
FAMILY ASPEROCOCCEÆ.<br />
Fronds tubular or compressed, usually simple, occasionally branched; fructification<br />
in external scattered sori, composed of cylindrical few-celled paraphyses and<br />
spherical unilocular sporangia.<br />
ASPEROCOCCUS, Lam.<br />
(From asper, rough, and κοκκος [kokkos], a berry.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, simple or branched, hollow, composed of a few layers of cells,<br />
those of the interior being larger and colorless, those of the surface smaller and<br />
colored; fruit external, scattered in spots (sori) over the fronds; sori composed of<br />
paraphyses and unilocular sporangia, which are formed from the superficial cells of<br />
the fronds; paraphyses numerous, cylindrical or club-shaped; unilocular sporangia<br />
globose, sessile between the paraphyses; plurilocular sporangia unknown; hairs<br />
tufted, arising from the superficial cells; growth of fronds basal.<br />
The genus Asperococcus is distinguished by the external scattered fruit, consisting of paraphyses and<br />
unilocular sporangia. In the Nereis Am. Bor. it was placed by Harvey in the order Dictyotaceæ, but the<br />
fructification in that order is now known to be very different. The genus comprises a small number of<br />
species, which are widely diffused, although as yet only one has been found on the New England coast.<br />
The Asperococci resemble, to a certain extent, species of Phyllitis and Scytosiphon, but are easily<br />
distinguished by the fruit, which is almost always present. Plurilocular sporangia are unknown in the<br />
true Asperococci, and the old A. sinuosus, which is found in Florida and California, is considered by<br />
Bornet to belong to the genus Hydroclathrus, which has plurilocular sporangia of the same type as<br />
Phyllitis and Scytosiphon. A. compressus
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 89<br />
and A. bullosus are to be expected to occur with us. The A. compressus of the List of the Marine Algæ of<br />
the United States, in the Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences of March, 1875, is an error. The only<br />
specimen seen was collected at Gloucester by Mrs. Lusk, and proves to be a bleached and brownish<br />
fragment of Halosaccion.<br />
A. ECHINATUS, Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 194. (Pl. V, Fig. 3.)<br />
Fronds gregarious, simple, attached by a small disk from two inches to a foot and a<br />
half long, about half an inch in diameter, tapering at base, often twisted but not<br />
constricted, color a dingy brown, spotted with the very numerous sori.<br />
Attached to algæ between tide-marks.<br />
Common along the whole coast; Europe.<br />
A homely species, usually found in tufts four or five inches long, and of about the substance of<br />
Scytosiphon lomentarius but usually spotted with the numerous fruit-dots. The diameter, which is<br />
nearly uniform throughout, is about that of a clay pipe-stem, A. bullosus is much larger and more sacklike<br />
and often decidedly constricted.<br />
FAMILY SPOROCHNEÆ.<br />
Fronds cylindrical or tubular, branching, composed within of elongated cuboidal<br />
cells, which become smaller and roundish at the surface; fructification in external<br />
scattered sori, composed of club-shaped filamentous paraphyses and sporangia;<br />
unilocular sporangia spheroidal; plurilocular sporangia cylindrical formed of a single<br />
row of cells.<br />
Fronds solid, sori irregularly scattered ............................. Stilophora.<br />
Fronds hollow, sori arranged in transverse lines..................Striaria?<br />
STILOPHORA, Ag.<br />
(From στιλη [stile], a point, and φορεω [phoreo], to bear.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, filiform, branching, solid, becoming hollow, composed internally<br />
of elongated colorless cells, which become smaller and colored towards the surface;<br />
fruit external, scattered in spots (sori) over the surface; sori hemispherical,<br />
consisting of club-shaped filamentous paraphyses, at whose base are borne the<br />
sporangia; unilocular sporangia ovoidal; plurilocular sporangia cylindrical, formed of<br />
a single row of cells.<br />
A genus placed by Agardh and Harvey in the Dictyotaceæ, but by other algologists considered more<br />
nearly related to the Sporochneæ. It includes only a small number of species, probably not more than<br />
eight, and is readily recognized by the external fruit in which the sporangia are borne at the base of<br />
clavate few-celled paraphyses. The development of the frond has not been made out, but at the tips of<br />
the branches is a complicated mass of filaments ending in hairs like those of Ectocarpus, at whose base<br />
are borne a few short, incurved, moniliform filaments. At a short distance below the apex of the frond<br />
the moniliform filaments disappear and the surface appears to consist of roundish cells where not<br />
interrupted by the numerous sori. It is probable that,
90<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
as has been suggested by Janczewski in speaking of Sporochnus, the frond of Stilophora grows in a<br />
manner similar to that of Cutleria, which may be said to belong to the compound trichothallic type.<br />
S. RHIZODES, Ag. (Sporochnus rhizodes, Ag., Spec.—Spermatochnus rhizodes, Kütz.,<br />
Spec.—Stilophora rhizodes, J. Agardh; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 70; Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol.<br />
XIV, Pl. 28.) (Pl. V, Fig. 4, Pl. VI, Fig. 2.)<br />
Fronds attached by a disk, filiform, solid, becoming somewhat fistulous, six inches to<br />
two feet long, branching subdichotomously, destitute of distinct axis, branches<br />
becoming attenuated, ultimate divisions erect; sori very numerous, scattered<br />
irregularly over the frond; paraphyses few-celled, clavate, somewhat incurved;<br />
unilocular sporangia oval; plurilocular cylindrical.<br />
Not uncommon at various points in Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound on algæ<br />
and eel-grass below low-water mark.<br />
The present species is sometimes found at the base of eel-grass and the larger algæ, but it is more<br />
commonly found in entangled masses a foot or two long washed ashore in sheltered bays after a heavy<br />
blow. The determination is not altogether satisfactory, for our plants are generally coarser than the<br />
European forms of the species. Nor do they correspond to S. Lyngbyei, which is coarser and more<br />
tubular, and has finer ultimate branches and sori which are somewhat remote and arranged in<br />
transverse bands, if we follow Harvey’s description. Another species, hardly coming within our limits,<br />
was found by Bailey in the Chesapeake and referred by Harvey, with considerable doubt, to S.<br />
papillosa, Ag.<br />
STRIARIA, Grev.<br />
(From stria, a ridge, referring to the arrangement of the sporangia in transverse lines.)<br />
Fronds attached by a disk, tubular, branched, cells of the interior large, roundish, of<br />
the exterior smaller and subrectangular; fruit conconsisting [sic] of sporangia (or<br />
spores?), arranged in transverse lines.<br />
A genus whose position is very doubtful, because the structure of the fruit is not sufficiently well<br />
known. By most writers it is placed in the Dictyotaceæ, but it is not certain that the typical species, S.<br />
attenuata, possesses the peculiar antheridia and tetraspores of that order. According to Areschoug,<br />
there are two forms of fruit, one immersed, as in Punctaria, the other external, as in Asperococcus.<br />
S. ATTENUATA, Grev., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 25; Ner. Am. Bor.‚ Vol. Ill, Suppl., p. 123.<br />
Fronds a few inches to a foot long; branches usually opposite, attenuated to a fine<br />
point.<br />
Flushing, L. I., Bailey.<br />
The only American specimen known is that mentioned by Harvey in the Supplement to the Nereis Am.<br />
Bor. as having been found at Flushing, L. I.<br />
FAMILY LAMINARIEÆ.<br />
Fronds large and coarse; species on our coast usually attached by root-like processes,<br />
and with a stipe and expanded lamina, in one genus
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 91<br />
cylindrical; fructification in broad bands or large irregular spots, or occasionally<br />
covering the whole surface of frond, composed of large broadly clavate or wedgeshaped<br />
paraphyses and oval unilocular sporangia.<br />
Fronds cylindrical.................................................................... Chorda.<br />
Fronds with a midrib.<br />
Fronds perforated with holes ................................................. Agarum.<br />
Fronds entire, with lateral leaflets at the base of laminaAlaria. Fronds destitute of<br />
midrib.<br />
Cryptostomata present.......................................................Saccorhiza.<br />
Cryptostomata wanting......................................................Laminaria.<br />
CHORDA, Stack.<br />
(From chorda, a string.)<br />
Fronds olive-brown, attached by a disk, simple, cylindrical, hollow, with diaphragms<br />
at intervals; cells of tubular portion elongated, hexagonal in section, lined on the<br />
inside with filaments, which at intervals are woven together so as to form the<br />
diaphragms; whole surface of the frond clothed with cuneate-clavate cells<br />
(paraphyses), which form a cortical layer; unilocular sporangia ellipsoidal, situated<br />
between the paraphyses, growth basal; plurilocular sporangia unknown.<br />
A small genus, consisting of three or four species, which are by some writers placed in the<br />
Chordariaceæ and by others in the Laminariaceæ. The typical species, C. filum, may be regarded as the<br />
lowest representative of the Laminariaceæ, inasmuch as it has the basal mode of growth and the<br />
unicellular paraphyses of that order, but a simple frond in which there is no distinction of stipe and<br />
lamina. See, also, remarks under Scytosiphon.<br />
C. FILUM, Linn. (Scytosiphon filum, Ag.—Chorda filum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 107; Annales<br />
des Sciences, Ser. 3, Vol. XIV, Pl. 29, Figs. 5-10.) Pl. VI, Fig. 1.<br />
Fronds gregarious, cartilaginous-lubricous, quarter of an inch in diameter, from one<br />
to twelve feet long, attenuate at base, densely clothed with hyaline hairs;<br />
paraphyses cuneate-clavate, slightly longer than the sporangia and overlapping<br />
them.<br />
On stones at low-water mark and below.<br />
Common along the whole coast; Europe.<br />
At once recognized by its cord-like appearance. The early form, which is densely covered with hairs,<br />
constitutes the C. tomentosa of some writers. Areschoug, however, considers that the true C. tomentosa<br />
of Lyngbye is distinct, and characterized by its elongated linear paraphyses, which are scarcely as long<br />
as the sporangia, which ripen early in the season, while those of C. filum ripen in the latter part of<br />
summer and autumn.
92<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
LAMINARIA, Lamx.—Devil’s Aprons.<br />
(From lamina, a plate.)<br />
Fronds attached by a branching base,* stipitate, stipe expanding into a ribless entire<br />
or laciniate lamina; fruit forming bands or sori in the central part of the lamina,<br />
consisting of unicellular paraphyses and unilocular sporangia densely packed<br />
together; cryptostomata wanting.<br />
A genus comprising not far from twenty-five species, which inhabit principally seas in high latitudes.<br />
They all grow in pools at low-water mark and in deep water, and some attain a very large size. The<br />
limits of the genus are well fixed, but the same can by no means be said of the species, with regard to<br />
which writers differ very much. The difficulty arises partly from the fact that the species lose some of<br />
their characteristic marks in drying, so that the study of herbarium specimens is unsatisfactory, but<br />
still more from the fact that the species vary greatly in outline and habit according to the season and<br />
the place of growth, whether at an exposed or sheltered coast or whether submerged or partly exposed<br />
at low tide. In general, the species may be classed in two groups, those in which the frond is ribbon-like,<br />
that is, long in proportion to the breadth and not split up into segments, and those in which the frond is<br />
proportionately broader and fan-shaped and, except when young, laciniate. To the former group belongs<br />
the L. saccharina of older writers, to the latter L. digitata, and it is with regard to the extent to which<br />
subdivision shall be carried in the two cases mentioned that recent writers differ very widely. Our<br />
species have not been sufficiently studied in situ to warrant us in giving the determinations with any<br />
degree of confidence. More information with regard to their winter condition is very much needed. The<br />
most detailed account of the Laminariæ of the eastern coast is to be found in the paper of De la Pylaie<br />
in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Ser. 1, Vol. IV, 1824, entitled “Quelques observations sur les<br />
productions de File de Terre-Neuve, et sur quelques algues de la côte de France appartenant au genre<br />
Laminaire.” The article is accompanied by a plate in which is sufficiently well shown the habit of our<br />
common species. The same writer in 1829 gave a more extended account of his collections in the “Flore<br />
de Terre-Neuve et des lies Saint Pierre et Miclon,” an incomplete work comprehending the<br />
Laminariaceæ and Fucaceæ, of which, however, the plates were never published. The species of De la<br />
Pylaie have not been accepted without question by algologists, and all agree that he was too liberal in<br />
the formation of new species. Harvey ignores the greater part of them in the Nereis. Agardh and Le<br />
Jolis give them a more respectful consideration, and the former especially is inclined, in his paper on<br />
the Laminariaceæ and Fucaceæ of Greenland, to admit several of De la Pylaie’s species. In the present<br />
case we do not feel at liberty to make use of the notes with regard to American forms which have been<br />
kindly furnished by European correspondents, but must content ourselves with a superficial account of<br />
the perplexing forms of this exasperating genus, adding that the identity of our forms with those of<br />
Europe is not in all cases proved.<br />
Of the species of Laminaria given in the Nereis, L. fascia in now placed in Phyllitis; L. lorea and L.<br />
dermatodea refer to the same plant, which is now placed in Saccorhiza; L. longicruris is still kept as in<br />
the Nereis; L. saccharina and L. digitata are kept with limitations; and L. trilaminata is, as Harvey<br />
suspected, merely an abnormal winged form of some other species, corresponding to the trilaminate<br />
condition mentioned under Agarum Turneri.<br />
The marks used in distinguishing the species are the arrangment [sic] of the root-fibers; the structure<br />
of the stipe, whether solid or hollow, whether provided with distinct cavities containing mucus<br />
(muciparous glands) the shape of the lamina, more particularly<br />
*A few species, as L. solidungula, Ag., have a disk-like base, and L. sessilis, Ag., including L. apoda,<br />
Harv., found on our west coast, has no stipe properly speaking.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 93<br />
of its basal portion; the presence or absence of a series of alternate depressions and elevations within<br />
the margin; and the position of the fruit. The growing portion of the Laminariæ is at the base of the<br />
lamina, and the apex of the stipe and the old fronds are pushed off by the newly formed ones below. The<br />
fruit is perfected in autumn and winter.<br />
L. LONGICRURIS, De la Pyl. (L. longicruris, Ann. Sci., l. c., Pl. 9 a and b; Phyc. Brit.,<br />
p. 339; Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, Pl. 6.)<br />
Exs.—Algæ Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 117.<br />
Fronds solitary or gregarious, attached by numerous long, slender, branching fibers;<br />
stipe six to twelve feet long, one to two inches thick, slender and solid at the base,<br />
becoming hollow and inflated at the middle and upper part, contracted at the apex;<br />
lamina ovate-lanceolate, five to twenty feet long, two to three feet broad; margin<br />
very wavy, within the margin two rows of depressed spots; fruit forming a<br />
continuous band in the center of the frond; color lightish brown; substance rather<br />
delicate.<br />
Common in deep water, and at Eastport at low-water mark.<br />
From Nahant, Mass., northward; North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.<br />
A striking species, easily recognized when in typical condition, but unfortunately variable, though not<br />
so much so as our other species. The root-fibers are long, rather slender, and much branched. The stipe<br />
is slender at the base, but expands gradually upwards until it is at times two inches in diameter. The<br />
greatest diameter is about two-thirds of the way up the stipe, which is then contracted, sometimes<br />
quite suddenly. When young and only a few inches long, the center of the stipe is filled with a solid<br />
mass of delicate filaments, but it soon becomes hollow. When torn from their attachments by storms,<br />
large specimens, in consequence of the hollow stipes, float in a peculiar way, the upper part of the stipe<br />
projecting above the water like an elbow and the lamina dipping below the surface. The lamina is, in<br />
comparison with the stipe, shorter and broader than in our other species. This is especially the case in<br />
young specimens, where the stipe may be several times longer than the lamina. In mature plants,<br />
however, the comparative length of the lamina varies very much with the place of growth. The present<br />
species has never been certainly known to occur south of Cape Cod. Specimens resembling L.<br />
saccharina, but with hollow stipes, have been collected in Long Island Sound. Whether really belonging<br />
to L. longicruris is doubtful, and the subject requires farther investigation.<br />
L. SACCHARINA, (Linn.) Lam.x.?<br />
Frond attached by numerous branching fibers; stipe solid throughout, terete,<br />
somewhat swollen in the middle, three inches to four feet long; lamina elongated,<br />
lanceolate, fusiform or cuneate at base, three to thirty feet long, six to eighteen<br />
inches wide; margin wavy, a row of depressions on each side of lamina; fruit forming<br />
a central band.<br />
Var. PHYLLITIS, Le Jol. (L. phyllitis, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 192.)<br />
Fronds small, lamina thin, margin slightly wavy, base of lamina fusiform.
94<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Var. CAPERATA, (De la Pyl.). (L. caperata, Ann. Sci., l. c., Pl. 9 c.) Stipe long in<br />
proportion to the lamina; laming thick, one to two feet broad, cuneate at base.<br />
Common on stones at low-water mark along the whole coast; var. caperata common<br />
north of Cape Cod.<br />
In the present species we include all the New England forms which have a solid stipe and undivided<br />
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate frond. It is very probable that two, or possibly three, really distinct<br />
species are thus united, and it is also doubtful whether any of our forms are the same as L. saccharina<br />
of Europe, as limited by recent writers. Clearly to distinguish them is, however, at present out of the<br />
question. In going northward the forms here included become broader, and the base of the lamina is<br />
more frequently obtuse, and possibly the extreme forms should be referred to L. latifolia, Ag. The exact<br />
determination of the New England forms referred to L. saccharina cannot be successfully undertaken<br />
without an examination of European herbaria. Probably we have most of the forms described by De la<br />
Pylaie in the Flore de Terre-Neuve, but that writer has not displayed a commendable caution in the<br />
description of new species; and as European botanists differ as to what species the forms of De la Pylaie<br />
are to be referred, American botanists would not help the matter by pretending to give accurate<br />
determinations. De la Pylaie says that at Newfoundand [sic] L. saccharina does not occur, but is<br />
replaced by L. longicruris. The statement is singular, since, from De la Pylaie’s own description, L.<br />
caperata closely resembles L. saccharina; and if any species may be said to replace L. saccharina, it is<br />
L. caperata, rather than the abundantly distinct L. longicruris.<br />
L. DIGITATA, (Turn.) Lamx. (L. digitata, Ner. Am. Bor.—L. stenoloba, De la Pyl.,<br />
Ann. Sci. Nat., l. c., Pl. 9 k.)<br />
Exs.—Algæ Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 119, sub. nom. L. flexicaulis.<br />
Fronds attached by fibers, which are often arranged in whorls; stipe solid, stout, one<br />
to five feet long, more or less round below, compressed above, destitute of<br />
muciparous glands; lamina at first oval or lanceolate, afterwards split into digitate<br />
segments, two to six feet long, one to three feet wide; base fusiform or ovate; fruit in<br />
dispersed patches on the segments.<br />
Montauk, L. I.; Gay Head, Mass.; and common north of Cape Cod.<br />
With regard to the limits of L. digitata a difference of opinion prevails; and in the present case we have<br />
retained, without criticism, the older name to designate the common digitate form of our coast. Of the<br />
two species described by Le Jolis it is probable that we have L. flexicaulis comprehended in the present<br />
form. The species is common with us in pools at low-water mark and below. The stipe varies<br />
considerably in length, according to the place of growth, and when well developed is stout and much<br />
compressed above, so that it projects rigidly above the surface of the water at low tide. The lamina is<br />
usually more or less fusiform at the base, but is sometimes oval, and the segments vary considerably,<br />
sometimes being very numerous.<br />
L. PLATYMERIS, De la Pyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., l. c. Pl. 9 i. Fronds attached by stout,<br />
irregularly placed fibers; stipe six inches to a foot long, solid, roundish, compressed,<br />
provided with muciparous
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 95<br />
glands, passing abruptly into a broadly ovate or cordate lamina, which splits up into<br />
a few broad segments; substance thick, color blackish.<br />
Deep water.<br />
Peak’s Island, Maine; Gloucester, Mass.<br />
Distinguished from the last by its short, thick stipe, which is furnished with muciparous glands, and<br />
which terminates abruptly in a broad, thick lamina, which is usually decidedly cordate at the base. It is<br />
an inhabitant of deep water, and is occasionally found washed ashore in the autumn, but is always<br />
much less common than the last species. Le Jolis considers that L. platymeris is, at least in part, the<br />
same as his L. flexicaulis; but what seems to us to be the true L. platymeris differs from L. flexicaulis in<br />
having muciparous glands in the stipe, a peculiarity which, according to Le Jolis, is found in L.<br />
Cloustoni, but not in L. flexicaulis.<br />
SACCORHIZA, De la Pyl.<br />
(From σακκος [sakkos], a sack, and ριζα [riza], a root.)<br />
Fronds attached at first by a disk-like base, from which are given off later a few<br />
short root-like fibers; stipe compressed, plane, gradually passing into a ribless<br />
lamina; cryptostomata scattered on both sides of the frond; fruit as in Laminaria.<br />
A genus differing from Laminaria principally in the form of the basal attachment and in the presence<br />
of cryptostomata on both surfaces of the frond. The typical species, S. bulbosa, not found on our coast, is<br />
attached by a sack-like base, and the fruit is borne on the marginal upper portion of the stipe. In the<br />
present genus were at one time included all the Laminariæ whose attachment is discoidal rather than<br />
by branching root-like fibers. There are, however, forms still retained in the genus Laminaria, as L.<br />
solidungula, in which the base is a disk, and our own species S. dermatodea, although in its younger<br />
stages attached by a disk, soon has a series of short fibers, which, as the plant increases in size, become<br />
branched. The cryptostomata are small pits sunk in the surface of the frond, from which arise groups of<br />
hairs, as in the Fucaceæ. They are visible to the naked eye in the young plants, but disappear with age.<br />
S. DERMATODEA, De la Pyl. (Laminaria dermatodea, De la Pyl., Ann. Sciences, l. c.,<br />
Pl. 9 g, non Agardh nec Harvey.—L. lorea, Ag. Spec.; Harvey, in Ner. Am. Bor.)<br />
Exs.—Algæ Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 120.<br />
Fronds usually gregarious, base at first discoidal, afterwards with a whorl of short,<br />
thick, usually simple fibers; stipe six inches to two feet long, compressed, gradually<br />
expanding into a thick, coriaceous-lanceolate or lance-ovate lamina, one to six feet<br />
long, six to eighteen inches wide, at first entire, but afterwards torn above into<br />
several segments; fruit in scattered sori, which become confluent at the base of the<br />
frond; paraphyses narrowly club-shaped, about .15 mm long; sporangia .12 mm long by<br />
.02 mm broad.<br />
From Marblehead, Mass., northward.<br />
A characteristic species of the North Atlantic. Its southernmost limit is Marblehead, where only one<br />
specimen has been collected. It is less rare at Gloucester, and is rather
96<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
common on the coast of Maine, but much less abundant than other Laminariæ. It is the most easily<br />
recognized of our Laminariæ, in spite of its great variability in outline. The substance is more tough<br />
and leathery than any of our other species and the margin is thick and never wavy. At Eastport it is<br />
found in deep pools, but elsewhere it is an inhabitant of deep water. As usually seen washed ashore it<br />
resembles one of the digitate forms of Laminaria, for it is usually torn into segments, and not rarely<br />
split to the very base. It is at once distinguished from our digitate Laminariæ by its uniformly flat<br />
stipe, very short root-fibers, and cryptostomata. In most cases the stipe expands very gradually into the<br />
blade, but occasionally in old specimens the base is cordate. The fruit is found in the autumn and<br />
winter. In the specimens which we have examined the paraphyses were very narrowly club-shaped and<br />
colored to the tip, being destitute of the hyaline tip found in Laminaria.<br />
AGARUM, (Bory) Post. & Rupr.<br />
(From agar-agar, a Malayan word referring to some edible sea-weed.)<br />
Fronds stipitate, attached by a branching root-like base; lamina perforated with<br />
roundish holes; stipe prolonged into a midrib; fruit scattered in patches (sori) over<br />
the fronds, consisting of club-shaped, one-celled paraphyses and ellipsoidal<br />
unilocular sporangia; plurilocular sporangia unknown.<br />
A genus differing from Laminaria in having the lamina perforated with round holes and furnished with<br />
a distinct midrib. It includes four described species, which differ in the size of the perforations, in the<br />
shape of the lamina, and the prominence of the midrib, characters which an observation of our common<br />
species shows to be very variable The species inhabit the Arctic Ocean, the northwestern shore of the<br />
Atlantic, and the North Pacific. The New England form, A. Turneri, also occurs in the Pacific extending<br />
as far south as Japan, and, on the west coast, A. fimbriatum, Harv., considered by Agardh to be the<br />
same as Fucus pertusus, Mertens, extends as far south as Santa Barbara, Cal.<br />
A. TURNERI, Post. & Rupr.—Sea Colander. (Fucus cribrosus, Mertens.—F. agarum,<br />
Turner, Hist. Fuc., Pl. 75.—Laminaria agarum and L. Boryi, De la Pyl., Flore de<br />
Terre-Neuve.—Agarum Turneri, Post. & Rupr., Illustr. Alg., Pl. 22; Ner. Am. Bor.,<br />
Vol. I, Pl. 5.)<br />
Exs.—Algæ Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 112.<br />
Base much branched, stipe two inches to a foot long, cylindrical below, flattened<br />
above and prolonged into a distinctly marked midrib; lamina menbranaceous, one to<br />
four feet long, ovate-oblong, cordate and much crisped at base, margin wavy;<br />
perforations very numerous, orbicular, irregularly scattered with a smooth or wavy<br />
margin; fruit in irregular patches in the central part of the frond; sori .05-6 mm in<br />
thickness; paraphyses club-shaped, colored below, expanded and hyaline at the top;<br />
sporangia narrow, ellipsoidal, .035 mm long by .012 mm broad.<br />
Common from Nahant northward in deep water and at Eastport in pools; North<br />
Pacific.<br />
One of the curiosities of our marine flora, which is washed ashore from deep water at the southern limit<br />
of its growth, but farther north grows in pools at low-water mark.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 97<br />
The plant is perennial and young specimens are entirely without perforations until they have attained<br />
a length of two or three inches. The perforations, which are supposed by the fishermen to be the work of<br />
animals, are formed in the lower part of the frond and increase in size as they grow older, so that the<br />
perforations are larger in the upper and central parts of the frond. New holes are also formed between<br />
those already formed, so that there is a difference in size depending upon the age of the holes in all<br />
parts of the frond except the base. The formation of the holes begins by an elevation of small portions of<br />
the frond, which appears as if some small point like that of a pencil had been pressed against it; at<br />
length the frond ruptures circularly and the hole formed is minute and above the plane of the frond.<br />
The margins of the large holes are often wavy, and when dried with a slight pressure the waviness<br />
becomes so marked as to lead one to suppose that the specimens belong to a distinct species. The midrib<br />
varies considerably in breadth and occasionaly [sic] it grows out, forming a lamina at right angles to<br />
the frond. The usual perforations are found in the additional lamina, which sometimes grows to be as<br />
large as the original lamina. The fruit of Agarum, which is incorrectly figured in the Nereis as having a<br />
form of tetraspores, resembles very closely that of Laminaria. The species apparently does not bear<br />
fruit on the Massachusetts coast, at least we have never been able to find any; but at East port the fruit<br />
is formed as early as September. The sori are scattered irregularly over the central part of the frond<br />
and are most easily seen after the frond has been out of the water a short time. The sori are not so thick<br />
as in Alaria and Laminaria and the paraphyses do not have so prominent a hyaline extremity as in<br />
those genera. Harvey states that the lamina are sometimes ten or twelve feet long, but this is probably<br />
an overestimate.<br />
ALARIA, Grev.<br />
(From ala, a wing.)<br />
Fronds attached by a branching root-like base, stipitate, membranaceous, with a<br />
distinct midrib; fruit borne in special lateral leaflets below the lamina, consisting of<br />
club shaped, one celled paraphyses and ellipsoidal unilocular sporangia; plurilocular<br />
sporangia unknown.<br />
A genus readily known by the small, ribless leaflets given off from the stipe below the lamina, in which<br />
the the [sic] fruit is borne in the autumn. The genus inhabits the colder waters of the northern<br />
hemisphere and the species sometimes attain a length of fifty feet. The number of species does not<br />
exceed half a, dozen, and the specific marks, such as the shape of the midrib, the lateral leaflets, and<br />
the base of the lamina, are variable, so that all the species cannot be said to be well marked.<br />
A. ESCULENTA, Grev. (A. esculenta, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 79.—Laminaria musæfolia, De la<br />
Pyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 1, Vol. IV, Pl. 9 d.—L. linearis, De la Pyl., l. c., Pl. 9 f.)<br />
Stipe cylindrical-compressed, from four inches to a foot long, a quarter to half an<br />
inch wide; midrib solid, scarcely wider than the stipe; lamina one to ten feet long or<br />
even longer, two to ten inches from side to side, decurrent on the stipe, margin wavy;<br />
fructiferous leaflets numerouse [sic], shortly stipitate, three to eight inches long, half<br />
an inch to two inches broad, linear-ovate or linear-spathulate.<br />
Var. LATIFOLIA, Post. & Rupr. (Laminaria Pylaii, Bory, in Flore<br />
S. Miss. 59——7
98<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
de Terre-Neuve.—Alaria Pylaii, Ner. Am. Bor.—A. esculenta, var., Post. & Rupr.,<br />
Illustr. Alg., Pl. 18.)<br />
Base of lamina cuneate, fructiferous leaflets obovate-spathulate.<br />
Common on exposed coasts at low-water mark and below, from Nahant northward.<br />
The variety at Eastport, Maine, Northern Europe, and Pacific coast.<br />
As yet no species of Alaria has been found south of Cape Cod, although it is probable that they occur at<br />
exposed points like Gay Head and Montauk. In the Annales des Sciences, De la Pylaie mentions three<br />
varieties of A. esculenta—platyphylla, tæniata, and remotifolia—as occurring at Newfoundland, and in<br />
the Flore de Terre-Neuve he makes two new species—Laminaria musæfolia, including L. esculenta,<br />
var. platyphylla and var. remotifolia, and L. linearis, including L. esculenta var. tæniata. These species<br />
are characterized by the different forms and position of the fructiferous leaflets, which, it must be<br />
admitted, are so variable and so constantly pass into one another, that De la Pylaie would have done<br />
better in retaining them all as forms of one species. Laminaria Pylaii, Bory, founded on a single<br />
specimen brought by De la Pylaie from Newfoundland, also seems to be merely a variety of L. esculenta,<br />
in which the lamina is cuneate at the base. At Eastport the broader forms are common, and one sees all<br />
stages from decurrent to cuneate laminæ. Agardh refers to L. Pylaii, Bory, the Alaria esculenta var.<br />
latifolia, of Postels and Ruprecht, whose plate represents excellently the extreme forms found at<br />
Eastport. The present species is used as food in Scotland and Ireland, where it is called badder-locks,<br />
henware, murlins, and also in Iceland, but it is not eaten with us.<br />
ORDER III. OOSPOREÆ, SACHS.<br />
Male organs (antheridia) composed of sacks borne on simple or branching filaments,<br />
sometimes sessile, containing motile antherozoids; female organ (oogonium) in the<br />
form of a sack, whose contents change into one or more spherical masses<br />
(oospheres), which are directly fertilized by the antherozoids and become oospores.<br />
In the order Conjugateæ there was a direct union of similar bodies called zoospores, and no clear<br />
distinction of male and female cells. In the Oosporeæ the males are small-motile bodies (in algæ), which<br />
directly impregnate the spherical masses of protoplasm, called oospheres, either before or after they<br />
have escaped from the mother-cell, the oogonium. As a result of the impregnation, a wall of cellulose is<br />
formed round what was before merely a mass of protoplasm, and the so-called oosphere becomes an<br />
oospore and capable of germinating. The marine plants of the order may be divided into two suborders,<br />
as follows:<br />
a. Large olive-green plants, having the antheridia and oogonia in nearly closed sacks borne in a<br />
definite part of the plant; fronds foliaceous, often provided with air-bladders FUCACEÆ.<br />
b. Minute grass-green plants forming turfs or tufts; antheridia and oogonia naked, sessile, or<br />
pedicellate, borne laterally on the unicellular branching frondVAUCHERIEÆ.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 99<br />
Suborder FUCACEÆ, C. Ag.<br />
Plants diœcious or hermaphrodite, fructifying organs borne in conceptacles or<br />
cavities lined with sterile filaments and opening outwards by a narrow pore;<br />
antheridia in ovoid sacks borne on branching threads and filled with minute<br />
antherozoids having two lateral cilia; oospores spherical, borne 1-8 in a mother-cell.<br />
Marine plants of an olive-green color, attached by a disk-like base, fronds usually<br />
branching dichotomously, rarely indefinitely expanded, often provided with airbladders<br />
and with cryptostomata.<br />
An order characterized by the presence of antherozoids borne in sacks and by oospores, varying in the<br />
different genera from one to eight in a mother-cell, both antheridia and oospores being contained in<br />
hollow conceptacles, which are produced either in definite parts of the frond or on special branches or<br />
rarely indefinitely scattered over the frond. The fertilization in this order was first described by Thuret<br />
in the Annales des Sciences, Ser. 4, Vol. 2. The fronds vary very much in the different genera. In<br />
Durvillæa the frond resembles a large Laminaria, and from this simple form there are all degrees of<br />
complication, until in Sargassum, the most highly developed genus, there are distinct stems, leaves,<br />
air-bladders, and branching fructiferous receptacles. In high latitudes the order is chiefly represented<br />
by the common rock-weeds, Fuci, which line the rocks between tide-marks, while in low latitudes the<br />
gulf-weeds, species of Sargassum, abound. The Southern Ocean abounds in curious and varied forms of<br />
this order, Australia being particularly rich in species. The New England coast is especially poor in<br />
representatives of the order, the genera Halidrys, Himanthalia, Pelvetia, and Cystoseira, common on<br />
the coast of Europe, being entirely wanting with us. The fronds are dotted with small pits, called<br />
cryptostomata, from which grow tufts of hairs.<br />
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.<br />
Fronds with distinct stems and leaves ............................. Sargassum.<br />
Fronds without distinct stems and leaves—<br />
Lamina provided with a midrib, receptacles terminal, continuous with the frond<br />
...............................................................................................Fucus.<br />
Midrib wanting, receptacles on special lateral branchesAscophyllum.<br />
ASCOPHYLLUM, (Stackh.) Le Jolis, emend.<br />
(From ασκος [askos], a sack, and φυλλον [phyllon] a leaf.)<br />
Fronds attached by a disk, linear, compressed, destitute of a midrib, irregularly<br />
dichotomous, furnished with air-bladders; receptacles on distinct, simple, lateral<br />
branches; spores four in a mother-cell.<br />
A genus including the Fucus nodosus of older writers, which differs from the true Fuci in having a<br />
linear frond destitute of a midrib and spores in fours instead of in eights. The generic name Ozothallia<br />
proposed by Decaisne and Thuret, who were the first to give a detailed account of the conceptacles of F.<br />
nodosus, was referred by Le Jolis to the older genus Ascophylla of Stackhouse.<br />
A. NODOSUM, Le Jolis. (Fucus nodosus, L.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 158; Her.
100<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Am. Bor., Vol. I, p. 68.—Fucodium nodosum, J. Ag.—Ozothallia nodosa, Dcne. &<br />
Thuret.—Ascophyllum nodosum, Le Jolis; Études Phycolologiques, Pls. 18-20.)<br />
Fronds diœcious, one to five feet long, coriaceous, compressed, subdichotomous,<br />
margin distantly toothed; air-bladders oblong, broader than the frond; receptacles<br />
ovoid or ellipsoidal, terminating short lateral branches, which are borne either<br />
solitary or clustered in the axils of the teeth.<br />
Common between tide-marks from New Jersey northward; Europe; Arctic Ocean.<br />
One of our most common species, easily recognized by the large bladders in the continuity of the frond,<br />
which is thick and narrow and entirely destitute of a midrib. The fruit is found in lateral branches in<br />
winter and spring, and in June the receptacles fall off and are sometimes found in immense quantities<br />
covering the bottoms of tide-pools.<br />
FUCUS, (L.) Dcne. & Thuret.<br />
(From φυκος [phykos], a sea-weed.)<br />
Fronds diœcious or hermaphrodite, attached by a disk, plane, costate, dichotomous,<br />
margin entire or serrate, often furnished with air-bladders; receptacles terminal,<br />
continuous with the frond; spores eight in a mother-cell.<br />
In the beginning of the present century the name Fucus was used not only to designate all the plants<br />
included in the present order, but was applied to all marine algæ. Since that date the word has been<br />
used in a more and more restricted sense, and is now only applied to those members of the Fucaceæ in<br />
which the spores are in eights and in which the frond is plane and costate. In some of the species,<br />
however, the midrib is rather indistinct. Most of our species are very abundant and very variable, and<br />
older writers have described as species a good many forms which are now considered to be merely<br />
varieties. Hence the synonymy of the species is in confusion, although our species, none of which are<br />
peculiar to America, can be referred to definite European forms. The species described by De la Pylaie<br />
in the Flore de Terre-Neuve are most of them to be referred to older species. The New England species<br />
naturally fall into two different groups. In the first, of which F. vesiculosus is the type, the fronds are<br />
diœcious and the midrib distinct throughout. In the second, represented by F. evanescens, they are<br />
hermaphrodite and the midrib indistinct.<br />
F. VESICULOSUS, L.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 204; Études Phycol., Pl. 15.<br />
Fronds diœcious, six inches to three feet long, stipitate, midrib distinct throughout,<br />
margin entire, often wavy; bladders spherical or slightly elongated, usually in pairs;<br />
receptacles swollen, ellipsoidal or oval, often forked.<br />
Exs.—Algæ Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 109.<br />
Var. laterifructus, Grev.<br />
Lateral branches, which bear the receptacles, narrow and densely dichotomously<br />
flabellate.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 101<br />
Var. sphærocarpus, Ag.<br />
Ultimate divisions of frond repeatedly forked, bearing very numerous small<br />
receptacles.<br />
Var. spiralis.<br />
Fronds short and spirally twisted.<br />
Everywhere common between tide-marks.<br />
The varieties of this very common species are so numerous that it is useless to describe the greater part<br />
of them. The southernmost limit of the species on the eastern coast is, as far as known, the coast of<br />
North Carolina, where it is reported to have been collected by Rev. E. M. Forbes in Curtis’s account of<br />
the botany in the Geological and Natural History Survey of North Carolina. Fucus bicornis and F.<br />
microphyllus of De la Pylaie appear to be merely forms of F. vesiculosus. The species with which the<br />
present is likely to be confounded along our northern coast is F. evanescens, a broad plant, whose<br />
midrib is only distinct in the lower part of the frond, and whose conceptacles are hermaphrodite, not<br />
diœcious, as in the present species. It fruits most abundantly in autumn and winter, but the<br />
fructification can be seen at any season of the year.<br />
F. CERANOIDES, L.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 271.<br />
“Frond plane, coriaceo-membranaceous, linear-dichotomous, midribbed, without<br />
vesicles, margin very entire; lateral branches narrower than the principal divisions,<br />
repeatedly forked, level topped, bearing fruit at their apices; receptacles spindleshaped<br />
or bifid, acute.” (Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, p. 70.)<br />
New York, Agardh; Europe.<br />
The authority for the existence of this species on our coast is Agardh. Harvey had never seen American<br />
specimens, nor have we ever found any. The species, judging from herbarium specimens, resembles<br />
very closely L. vesiculosus especially var. laterifructus, but is said to be thinner and to be destitute of<br />
air-bladders. It inhabits rather brackish waters.<br />
F. SERRATUS, L.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 47; Études Phycol., Pls. . 11-14.<br />
Fronds diœcious, two to six feet long, midrib distinct throughout, margin serrate;<br />
bladders wanting; receptacles serrate, flattish, pointed.<br />
Newburyport, Mass., Captain Pike; Pictou, N. S., Rev. J. Fowler; Europe.<br />
A very common species of Europe, but very rare on our coast, being known in only two localities. In the<br />
supplement to the Nereis it is reported from Newburyport, having been once detected by Captain Pike,<br />
but not seen there since. The only other locality is Pictou, where it was detected by Rev. J. Fowler, who<br />
sent specimens to Professor Eaton in 1869. The species is easily recognized by its serrated margin, and<br />
grows lower down in the water than F. vesiculosus.<br />
F. EVANESCENS, Ag., Icon. Ined., Pl. 13. (Fucus platycarpus, in Farlow’s List of the<br />
Marine Algæ of the United States.)<br />
Fronds hermaphrodite, one to two feet long, stipitate, midrib distinct below, but<br />
widening and scarcely visible in the upper part, margin broad, entire, somewhat<br />
wavy; bladders usually wanting, when present much
102<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
elongated; receptacles swollen, broad, usually united in pairs, and sometimes with a<br />
small margin formed of the unchanged frond.<br />
Exs.—Algæ Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 107.<br />
Eastport, Maine; coast of Massachusetts; Northern Europe; Arctic Ocean.<br />
A species apparently common north of Cape Cod, and at Eastport quite as common as F. vesiculosus, for<br />
which it might be mistaken. As found with us, it is broader than the last-named species and is usually<br />
without bladders, and when these occur they seem more like irregularly inflated portions of the frond<br />
than spherical cavities. The receptacles contain both antheridia and oospores, the latter occupying the<br />
base and the former the upper part of the conceptacle. The receptacles are broader and less swollen<br />
than in F. vesiculosus and are often in pairs, the pairs being united below. The whole plant is shorter,<br />
stouter, and more foliaceous than F. vesiculosus. The species as found in the Arctic regions is variable,<br />
and several forms have been described. The form which occurs at Eastport comes very near the typical<br />
form. F. miclonensis of De la Pylaie is probably a small form of the present.<br />
F. FURCATUS, Ag., Icon. Ined., Pl. 14.<br />
Fronds hermaphrodite, branching very regularly dichotomous, stipitate, one to three<br />
feet long, midrib distinct below, scarcely visible above, margin narrow, rigid, entire;<br />
bladders wanting; receptacles flat, narrow, linear-fusiform, sometimes forking.<br />
Exs.—Algæ Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 108.<br />
Peak’s Island, Maine; coast of Massachusetts north of Boston; Northern Europe;<br />
Arctic Ocean; North Pacific.<br />
A common and beautiful species on exposed coasts north of Boston. It is found lower down than F.<br />
vesiculosus, at the limit of low-water mark. The frond is narrow, tough, and destitute of bladders, and<br />
the branching very regular, almost flabellate. It is easily distinguished by the receptacles, which are<br />
not in the least swollen and are narrow and longer than in any other species, being sometimes four<br />
inches long. The color is dark.. Our form corresponds perfectly to specimens from Spitzbergen. The<br />
species is less variable than most of the genus and is found at all seasons of the year.<br />
F. FILIFORMIS, Gmelin. (F. distichus, L., in Farlow’s List of the Marine Algæ of the<br />
United States.)<br />
Fronds hermaphrodite, three to six inches long, flabellately dichotomous, stipitate<br />
below, midrib present but indistinct; air-bladders wanting; receptacles linear-oblong,<br />
swollen, borne in pairs, sometimes forking.<br />
In pools near high-water mark.<br />
Nahant, Marblehead, Mass.<br />
Our smallest species, found only in spring and in pools where the water is not very pure. Our form is<br />
the same as No. 201 of Areschoug’s Algæ Scandinavicæ, from Finmark, which Agardh refers to F.<br />
filiformis. Whether F. distichus, L., is not the same as F. filiformis, Gmelin, admits of doubt. The<br />
present form seems to be the F. filiformis of the Flore de Terre-Neuve, mentioned under F. distichus in<br />
the Nereis Am. Bor.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 103<br />
SARGASSUM, Ag.<br />
(From sargazo, the Spanish name for the gulf-weed)<br />
Fronds attached by a disk having branching stems, leaves with a midrib and<br />
distinctly stalked air-bladders; fruit in special compound branches; conceptacles<br />
hermaphrodite; spores single in the mother-cell.<br />
The most highly organized and by far the largest genus of the Fucaceæ, of which at least 150 species<br />
have been described. They inhabit the warmer waters of the globe, where they replace the Fuci.<br />
Australia, Japan, and the adjacent coast of Asia are particularly rich in species. We have one species<br />
which does not come north of Cape Cod, but which is common southward. The genus has been<br />
subdivided by Kützing, but even with his limitation the species of Sargassum are very numerous.<br />
S. VULGARE, Ag. (Fucus natans, Turner’s Hist. Fuc., Pl. 46, non Linn.—S. vulgare,<br />
Phyc. Brit., Pl. 343.)<br />
Fronds two to five feet long, stem filiform, smooth, irregularly branching, leaves<br />
shortly petiolate, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, one to three inches long, a<br />
quarter to half an inch wide, sharply serrate, midrib distinct, cryptostomata<br />
numerous on both sides of the midrib; air-bladders spherical, quarter of an inch in<br />
diameter, stalked, arising from a transformed leaf, the upper part of which often<br />
remains as an appendage; stalks naked or slightly winged; receptacles filiform,<br />
branching cymosely, one to two inches long.<br />
Var. MONTAGNEI. (S. Montagnei, Bailey, in Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. I, Pl. 1 a.)<br />
Leaves narrowly linear, elongated, receptacles two to four inches long.<br />
Below low-water mark in warm, shallow bays from Cape Cod southward.<br />
In spite of its variations, with the exception of S. bacciferum, which is sometimes washed ashore, we<br />
have but one species of Sargassum on our coast. As usually found, it is more slender in all its parts<br />
than the typical S. vulgare of the West Indies, but it is occasionally found of the typical form. In var.<br />
Montagnei, which is common, we have an extreme form, in which the fructifying branches are much<br />
elongated, but one sees all variations from short to long.<br />
S. BACCIFERUM, Ag.—Gulf-weed. (Fucus natans, L,; Turner’s Hist. Fuc., Pl. 47.—S.<br />
bacciferum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 109.)<br />
Fronds six inches to a foot and a half long, stems filiform, smooth, leaves linearlanceolate,<br />
two to four inches long, midrib distinct, crypto-stomata usually wanting;<br />
air-bladders stalked, spherical, tipped with a filiform point; receptacles short,<br />
cylindrical, forked.<br />
Washed ashore at Bath, L. I., Mr. A. R. Young, and found floating off the coast near<br />
the Gulf Stream; West Indies, and floating in the Atlantic.<br />
The common Gulf-weed, which grows attached in the West Indies, where it
104<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
and which is found floating and infertile in the course of the Gulf Stream and in the so-called Sargasso<br />
Sea, between 20° and 45° N. and 40° W. It is rarely washed ashore in New England, but is frequently<br />
brought in by fishing vessels. It is said that there is a large mass of this sea-weed in the ocean not far<br />
from Nantucket, but there is no definite information on the subject. The species in its floating form is<br />
distinguished from the last by its narrower leaves, destitute of cryptostomata, its darker color, and<br />
denser habit.<br />
SUBORDER VAUCHERIEÆ.<br />
Comprising a single genus, Vaucheria, whose characters are given below.<br />
VAUCHERIA, D. C.<br />
(Named in honor of Jean Pierre Vaucher, of Geneva.)<br />
Fronds green, unicellular, composed of long, irregularly or falsely dichotomously<br />
branching filaments, monœcious or diœcious; oogonia sessile or stalked, containing a<br />
single oospore; antheridia either short ovoid sacks or formed at the tips of branches,<br />
which are frequently spirally twisted; antherozoids very small, with two cilia; nonsexual<br />
reproduction by very large zoospores, which are covered with cilia, or by<br />
motionless spores formed at the ends of short branches.<br />
The Vaucheriæ abound both on our coast and in inland waters, and some species grow upon damp<br />
ground in gardens and meadows. They either form thick turfs of a dark-green color when growing in<br />
places which are not constantly submerged, or else extend in indefinite-shaped masses when growing<br />
where there is plenty of water. They are generally easily recognized at sight, and are known under the<br />
microscope by the long branching filaments of a deep-green color, destitute of cross-partitions except<br />
when the fruit is forming. Although very abundant on our shore, the species are little known, because<br />
the specific characters depend upon the fruit. The determination of sterile specimens is out of the<br />
question, and, even when fruiting, dried specimens are of comparatively little value. A considerable<br />
number of species of Vaucheria have been described, but as a great part of them have been described<br />
from individuals bearing the non-sexual spores only, recent writers, as Walz and Nordstedt, have<br />
reduced the number of species very much by omitting imperfectly characterized forms. Nordstedt<br />
admits nineteen species in Europe. The American species have never been critically studied. Specimens<br />
should be kept in fluid rather than mounted on paper, and sketches of the fruit should be made at the<br />
time of gathering. It should not be forgotten by the collector that some of the species are diœcious, and<br />
also that a species is not perfectly known unless the non-sexual spores are described as well as the<br />
oospores.<br />
V. THURETII, Woronin, Beit. zur Kenntniss der Vaucherien, in Bot. Zeit., Vol. XXVII,<br />
p. 157, Pl. 2, Figs, 30-32.<br />
Monœcious; filaments .03-8 mm in diameter, forming short, dense turfs; antheridia<br />
sessile, oval, .05-7 mm broad by .10-14 mm long; contents of antheridia colorless; oogonia<br />
either sessile or on short lateral branches, obovoid or pyriform, inclined, .25-30 mm<br />
long by 20 mm wide; oospores spherical, .15-18 mm in diameter, yellowish brown; cellwall<br />
rather thin;
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 105<br />
non-sexual spores (?) .08 mm broad by .10-12 mm long, motionless, borne on short<br />
branches, which are at right angles to the main filaments, from which they break<br />
off, allowing the spores to escape from the ruptured end.<br />
Exs.—Wittrock & Nordstedt, Alg. Scand., No. 228.<br />
On muddy shores and sides of ditches, where it forms large patches of a dark velvety<br />
green. Summer.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Eastport, Maine; Perth Amboy, N. J., Wolle; Europe.<br />
This species, which is apparently common on muddy shores of New England, agrees so well with the<br />
description and figure of Woronin, l. c., that there can be no doubt about the identity of our plant with<br />
that of the European coast. The non-sexual fruit was unknown to Woronin. At Wood’s Holl we found<br />
what appeared to be the non-sexual fruit of the species. It consisted of oval spores, smaller than the<br />
oospores, borne at the tips of short branches, which were given off at right angles to the main<br />
filaments. The branches with the spores fall off, and the latter, after some time, escape from the<br />
ruptured end of the cell. The spores are motionless and destitute of cilia, reminding one of the nonsexual<br />
spores in V. geminata, Walz. During the four or five days which we were able to watch them<br />
they underwent no change. In the specimen of Wolle, above mentioned, similar bodies are found, but<br />
Nordstedt thinks it probable that they belong to a species different from V. Thuretii. He is led to this<br />
conclusion apparently from the fact that the filaments bearing the non-sexual spores are rather smaller<br />
than those which bear the oospores and antheridia. In the Wood’s Holl specimens the filaments were,<br />
as a rule, somewhat smaller than those bearing the oospores; but the difference is very slight, and one<br />
sometimes finds oosporiferous filaments measuring only .03 mm in diameter, while the non-sexual sporebearing<br />
filaments average from .04-5 mm in diameter. In one case we found an antheridium on the nonsexual<br />
spore-bearing filament, which resembled precisely the antheridia of V. Thuretii We conclude<br />
then that the non-sexual spores probably belong to the present species, but the question requires<br />
further examination. A specimen of what appears to be the same species exists in the collection of the<br />
Boston Society of Natural History. It was collected by Prof. J. W. Bailey from some locality near New<br />
York, and is labelled, in his own handwriting, V. velutina.<br />
V. LITOREA, Nordstedt (Ag., Spec. Alg., p. 463.—V. clavata, Lyngb., Hydrophyt. Dan.,<br />
p. 78, Pl. 21 d.— V. litorea, Nordstedt, in Botan. Notiser., 1879, p. 180, Pl. 2, Figs. 1-<br />
6.—V. piloboloides, Farlow, List of Marine Algæ, 1876.)<br />
Diœcious; filaments densely tufted, rather rigid, .10 mm in diameter; antheridia?;<br />
oogonia club-shaped, borne on a short sterile cell at the tips of short recurved<br />
branches, .20 mm broad by about .35 mm long; oospores filling the upper part of<br />
oogonium, spheroidal, .18-19 mm broad by .23-25 mm long; cell-wall dense, .02 mm in<br />
thickness; non-sexual spores?<br />
At low-water mark in the gravel.<br />
Parker’s Point, Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Europe.<br />
We refer to the present species a Vaucheria much coarser than the species last described, which forms<br />
rather bristly tufts of a dingy green, from two to four inches high, in gravelly places. Only one<br />
specimen, collected in August, 1876, was in fruit,
106<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
and at the time, as there were no antheridia, we hastily inferred that the spores were non-sexual. It<br />
now seems probable that the plant is the V. litorea of Nordstedt, l. c., a diœcious species. The species<br />
was common at Wood’s Holl in August, 1879, but constantly sterile. The antheridia of V. litorea,<br />
Nordstedt, are long and cylindrical and borne on a short sterile cell at the tips of the branches. The<br />
antherozoids are discharged by openings at the apex and sides of the antheridium. Our plant will be<br />
easily recognized by its habit and the recurved branches bearing the oogonia.<br />
ORDER IV. FLORIDEÆ.<br />
Algæ of a red or purple color; antheridia containing spherical, hyaline antherozoids,<br />
which are without cilia; sexual fruit or cystocarps developed from a procarp, which<br />
consists of a trichogyne, at whose base is a trichophore, the spores formed either<br />
from the trichophore or the adjacent cells which compose the carpogenic system;<br />
spores at maturity either naked or inclosed in a pericarp; non-sexual reproduction by<br />
tetraspores, bispores, and seirospores; fronds filamentous, crustaceous,<br />
membranaceous, or irregularly expanded, varying from gelatinous to cartilaginous<br />
in substance, occasionally calcareous. Principally marine.<br />
The Florideæ, which are the same as the Rhodospermeæ of Harvey, include a large number of species,<br />
all of which have some shade of red, although it may be nearly black on the one hand or approach<br />
shades of green on the other. In decay, however, the color becomes orange and finally green. It is not to<br />
be inferred, however, that all red algæ belong to the Florideæ . There are a few Cyanophyceæ in which<br />
the color is pink, but in these species the frond is merely an agglomeration of red cells, each of which is<br />
practically a distinct individual, whereas in the Florideæ the cells are organically united, and constitute<br />
a single plant. The structure of the frond in this order varies in the different genera, and we have forms<br />
which correspond closely to the fronds of the Phæosporeæ, as, for instance, in Nemalion we have a frond<br />
which, apart from its color, is undistinguishable from that of Mesogloia, and so on. The non-sexual<br />
reproduction is by tetraspores, cells which divide into four parts—rarely by bispores or two-parted<br />
cells—and seirospores, or chains of oblong cells formed directly from the branches. The sexual fruit,<br />
known as the cystocarp, is developed from a procarp, as has already been explained. The division into<br />
suborders is founded principally on the differences in the cystocarpic fruit, the full development of<br />
which is not known in many cases. Differences in the fronds and tetraspores serve to mark the genera.<br />
Agardh and Harvey divide the Florideæ into two series—the Desmiospermeæ, in which the spores are<br />
arranged in a definite series with regard to a placenta or common point of attachment, and<br />
Gongylospermeæ, where the spores are heaped together without order. A study of the development,<br />
however, shows that this distinction has not the value which it was formerly supposed to have, and<br />
certain suborders with differently arranged spores are by those who lay stress upon the development<br />
placed in proximity to others in which the spores are irregularly grouped. Although, owing to modern<br />
researches, we know much more about the real nature of the cystocarps than was known a few years<br />
ago, it must be admitted that the suborders of Florideæ are far from satisfactory. As a matter of fact,<br />
the order is a very natural one, and, as is the case with most natural orders, the species and genera<br />
pass so gradually into one another that sharply marked divisions are out of the question. At the base of<br />
the order is a small number of genera whose position is doubtful, owing to our lack of information about<br />
the fructification. Then come the Porphyreæ, in which we have fronds of a single layer of cells<br />
(Porphyra) and certain cells grow out so as to form a very short
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 107<br />
trichogyne. After fertilization, the contents of the cell at the base of the trichogyne divide, quadrant<br />
fashion, and we have a number of spores produced at once from the original cell. In Nemalion the<br />
trichophore, or swollen base of the trichogyne, divides, and the divisions grow out laterally and form<br />
short filaments, each cell of which becomes a spore, so that at maturity the cystocarpic fruit consists of<br />
a dense tuft of radiating, moniliform filaments. In the Ceramieæ we have favellæ, or cystocarps, in<br />
which the carpogenic cells bud out and produce several lobes, each of which divides into a number of<br />
very short filaments, which do not separate from one another, but remain adherent. The cells of the<br />
filaments are changed into spores, which form irregular groups, but are still held together by the mass<br />
of jelly which surrounds them. In the more highly developed suborders the spores either radiate in<br />
filaments from a sort of placenta which is produced from the carpogenic cells or else are terminal on<br />
short stalks. The pericarps are special sacks or conceptacles, inclosing the spores and developed from<br />
the cells below the procarp, or we may have the cystocarps borne in the interior of solid fronds, whose<br />
external portion may then be said to form a pericarp around them. It will be seen that the structure of<br />
the Florideæ is more complicated than that of the other orders of algæ, and the student cannot expect<br />
to obtain a clear idea of the different suborders without considerable study. The folio wing key will aid<br />
somewhat, and the reader should consult the plates appended to this paper:<br />
1. Spores formed in the cells of the frond itself ............................... Porphyreæ.<br />
2. Spores (cystocarps) not formed directly from the cells of the frond, but from a special procarp<br />
.................................................................................................................... 3<br />
3. Spores without a special covering or pericarp .............................................. 4<br />
Spores with a special covering....................................................................... 10<br />
4. Spores naked ................................................................................................. 5<br />
Spores immersed in the frond ........................................................................... 7<br />
Spores immersed in external warts ................................................................... 6<br />
5. Spores free on the surface of a lobulated mass .................. Spermothamnieæ.<br />
Spores irregularly grouped in masses which are surrounded by a<br />
gelatinous envelope............................................................................Ceramieæ.<br />
6. Fronds erect, cylindrical........................................................ Spongiocarpeæ.<br />
Fronds horizontally expanded........................................................ Squamarieæ.<br />
7. Spores arranged in dense tufts of radiating moniliform filaments . Nemalieæ.<br />
Spores on an axile placenta in swollen branches .................................Gelidieæ.<br />
Spores in numerous radiating tufts around a central placenta or carpogenic cellSolierieæ.<br />
Spores arranged without order .......................................................................... 8<br />
8. Spores forming a single mass or nucleus and entirely buried in the frond.... 9<br />
Spores in several masses, separated by the tissue of the internal part of the frond and rising in<br />
swellings above the surface.......................................................Gigartineæ.<br />
9. Fronds hollow and tubular ...........................................................Dumontieæ.<br />
Fronds solid.................................................................................Cryptonemieæ.<br />
10. Spores arranged without regular order...................................................... 11<br />
Spores in small, scattered tufts, borne on branching filaments—<br />
Hypneæ. Spores in radiating moniliform filaments ........................................ 12
108<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Spores pyriform, on simple or branching stalks from a basal placenta........... 13<br />
11. Wall of the conceptacle thin, composed of the divisions of an involucre united by jelly<br />
..................................................................................................... Spyridieæ,<br />
Wall of conceptacle thick, sporiferous masses arranged around a placentaRhodymenieæ.<br />
12. Filaments arising from a single cell at the base of a thin membranaceous conceptacle which is<br />
sunk in the frond... Scinaia (Nemalieæ). Filaments arising from a distinct basal placenta,<br />
conceptacles external ..................................................... Sphærococcoideæ.<br />
13. Fronds coated with a calcareous incrustation............................. Corallineæ.<br />
Fronds without incrustation ...........................................................Rhodomeleæ.<br />
FLORIDEÆ INCERTÆ SEDIS.<br />
TRENTEPOHLIA, (Ag.) Prings.<br />
(Named in honor of Johann Friederich Trentepohl, of Oldenburg.)<br />
Fronds arising from a cellular base, filamentous, branching, composed, of short cells<br />
placed end to end, branches ending in a hair; spores single, borne in oval cells<br />
terminating lateral branches; antheridia and tetraspores unknown.<br />
A genus which in the present paper comprises a number of small marine species placed by some writers<br />
in Callithamnion and by others in Chantransia. In the Nereis Am. Bor., Harvey placed T. Daviesii and<br />
T. virgatula in Callithamnion. But cystocarps and antheridia are wanting, and according to Thuret and<br />
Bornet, Areschoug, and Pringsheim, the spores are undivided, although, on the other hand, Agardh and<br />
Harvey state that they are tripartite tetraspores. We have never seen any indication of division in<br />
American specimens. The genus Chantransia as limited by Thuret included not only marine species,<br />
but a number of fresh-water forms. Sirodot, however, in his Étude sur la Famille des Lémanéacées,<br />
Annales des Sciences, 5th Series, Vol. XVI, has shown that at least some of the fresh-water species of<br />
Chantransia are nothing but the initial stage of different species of Lemaneæ. On the other hand,<br />
Chantransia investiens, Lenor., a minute fresh-water alga which grows on different species of<br />
Batrachospermum, and which is made the type of the genus Balbiania by Sirodot, has distinct<br />
antheridia, trichogynes, and cystocarps, and this is also the case with the marine species C. corymbifera<br />
described by Bornet and Thuret in Notes Algologiques. The species of Chantransia, then, may be<br />
divided into two sets. In the first, including C. investiens of fresh water and the marine C. corymbifera,<br />
we have autonomous species related to Callithamnion, and differing in the simpler procarp and<br />
cystocarp and in the undivided non-sexual spores. In the second set we have the numerous fresh-water<br />
Chantransiæ, in which there are no cystocarps, in which the species are not autonomous, but merely<br />
prothalloid stages of other species.<br />
The question remains as to the relations of the marine Chantransiæ in which no cystocarps nor<br />
antheridia have been found. Judging from analogy, if they are initial stages of other plants, those<br />
plants must be members of the Nemalieæ, But the habitat seems to forbid such an assumption, since<br />
the marine Chantransiæ abound on Zostera, Rhodymenia, and other algæ on which certainly no species<br />
of Nemalion or other related genera occur on our coast. We have thought best, in the absence of direct<br />
information with regard to cystocarps and antheridia in the species here included,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 109<br />
to retain the name Trentepohlia which was once adopted by Harvey, and at a later date also by<br />
Pringsheim, since it sufficiently indicates that the species in question should be kept distinct from<br />
Callithamnion, and at the same time does not assume the existence of cystocarps like those described<br />
by Thuret and Bornet in C. corymbifera.<br />
T. VIRGATULA, (Harv.). (Callithamnion virgatulum, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 313; Ner.<br />
Am. Bor., Part II, p. 243.) Pl. X, Fig. 3.<br />
Fronds minute, tufted, branches erect, straight, alternate or secund; spores sessile<br />
or on short stalks, borne either singly or in twos and threes along the branches.<br />
Var. SECUNDATA. (Callithamnion luxurians, Ner. Am. Bor. — C. secundatum,<br />
Lyngb.)<br />
Branches patent, with attenuated, naked, secund, secondary branches.<br />
On Ceramium, Laminaria stems, and other algæ. The variety especially on Zostera.<br />
Common in Long Island Sound; Gloucester, Mass.; Peak’s Island, Maine.<br />
A common species found in summer on different algæ. On the filamentous species it forms small tufts,<br />
and on Zostera it fringes the margins of the leaves with a fine plush scarcely more than a quarter or<br />
half an inch high. The synonymy of the species is very complicated, it having been confused with the<br />
next by some writers. The variety is common on Zostera, and is usually found in American herbaria<br />
bearing the name of C. luxurians. There is little doubt that it is the C. luxurians of the Nereis Am. Bor.,<br />
but whether it is the species described under that name by Agardh is doubtful.<br />
T. DAVIESII, Harv. (Conferva Daviesii, Engl. Bot., Pl. 2329.—Callithamnion Daviesii,<br />
Phyc. Brit., Pl. 314.)<br />
Fronds minute, tufted, branches scattered, patent, bearing in their axils fasciculated<br />
ramuli, at whose tips are borne the spores.<br />
On Rhodymenia.<br />
Gloucester, Mass.<br />
The limits of the species are not well marked. The extreme form is found in C. efflorescent, Thuret, kept<br />
as a distinct species by most writers, in which the branches are few, long, and given off at wide angles,<br />
and the spores borne in dense corymbs or heads in the axils. This form has been found on Cystoclonium<br />
purpurascens at Gay Head.<br />
Among the genera whose relations to the Florideæ must be considered doubtful are Choreocolax and Pseudoblaste,<br />
described by Reinsch in Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam. Of the last-named genus a single species, of<br />
the former five species, are attributed to the eastern coast of America. The species of Choreocolax consist merely of<br />
rose-colored filaments, which are parasitic in the fronds of different Florideæ, upon the surface of which they<br />
produce irregularly swollen masses, composed in part of the threads of the Choreocolax and in part of the distorted<br />
tissues of the host-plant. The species of Pseudoblaste consist of aggregations of cells arranged in longitudinal series,<br />
which form hemispherical masses on the surface of different Florideæ. In neither genus is any form of reproduction<br />
known, and, for this reason, the descriptions of Reinsch must be regarded as inadequate, since it by no means<br />
follows that plants consisting of rose-colored filaments belong to the Florideæ. One often finds on our coast Florideæ<br />
whose
110<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Suborder PORPHYREÆ.<br />
Fronds brownish purple, composed of cells imbedded in a gelatinous net-work,<br />
arranged in filaments or in membranes formed of a single layer of cells; spores<br />
formed by the division of a mother-cell into eight cells, arranged by fours in two<br />
layers; antherozoids spherical, colorless, destitute of proper motion, formed by<br />
division of a mother-cell into 32-64 parts.<br />
The present suborder comprises the genera Porphyra and Bangia, and perhaps also Erythrotrichia and<br />
Gonotrichum. In Porphyra the frond consists of a single layer of cells, of which those near the base send<br />
down wards root-like appendages, by means of which the fronds are attached to the substratum. The<br />
spores are formed at the marginal portion of the frond by the division of the vegetative cells, at first<br />
into two cells by a vertical partition, and the subsequent division of the two cells into four by cruciate<br />
partitions. Thus, when mature and seen from above, the eight spores seem to be arranged in two<br />
superimposed series of four. The spores escape by the dissolution of the outer part of the frond, leaving<br />
behind the empty gelatinous net-work. When free they are found to consist of protoplasm without a<br />
cellulose wall, and they move about for a short time with an amoeboid motion. The antherozoids are<br />
also formed by the division of the vegetative cells, but the division is carried farther than in the<br />
production of the spores, for, in addition to the vertical and cruciate partitions described in the latter<br />
case, a second vertical and cruciate division takes place, so that the original vegetative cell is divided<br />
into 32-64 cells. Janczewski applies the name antheridium to the collective mass of antherozoids<br />
formed from a single vegetative cell. As the division takes place the antherozoids lose their color. When<br />
mature they are spherical and escape in a manner similar to that of the spores. Bornet and Janczewski<br />
state that the antherozoids are destitute of any proper motion, and we can confirm<br />
fronds are distorted by parasites, which produce deformities like those described by Reinsch as due to species of<br />
Choreocolax. Such distortions are perhaps most frequently found on Cystoclonium purpurascens. In our present<br />
ignorance of the fructification, specific identification is out of the question, and, in this connection, it is only<br />
necessary to quote the generic descriptions of Reinsch, l. c., with an enumeration of the species attributed to our<br />
coast:<br />
CHOREOCOLAX. True vegetable parasites; fronds consisting of two portions, one of which extends through the<br />
tissue of the infected plant, the other of which swells above the surface of the infected plant, forming a convex mass,<br />
which is hemispherical or spherical, semi-ellipsoidal or irregular in outline; the cells which are contained in the<br />
infected plant either more slender than the others or of the same shape, cells of external portion equal or unequal,<br />
arranged without order in densely intricate subramose threads, terminal cells sometimes longer and more slender;<br />
fructification?; polysporangia? C. RABENHORSTI. On Delesseria sinuosa, Anticosti; Gloucester, Mass.<br />
C. POLYSIPHONIÆ. On P. fastigiata, Atlantic shore of North America.<br />
C. MIRABILIS. On Rhodomela subfusca, Atlantic shore of North America.<br />
C. AMERICANUS. On Lophura Royana, &c., Atlantic shore of North America.<br />
C. TUMIDUS. On Ceramium involutum, West Gloucester, Mass.<br />
PSEUDOBLASTE. False vegetable parasites; frond convex, more or less regular in outline, formed of similarly<br />
shaped cells, generally arranged in longitudinal series, arising from a densely appressed base (the cells without any<br />
organic connection with the cells of the infected, plant); propagation?<br />
P. IRREGULARIS, On Lophura Royana, Atlantic coast of North America.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 111<br />
this statement by our own observations, although Koschtsug maintains the contrary. The genus<br />
Bangia, except that the cells composing the frond are arranged in cylindrical filaments instead of<br />
expanded membranes, differs in no essential respect from Porphyra and the production of spores and<br />
antherozoids is the same.<br />
The development and structure of the species of this order have formed the subject of a number of<br />
important papers, viz: Porphyra laciniata, in Études Phycologiques, by Bornet and Thuret; Études<br />
Anatomiques sur les Porphyra, by Janczewski, in Annales des Sciences, Ser. 5, Vol. XVII; and Ueber die<br />
Geschlechtspflanzen von Bangia fusco-purpurea, in Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher, Vol. II. In the Nereis.<br />
Am. Bor., Harvey placed Porphyra and Bangia with the Ulvaceæ, which they resemble in so far as they<br />
consist of simple membranes and filaments some of whose cells change directly into spores. The sporee<br />
[sic] of the Porphyreæ, however, are motionless bodies, not zoospores as in the Ulvaceæ, and their color<br />
is not green, but brownish red. The systematic position of the order has been in doubt, because,<br />
although there were well-known spores and bodies to which the name of antheridia was applied, no one<br />
had succeeded in detecting trichogynes and procarps, which must necessarily exist if the Porphyreæ are<br />
to be classed with the Florideæ. Dr. G. Berthold, however, has recently published in the Mittheilungen<br />
aus der zoologischen Station zu Neapel a communication in which he claims to have discovered<br />
trichogynes in species of Bangia and Porphyra. According to him, the cells produce short trichogynes to<br />
which the antherozoids adhere, and as a result the contents of the cell divide and produce the spores at<br />
once. In other words, the Porphyreæ are the simplest of the Florideæ; a vegetative cell produces a<br />
trichogyne and is itself the carpogenic cell from which the spores are formed. Dr. Berthold goes further<br />
and says that some of the spores are nonsexual and are true tetraspores, but his article is not<br />
accompanied by illustrations. Bornet, to a certain extent following Cohn, suggests a possible connection<br />
of the Florideæ with the Phycochromaceæ by means of the Porphyreæ. Admitting that Erythrotrichia<br />
and Goniotrichum are related to Porphyra and Bangia, we have in Goniotrichum algæ composed of<br />
rose-colored discoid al cells packed in a thick gelatinous tube, from which they escape much as in some<br />
of the Phycochromaceæ.<br />
PORPHYRA, Ag.<br />
(From πορφυρα [porphyra], a purple dye.)<br />
Fronds gelatinous, membranaceous, composed of a single layer of brownish-red cells,<br />
those near the base sending out root-like processes; spores borne near the margin of<br />
frond, eight arising from a single mother-cell; antheridia marginal, consisting of 32-<br />
64 spherical, colorless antherozoids.<br />
A small genus, the species of which are characterized by the relative position of the spores and<br />
antheridia and by the shape of the frond. Most of the species have been founded on variations in the<br />
outline of the frond, and recent writers agree in uniting many of the species of the older algologists.<br />
P. LACINIATA, Ag.—Laver. (P. linearis, Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 211, Fig. 2.—P.<br />
vulgaris, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 211, Fig. 1.—P. laciniata, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 92;<br />
Études Phycol., Pl. 31.)<br />
Fronds three inches to a foot and a half long, persistent throughout the year, color<br />
livid purple, substance gelatinous but firm, at first linear, but becoming widely<br />
expanded and finally much lobed and laciniate; antheridia and spores forming a<br />
marginal zone, usually borne
112<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
on different individuals, or when borne on the same individual not intermixed, but<br />
on separate portions of the frond.<br />
Common on stones near low-water mark.<br />
Found in all parts of the world.<br />
This common species abounds on rather smooth stones and pebbles, and when the tide falls covers<br />
them with slimy films, which make walking over them difficult. The shape of the fronds is very<br />
variable, but as generally found they are much folded and laciniate. The species is used for making<br />
soups in Europe, but is not used in this country, except by the Chinese, who import it from China, not<br />
knowing that it occurs abundantly on our own coast. P. leucosticta probably occurs in New England, but<br />
has not yet certainly been observed. It is a spring species, softer and brighter colored than P. laciniata,<br />
and the antheridia and spores are found on the same individual, forming spots within the margin<br />
rather than a marginal zone.<br />
BANGIA, Lyngb.<br />
(Named in honor of Niels Hofmann Bang, of Copenhagen.)<br />
Fronds gelatinous, simple, filamentous, cylindrical, densely tufted, composed below<br />
of a single row of cells, which, by repeated vertical division, become densely cellular<br />
above; antheridia and spores formed by transformation of the cells of the upper part<br />
of the filaments.<br />
A small genus, of which most of the species are marine, but some are found in fresh water. The species<br />
are not well characterized, for the differences in the length of the filaments, color, and number of cells<br />
seen in cross-section, marks upon which most writers have relied, depend to a great extent upon the<br />
age of the plant and its place of growth.<br />
B. FUSCO-PURPUREA, Lyngb.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 96; Reinke, l. c.‚ Pls. 12, 13.<br />
Filaments blackish purple, two to six inches long, clustered in dense masses,<br />
lubricous; antheridia and spores usually on different individuals.On wharves and<br />
rocks between tide-marks.<br />
Rather common along the whole coast.<br />
Easily recognized by the fine, soft, dark-purple filaments, which cover rocks and wood work in patches<br />
of considerable size with a dense gelatinous fleece. Although found on wharves in sheltered localities, it<br />
also occurs on rocks exposed to the waves.<br />
ERYTHROTRICHIA, Aresch.<br />
(From ερυθρος [erythros], red, and τριχιον [trichion], a small hair.)<br />
Fronds rose-colored, simple, filamentous, composed of a single row of similar cells<br />
placed end to end; cell contents discharged in a spherical mass, which forms a spore.<br />
A small genus, whose principal representative, E. ceramicola, is by many writers placed in Bangia. As<br />
we understand the genus, it differs from Bangia in that there are no antheridia or tetraspores, the<br />
reproduction being accomplished by the discharge of the cell contents in a single mass or spore. If<br />
Bangia ciliaris of the Nereis, which
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 113<br />
occurs at Charleston but is not known farther north, is also to be included in the present genus, then<br />
the definition given above will have to be modified so as to include plants having more than one row of<br />
cells, an extension of the genus apparently adopted by Thuret, but not originally adopted by Areschoug.<br />
E. CERAMICOLA, (Lyngb.) Aresch. (Bangia ceramicola, Chauvin; Phyc. Brit., Pl.<br />
317.—E. ceramicola, Le Jolis, Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg, Pl. 3, Figs. 1,<br />
2.)<br />
Filaments diffuse, forming a web or fringe on algæ, cells about as long as broad.<br />
On algæ, especially the smaller Florideæ, in tide-pools. Late summer and autumn.<br />
Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Cochrane; Peak’s Island, Maine, W. G. F.;<br />
Europe.<br />
In examining with the microscope the filamentous Florideæ one often meets with a few filaments of this<br />
species. It is not, however, common to find it in such abundance on the shore as to attract the eye of the<br />
collector who is not especially in search of it. It attains its full size in the month of September.<br />
? GONIOTRICHUM, Kütz.<br />
(From γωνια [gonia], an angle, and τριχιον [trichion], a small hair.)<br />
Fronds filamentous, branching, composed of rose-colored, disk-shaped cells,<br />
embedded in jelly.<br />
A genus composed of only two or three species. Kützing describes two species, but his limitation of them<br />
is not now kept by algologists. Zanardini describes and figures a G. cœrulescens, which is not red in any<br />
sense. The systematic position of the genus is very doubtful, and were it not for the color of the cells, G.<br />
elegans would probably be placed in the Nostochineæ. The only reproduction known consists in the<br />
escape of the cells from the gelatinous sheath and a division into two new cells, then into four, and so<br />
on until a new filament is formed.<br />
G. ELEGANS, Zanard. (Bangia elegans, Chauv.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 246.) Filaments about<br />
.02 mm in diameter; cells cuboidal or ovate, about .009-10 mm in diameter.<br />
On Dasya elegans.<br />
Cotuit Port, Mass., Mrs. J. T. Lusk; Europe.<br />
A small and rare plant, growing in tufts scarcely a tenth of an inch high. We have only one American<br />
specimen, collected by Mrs. Lusk, of Gloucester. The locality was incorrectly given in the List of the<br />
Marine Algæ of the United States, Proc. Am. Acad., 1875, the specimen not having been found by Mrs.<br />
Lusk at Gloucester, font at Cotuit, Mass.<br />
SUBORDER SQUAMARIEÆ.<br />
Fronds forming horizontally expanded crusts, usually membranaceous, occasionally<br />
somewhat incrusted with lime, composed of closely packed vertical filaments arising<br />
from a horizontal stratum of cells; fructification either in external protuberances<br />
composed of parallel filaments S. Miss. 59——8
114<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
or immersed in the frond; antherozoids formed from the cells of the protuberances or<br />
the superficial cells of the frond; cystocarps composed of few spores arranged end to<br />
end in a few rows, or in filaments which branch slightly; tetraspores zonate or<br />
cruciate, stalked or attached laterally to the filaments of the frond or protuberances.<br />
A small order, more abundant in tropical seas than on our coast, comprising species which in habit<br />
resemble lichens rather than algæ. A few species, as Peyssonnelia squamaria and P. australis, attain a<br />
considerable size, and are distinctly foliaceous. The greater part of the species, however, form closely<br />
adherent crusts, which are sometimes more or less gelatinous and sometimes slightly calcareous. The<br />
structure of the fronds is simple. From a horizontal base, composed of a single layer or a few layers of<br />
cells, arise vertical filaments, which in some genera are densely united so as to form a parenchymatous<br />
frond, or in others are only slightly held together by a gelatinous intercellular substance. The<br />
fructification is found either in external raised spots or sunk in the frond. The antheridia are either<br />
formed directly from the cells of the filaments which constitute the protuberances or from the external<br />
cells of the fronds themselves. The tetraspores are either cruciate or zonate, and their position<br />
constitutes an important generic mark. The development of the systocarps is known in only a few<br />
species. In Peyssonnelia, according to Dr. Bornet, the procarp is formed from the cells of the filaments,<br />
which form the protuberances. The upper cell elongates and forms the trichogyne, and the fertilization<br />
consists merely in the change of the cells of the procarp into spores, thus constituting a very simple<br />
form of cystocarp, to which Zanardini has given the name of cystidie. According to Prof. Fr. Schmitz, in<br />
Cruoriopsis cruciata, Dufour, there are winding filaments like those described by Thuret and Bornet in<br />
Dudresnaya. We have but few Squamarieæ on our coast, and the study of the suborder cannot easily be<br />
pursued with us.<br />
PEYSSONNELIA, Decaisne.<br />
(Named in honor of J. A. Peyssonnel.)<br />
Fronds horizontally expanded, attached by the under surface; substance<br />
parenchymatous throughout; fructification in external convex protuberances<br />
(nemathecia) composed of slender parallel filaments, on which are borne the<br />
antheridia, cystocarps, and tetraspores; antherozoids produced in all the cells of the<br />
nemathecial filaments; tetraspores cruciate, oblong, sessile or shortly stalked;<br />
cystocarps composed of few spores, placed one over another in one or two rows or in<br />
short, branching filaments.<br />
A small genus, comprising probably not more than twelve or fifteen good species. P. squamaria,<br />
common in Southern Europe, is not known with us. It may be that several of the species described by<br />
Crouan in the Annales des Sciences and the Florule du Finistère occur with us; but it must be<br />
confessed that from the description given by Crouan it would be by no means an easy matter to<br />
recognize them. Those who have an opportunity for dredging on shelly bottoms at localities like Gay<br />
Head, Block Island, Montauk, or Eastport should make a careful search for species of the present<br />
genus.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 115<br />
P. DUBYI, Crouan; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 71; Florule du Finistère, Pl. 19, Fig. 130; Proc. Am.<br />
Acad. Arts & Sciences, 1877, p. 239.<br />
Fronds dark purple, thin, completely adherent to the substratum, somewhat<br />
calcareous beneath; cystocarpic spores few in number (4-6), arranged in one or two<br />
rows.<br />
On shells and stones at low-water mark and in deep water.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Magnolia, Mass.; Europe; California.<br />
As yet only found in a sterile condition, apparently not common. The species might possibly be<br />
mistaken for Petrocelis cruenta at first sight. It is, however, more decidedly reddish and thicker. Under<br />
the microscope the structure of the frond is seen to be parenchymatous throughout, while in Petrocelis<br />
the vertical filaments are nearly free from one another. P. imbricata, Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Pl. 90, from<br />
Newfoundland, is a doubtful species, which is not likely to be recognized by future botanists.<br />
PETROCELIS, J. Ag.<br />
(From πετρος [petros], a stone, and κηλις [kelis], a stain.)<br />
Fronds gelatino-coriaceous, horizontally expanded, indefinite in outline, adhering<br />
closely to the substratum, vertical filaments united below, but above rather loosely<br />
held together by a gelatinous substance; antheridia and cystocarps unknown;<br />
tetraspores spherical, cruciate, formed directly from some of the cells of the vertical<br />
filaments.<br />
A genus represented by a single species, which is widely diffused in the North Atlantic. At once<br />
recognized by the peculiar position of the cruciate tetraspores, which are in the continuity of the<br />
vertical filaments. There is usually only a single tetraspore in each filament, but Ruprecht, in<br />
Phycologia Ochotensis, figures a form in which several contiguous cells are transformed into<br />
tetraspores.<br />
P. CRUENTA, J. Ag. (Cruoria pellita, Harv., in Phyc. Brit., Pl. 117, non C. pellita,<br />
Lyngb.) Pl. 14, fig. 1.<br />
Covering rocks and stones near low-water mark with a dark purple, velvety stain.<br />
Common from Nahant northward; Europe.<br />
The present species often accompanies Hildenbrandtia rosea, from which it is distinguished at sight by<br />
its darker color and velvety gloss when moist. It is also decidedly thicker and more easily scraped from<br />
the rocks. The species is not yet known south of Cape Cod, but may be expected. The fronds of the<br />
present species are infested by a green unicellular parasite, which is frequently seen in the shape of<br />
ovoid sacks, drawn out at the lower end into a slender stalk amongst the vertical filaments. It is, in all<br />
probability, the parasite mentioned by Cohn, in Ueber einige Algen von Helgoland, as occurring in<br />
Cruoria pellita, to which, as far as we know, no name has as yet been given.<br />
HILDENBRANDTIA, Nardo.<br />
(Named in honor of Prof. Franz Edler Hildenbrandt, of Vienna.)<br />
Fronds crustaceous, without calcareous deposit, forming thin, reddish, horizontal<br />
expansions of indefinite extent, composed of cuboidal cells arranged in vertical lines<br />
and arising from a horizontal basal layer;
116<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
tetraspores lining the walls of immersed conceptacles, zonate, cruciate, or<br />
irregularly placed; cystocarps unknown.<br />
A small genus, comprising half a dozen species, which form thin crusts on rocks and stones both in salt<br />
and fresh water. The systematic position of the genus is doubtful, and must remain so until the<br />
cystocarps are known. Since the tetraspores are borne in special conceptacles, the genus has been<br />
placed by some writers with the Corallineæ, although the species are not strictly calcareous. By others<br />
it is placed with the Squamarieæ. Antheridia are only known in H. rivularis, where they are said by<br />
Borzi to be long cylindrical cells formed from the superficial cells of the thallus, each cell containing a<br />
number of spherical antherozoids arranged one above another.<br />
H. ROSEA, Kütz. (H. rubra, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 250; Farlow, in Report of U. S. Fish<br />
Comm. for 1871.)<br />
Fronds thin, closely adherent to the substratum, cells of nearly the same size in all<br />
parts of the frond; conceptacles numerous, completely immersed, spherical;<br />
tetraspores either zonate or irregularly divided, lining the walls of the conceptacles<br />
and mixed with filiform, slender paraphyses.<br />
On stones and rocks near low-water mark.<br />
Everywhere common.<br />
One of our commonest species, which forms continuous thin crusts, often of considerable extent, tinging<br />
the rocks with a pinkish or somewhat brownish color; not easily mistaken for any other alga on our<br />
coast, except possibly young forms of Petrocelis, which is, however, thicker, more velvety in appearance,<br />
and darker in color.<br />
Suborder NEMALIEÆ.<br />
(Heminthocladieæ, Agardh & Harvey.)<br />
Fronds more or less gelatinous or occasionally coated with a calcareous deposit,<br />
filamentous, branching, formed of an axial portion composed of elongated<br />
longitudinal filaments, which give off short, corymbose, horizontal branches, which<br />
constitute the cortical portion; antheridia in tufts on the superficial cells; cystocarps<br />
immersed in the frond, borne on the peripheral filaments, composed of densely<br />
packed chains of spores radiating from a central cell, either without any proper<br />
envelope, or with a filamentous involucre or surrounded by a proper membranous<br />
pericarp; tetraspores?<br />
A comparatively small suborder, comprising species whose fronds, except in color, resemble the fronds<br />
of the Chordarieæ in the Phæosporeæ, since they consist of an axis composed of longitudinal filaments<br />
and a cortex of short, much-branched horizontal filaments. All our species are soft and somewhat<br />
gelatinous, but the species of Liagora, which abound in the tropics and are found in Southern Europe<br />
and in this country in Florida and California, have a more or less distinct coating of carbonate of lime.<br />
The procarps and cystocarps in this suborder are very simple. There are a few species belonging to the<br />
genus Batrachospermum which occur in fresh water. In that genus the formation of the cystocarps is<br />
very simple. The trichogyne and trichopore are represented by a single large cell, constircted [sic] near<br />
the base. After fertilization the chains of spores are formed directly from the part below the<br />
constriction. In
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 117<br />
Nemalion the procarp consists of a short branch composed of a few cells, the upper of which enlarges<br />
and bears a hair-like trichogyne. The fruit in Nemalion has no special covering, but in Helminthora and<br />
Helminthocladia the lower cells of the procarp produce whorls of filaments which form an involucre<br />
around the spores, and in Scinaia they produce a membranous sack which opens at the apex, so that<br />
when ripe the fruit consists of a conceptacle opening outwards, at whose base is borne a tuft of spores<br />
arranged in filaments. With regard to the tetraspores in the present suborder, a difference of opinion<br />
exists. Contrary to what is found in other Florideæ, the cystocarpic individuals are common, whereas<br />
tetrasporic individuals are unknown except in Nemalion, in which genus, on the authority of Agardh,<br />
they are borne in the superficial cells and are tripartite.<br />
NEMALION, Duby.<br />
(From νηµα [nema], a thread.)<br />
Fronds gelatinous, cylindrical, solid, repeatedly dichotomous, cortical filaments<br />
corymbose, giving off descending branches, which unite with the axial filaments;<br />
antheridia in tufts on the superficial cells; procarps borne at the base of the<br />
corymbose branches, consisting of few cells; cystocarps immersed, without special<br />
covering, sporiferous filaments radiating from the trichophore; “tetraspores<br />
tripartite in the superficial” cells. (Agardh.)<br />
A small genus, comprising seven or eight species, only one of which, N. multifidum, is widely diffused.<br />
N. MULTIFIDUM, Ag., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 36. (Mesogloia multifida, Ag., Syst.) Pl. 12, Fig.<br />
1.<br />
Fronds brownish purple, lubricous, two to eight inches long, cylindrical, several<br />
times dichotomous, axils obtuse.<br />
On exposed rocks at low-water mark. Summer.<br />
From Watch Hill, R. I., northward; Europe.<br />
Not uncommon on rocks exposed to the action of the waves. Commonly found with cystocarps, but no<br />
tetraspores have been seen on American specimens. In the Nereis the species is said to have been<br />
collected at Bangor, Maine, by Mr. Hooper. This must be an error, however, since Bangor is on the<br />
Penobscot River, above the limit of salt water. Specimens of the present species are so gelatinous as to<br />
dry with difficulty. They should be exposed in the air for two or three hours before pressing.<br />
SCINAIA, Bivona.<br />
(In honor of Domenico Scina, of Palermo.)<br />
Fronds subgelatinous, dichotomous, cylindrical or compressed, axis small, composed<br />
of slender colorless filaments, horizontal filaments ending in short corymbs of small,<br />
round, colored cells, the centers of all the corymbs bearing large, colorless,<br />
cylindrical cells, which by their juxtaposition form an epidermis over the whole<br />
frond; antheridia in small tufts on the superficial cells; cystocarps borne just below<br />
the cortical layer, consisting of membranous sacks opening externally, with a tuft of<br />
spore-bearing filaments attached to the base; tetraspores unknown.
118<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
A small genus, containing at the most only four or five species, of which S. furcellata is widely<br />
distributed. The genus is unmistakable on microscopic examination by the slender axis and large<br />
colorless cylindrical cells which cover the surface of the fronds, and by the peculiar cystocarps which<br />
are visible to the naked eye as dark red grains just under the surface. The species should be studied<br />
from living or alcoholic specimens, since, owing to the delicate substance, pressed specimens are badly<br />
distorted.<br />
S. FURCELLATA, Bivona. (Ginannia furcellata, Mont.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 69.—S.<br />
furcellata, Notes Algologiques, Pl. 6.)<br />
Fronds solitary or clustered, cylindrical, rising from a disk-like base, several times<br />
dichotomous, divisions regular, apices obtuse.<br />
On stones and shells in five to ten fathoms.<br />
Newport, R. I., Bailey; Gay Head, Mass., W. G. F.<br />
A rare species with us, but widely distributed throughout the world, being found in most warm seas. In<br />
size and regularity of its dichotomous branching it resembles Polyides rotundas, but is much more<br />
delicate in substance and brighter colored. With us it is only known at a considerable depth and in<br />
rather cold waters, but in the Mediterranean it is frequent in warm shallow waters. It is not uncommon<br />
on shells of Mytilus near the Devil’s Bridge, Vineyard Sound, Mass., and is found washed ashore in the<br />
neighboring beach of Gay Head. The Californian form of what is supposed to be the same species is<br />
much more robust, and the var. undulaa, [sic] which Montagne considered a distinctspecies [sic], is<br />
somewhat compresed [sic] and constricted at intervals. When pressed the specimens are quite flat and<br />
the axis is plainly seen, giving the appearance of a membranous frond with a midrib.<br />
SUBORDER SPERMOTHAMNIEÆ.<br />
Fronds filamentous, monosiphonous, branching; antheridia tufted; cystocarps<br />
involucrate, spores borne free on the surface of a lobulated mass produced by the<br />
carpogenic cells.<br />
In this suborder we would place Spermothamnion and Bornetia, separated from Callithamnion and<br />
Griffithsia, respectively, in consequence of the spores being borne free.<br />
SPERMOTHAMNION, Aresch.<br />
(From σπερµα [sperma], a seed, and θαµνιον [thamnion], a small bush.)<br />
Fronds tufted, composed of procumbent monosiphonous filaments attached to the<br />
substratum by disk-shaped cells and vertical branching filaments; antheridia sessile<br />
on the inner side of the branches, composed of oval or cylindrical masses of small<br />
cells; cystocarps terminal on the branches, surrounded by an involucre of short<br />
incurved branchlets, spores free from one another and not surrounded by a<br />
gelatinous envelope; tetraspores tripartite, single or aggregated, borne on the inner<br />
side of the branchlets.<br />
A small genus, comprising, as far as known, less than half a dozen species, separated from<br />
Callithamnion because the spores at maturity are borne free on the surface of a lobulated mass which<br />
arises from the development of the carpogenic cells, and not, as
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 119<br />
in Callithamnion, held together by a gelatinous envelope. The trichophoric apparatus and the early<br />
stages of the development of the cystocarps, however, scarcely differ in the two genera. The species of<br />
Spermothamnion have been considered related to Wrangelia, but if we are to regard W. penicillata as<br />
the type of the last-named genus, as has been done by Thuret and Bornet in Notes Algologiques, the<br />
resemblance is not close. In spite of the fact that the fruit of Spermothamnion is not a true favella,<br />
there is little doubt that the genus should be placed in the Ceramieæ, near Callithamnion. The<br />
development of the genus has been very thoroughly studied and has formed the subject of several<br />
admirable papers, among which maybe mentioned Pringsheim’s account of S. roseolum, in his Beiträge<br />
zur Morphologie der Meeres-Algen; Nægeli on S. Turneri and hermaphroditum, in Beiträge zur<br />
Morphologie und Systematik der Ceramiaceæ; and Thuret and Bornet on Spermothamnion flabellatum,<br />
in Notes Algologiques.<br />
S. TURNERI, Aresch. (Callithamnion Turneri, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 179; Ner. Am. Bor.,<br />
Part III, p. 241.—S. roseolum, Pringsh., l. c.?—Herpothamnion Turneri, Næg.)<br />
Fronds forming densely matted tufts, procumbent filaments branching, attached by<br />
disk-like cells, vertical filaments one to three inches high, simple or slightly<br />
branching, naked below, pinnate above with opposite or sometimes alternate<br />
spreading pinnate branches, ultimate branches long and slender, often ending in a<br />
hair; antheridia ovate or cylindrical, sessile on the upper side of the branches;<br />
cystocarps involucrate, terminal on the branches; tetraspores tripartite, borne on the<br />
upper side of the ramuli, either solitary and pedicellate or clustered and sessile on<br />
short fastigiate branches.<br />
Var. VARIABILE, Harv.<br />
Branches and branchlets alternate or secund.<br />
In very dense tufts on algæ at low-water mark or in deep water.<br />
Common in Long Island Sound; var. variabile, Boston, Dr. Durkee.<br />
A species which is often found washed ashore in dense globose tufts from our southern limit to<br />
Nantucket. At the latter locality it is often found in very large quantities washed from deep water by<br />
the surf on Siasconsett Beach. The filaments are delicate and of a pleasant lake color. North of Cape<br />
Cod the species is hardly known with certainty. Specimens collected at Noank, Conn., have both<br />
tetraspores and young cystocarps on the same individual, but we have never seen antheridia on<br />
American specimens. Our plant seems to be the same as that figured by Pringsheim under the name of<br />
S. roseolum, and also corresponds closely to the species of that name in Algæ Scandinavicæ, No. 83. It<br />
appears without doubt to be the C. Turneri of the Phycologia Britannica and the Nereis, but we are<br />
unable to say whether it is the true C. roseolum of Agardh.<br />
SUBORDER CERAMIEÆ.<br />
Fronds filamentous or compressed, either monosiphonous or with a more or less<br />
corticated monosiphonous axis; antheridia in sessile tufts or patches or in a series of<br />
whorls; cystocarps (favellæ) composed of spores arranged without order and<br />
surrounded by a gelatinous envelope, naked or involucrate.
120<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
A large order of filamentous algæ, many of which are monosiphonous throughout, while others are<br />
corticated either throughout or partially. The position of the antheridia and tetraspores varies in the<br />
different species. The cystocarp is a favella, which is either naked or surrounded by an involucre<br />
arising from the cells below the carpogenic cells. In cases where the frond consists of an axis with dense<br />
whorls of branches the favellæ may be partly concealed but not really immersed in the frond. The order<br />
is tolerably distinct. The fronds resemble closely those of the Wrangelieæ, and on the other hand the<br />
order passes gradually into the Cryptonemieæ by the genera Gloiosiphonia, Calosiphonia, and<br />
Nemastoma, in which the fruit is properly a favella, but is immersed in the comparatively dense outer<br />
portion of the frond instead of being free as in the Ceramieæ. In fact, it is difficult to say in which<br />
suborder Gloiosiphonia should be placed.<br />
1. Tetraspores external, occupying the place of a branchlet or ultimate cell .... 3<br />
2. Tetraspores wholly or partly immersed, formed from the corticating cells .. 4<br />
3. Fronds filamentous, monosiphonous, or with a false cortex composed of descending filaments,<br />
favellæ naked or with only a rudiment ary involucre........... Callithamnion.<br />
Fronds filamentous, monosiphonous, dichotomous, favellæ involucrateGriffithsia.<br />
Fronds filamentous, branches densely whorled on the axis, favellæ involucrateHalurus.<br />
Fronds compressed, corticated, decompound-pinnate, favellæ involucratePtilota.<br />
4. Fronds filamentous, monosiphonous, cortications at the nodes and extending over the internodes<br />
.................................................................................................... Ceramium.<br />
CALLITHAMNION, Lyngb.<br />
(From καλλος [kallos], beauty, and θαµνιον [thamnion], a small shrub.)<br />
Fronds filamentous, branching, filaments either monosiphonous throughout or<br />
becoming corticated by the growth of descending, rhizoidal filaments; antheridia<br />
forming hemispherical or ellipsoidal tufts on the branches; cystocarps composed of<br />
irregular masses of roundish spores covered by a gelatinous envelope (favellæ);<br />
tetraspores tripartite, cruciate, or polysporic; seirospores present in some species.<br />
A large and beautiful genus, of which nearly 150 species have been described. Although the genus had<br />
been divided into a number of smaller genera, the number of species still retained in Callithamnion<br />
proper is large. Nægeli, in his paper on the Morphology of the Ceramiaceæ, divides Callithamnion into<br />
a number of genera and subgenera, but we have thought best to retain the genus in an extended sense,<br />
regarding Nægeli’s division as subgenera. Spermothamnion, included by Nægeli in Herpothamnium,<br />
has been separated because the cystocarpic fruit is not strictly a favella as in Callithamnion proper.<br />
Seirospora is still retained, although it is possible that it could safely be separated as a distinct genus.<br />
The frond in Callithamnion is composed, in the beginning, of rows of cells arranged in branching<br />
filaments. In the subgenus Rhodochorton, whose relative position is doubtful because the cystocarps<br />
have not yet been observed, there are procumbent filaments, from which arise vertical branching<br />
filaments. In the other
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 121<br />
species of Callithamnion, as here understood, the procumbent filaments are wanting or imperfectly<br />
developed, and the erect filaments either remain throughout monosiphonous, that is composed of single<br />
rows of cells, or become corticated by the growth of descending filaments, which proceed either from the<br />
base of the branches or from the cells of the main filaments. The false cortication formed by the<br />
interlacing of these filaments is precisely analogous to what is found in some species of Ectocarpus and<br />
related genera. The filaments in Callithamnion are either all indeterminate in growth, or else, as in the<br />
subgenus Antithamnion, they are of two kinds; the main filaments being indefinite and the branches<br />
definite, so that we have indefinitely elongating stems clothed with short, definite branches, or, to use<br />
the expression of Nægeli, with leaves. The antheridia are generally in the form of short tufts of hyaline<br />
cells, situated on the upper branches. In the present genus it is not rare to find species in which<br />
antheridia, cystocarps, and tetraspores are borne on the same individuals, a union rarely to be seen in<br />
the Florideæ. The cystocarps are often binate, which is easily understood if one considers the structure<br />
of the procarp, which is formed as follows: One of the cells of the young branches enlarges and is then<br />
divided by partitions parallel to the length of the branch into a central or axial cell and a number of<br />
peripheral cells, generally four. One of the peripheral cells is then divided into an upper and one or<br />
more lower cells by a transverse partition, and the upper cell then loses its color and grows upwards<br />
into a very long trichogyne. The antherozoids unite with the tip of the trichogyne, and the fertilizing<br />
influence is propagated through the trichogyne and the cells at its base to the two lateral peripheral<br />
cells, which then enlarge and divide on opposite sides of the axis and form eventually a bipartite<br />
favella. The tetraspores are either tripartite or cruciate. In the subgenus Seirospora there is a form of<br />
non-sexual spore known as seirospores, in which at the extremity of the branches are formed tufts<br />
composed of chains of oval bodies, each one of which is capable of germinating.<br />
As is apt to be the case in a large genus, the species of Callithamnion are not well defined. Certain<br />
groups of species are distinct, but writers are not agreed as to the limits of the species in each group. By<br />
some a great many species are allowed which others regard as mere varieties. On our coast C. Baileyi,<br />
C. byssoideum, C. corymbosum, and perhaps others might be indefinitely split up, but we have<br />
preferred to adopt the opposite view. Within certain limits collectors may be expected to make out our<br />
species of Callithamnion, but it must often happen that forms are found which cannot with certainty be<br />
referred to any of the described species. That such forms are, as a rule, new species cannot be accepted,<br />
but botanists having large sets of species of the present genus soon become very liberal in the<br />
interpretation-of specific limitations.<br />
SUBGENUS RHODOCHORTON, Næg.<br />
Fronds composed of procumbent filaments, from which arise vertical monopodial<br />
filaments; cortications wanting; tetraspores cruciate.<br />
C. ROTHII, Lyngb. (Rhodochorton Rothii, Næg.—Thamnidium Rothii, Thuret, in Le<br />
Jolis’s Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg, Pl. 5, Figs. 1-2.—C. Rothii, Phyc.<br />
Brit., Pl. 120 b.)<br />
Fronds forming indefinite patches half an inch high, vertical filaments slender,<br />
naked below, bearing a few erect, appressed branches above, which become at the<br />
time of fructification congested and corymbose, bearing at their tips cruciate<br />
tetraspores; antheridia and cystocarps unknown.<br />
Forming dense velvety patches on rocks between tide-marks.
122<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Common from New York northward; California; Europe.<br />
A common species, especially frequenting the under surface of rocks and stones near low-water mark. It<br />
has not yet been found with us in fruit, but Californian specimens bear tetraspores. In Europe the time<br />
of fructification is the spring, and the species should be examined at that season on our own coast.<br />
Harvey states that the tetraspores are tripartite, but other writers—as Thuret, Agardh, and Nægeli—<br />
agree in asserting that they are cruciate. In Californian specimens the formation of the tetraspores is<br />
somewhat irregular, and although in most cases the cruciate division is plain enough, in others it<br />
seems to be rather tripartite.<br />
SUBGENUS ANTITHAMNION, Thuret.<br />
Branches opposite or whorled, without cortication; tetraspores cruciate.<br />
C. CRUCIATUM, Ag. (Antithamnion cruciatum, Næg.—C. cruciatum, Phyc. Brit., Pl.<br />
164.)<br />
Fronds tufted, one or two inches high, main branches sparingly and irregularly<br />
branched, secondary branches short, borne in twos or fours just below the nodes,<br />
always regularly opposite, and when in twos the succeeding pairs at right angles to<br />
one another, below subdistant, at the apex densely approximate and corymbose,<br />
pinnate with erect, alternate, distichous branchlets; tetraspores cruciate, sessile, or<br />
shortly stalked at the base of the secondary branches.<br />
On wharves at low-water mark and on algæ in shallow water.<br />
Red Hook, N. Y., Harvey; Orient, L. I.; Noank, Conn.; Wood’s Holl and several<br />
localities in Vineyard Sound, W. G. F.; Europe.<br />
Not common, but, on the other hand, not rare south of Cape Cod. It is a small and not very beautiful<br />
species when growing, but rather pretty when pressed. It is distinguished from the following species by<br />
its small size and sparingly branched main branches and by its tetrastichous, not distichous, secondary<br />
branches, which are densely approximate at the tips, so that in dried specimens the plant is rather pale<br />
except at the tips. Cystocarps and antheridia have never been found on our coast. Crouan states that<br />
the cystocarps, which are rare, are large, rounded, and slightly lobed. The branches of the present<br />
species, as well on our own shore as in Europe, are beset with small cysts with oily contents—the<br />
Chytridium plumulæ of Cohn. The same parasite is also found on the branches of C. Pylaisæi and C.<br />
plumula on the New England coast.<br />
C. FLOCCOSUM, Ag. (C. floccosum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 81.—Pterothamnion floccosum,<br />
Næg.)<br />
Fronds three to six inches long, capillary, main branches irregularly and sparingly<br />
branched below, above with numerous alternate branches, which give the tips of the<br />
frond a rhombic-ovoid outline, clothed throughout with short, simple, opposite,<br />
distichous, subulate, secondary branches; tetraspores cruciate, sessile or on short<br />
stalks on the lower part of the secondary branches.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 123<br />
On submerged algæ.<br />
Eastport, Maine, W. G. F.; Portland, Maine, C. B. Fuller; Gloucester, Mass., Mrs.<br />
Bray and Mrs. Davis; South Boston, Dr. Durkee; Northern Europe.<br />
A beautiful and easily distinguished species, found only in the colder waters of the Atlantic, a variety<br />
occurring as far south as South Barbara, on the coast of California. It is apparently not uncommon in<br />
spring from Boston northward, sometimes occurring in company with C. Pylaisæi. It is rare, however,<br />
on the northern coast of Scotland. It is easily distinguished from its allies in this latitude by the simple,<br />
subulate, secondary branches with which the main branches are clothed throughout.<br />
C. PYLAISÆI, Mont. (Wrangelia Pylaisæi, Ag. Sp.—C. Pylaisæi, Ner. Am. Bor., Part<br />
II, Pl. 36 b.—Pterothamnion Pylaisæi, Næg.)<br />
Fronds three to six inches long, main branches alternately decompound, secondary<br />
branches short, rather stout, opposite, distichous, once or twice pinnate with short<br />
subulate ramuli; tetraspores cruciate, sessile on the ramuli; favellæ binate on the<br />
upper branches.<br />
On wharves and algæ below low-water mark.<br />
Orient, L. I., Miss Booth; Wood’s Holl, Mass.; and common from Nahant northward.<br />
A common species of the Atlantic coast from Boston northward, but much less abundant southward. It<br />
is found early in the spring on wharves and washed ashore with other algæ, but in the summer it is<br />
only seen in a dwarfed and battered condition. It is sometimes found in company with C. Americanum,<br />
and it is by no means beyond a doubt that the two species are really distinct. In C. Pylaisæi the<br />
filaments are more robust, and the cells themselves shorter and broader than in C. Americanum, the<br />
main branches are less decompound and spreading, and the apical branches are more erect and<br />
compact. It is, however, in the secondary branches that the difference is best seen. In C. Pylaisæi they<br />
are short and thick, and the ultimate divisions are broadly subulate. In C. Americanum they are long,<br />
slender, and flexuous. Those who have only seen the typical forms of the two species would scarcely<br />
believe that they were not very distinct species. The collector, however, especially on our northern<br />
coast, often finds transitions between the two. At the time the Nereis was written the cystocarpic fruit<br />
was unknown, and the species seemed to Agardh to belong rather to the genus Wrangelia. The fruit,<br />
which is not uncommon in the spring, is distinctly the same as in Callithamnion, and is a true favella.<br />
The antheridia differ from those of C. corymbosum and its allies. Instead of forming sessile,<br />
hemispherical tufts on the internodes of the branches, as in the last-named species, the antheridia of C.<br />
Pylaisæi are in the form of rather loosely branching tufts inserted at the nodes of the secondary<br />
branches, and occupy the position of the ultimate branches, reminding one somewhat of the antheridia<br />
of C. graniferum, Menegh., figured by Zanardini in Phycologia Adriatica, Pl. 11, or the figure of C.<br />
polyspermum in Phycologia Britannica. As far as our observations go, the antheridia and cystocarps of<br />
the present species are on different individuals. The color, when dried, is usually somewhat brownish,<br />
and decidedly less rose-colored than in C. Americanum.<br />
C. AMERICANUM, Harv., Nereis Am. Bor., Part II, p. 238, Pl. 36 a. (Pterothamnion<br />
Americanum, Næg.)<br />
Fronds three to six inches long, capillary, main branches alternately many times<br />
branched, ultimate divisions plumose, secondary branches
124<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
rather long and slender, opposite, in twos or occasionally in fours, generally<br />
distichous, widely spreading, once or twice pinnate, ultimate divisions opposite or<br />
secund, long and slender; tetraspores cruciate, sessile on the upper side of the<br />
secondary branches; favellæ binate.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 89.<br />
On wharves and algæ below low-water mark. Spring.<br />
From New Jersey northward.<br />
A common and very beautiful species, more abundant in Long Island Sound than farther northward. It<br />
varies considerably in the compactness of the branching and the tenuity of the cells. The species with<br />
which it is likely to be confounded is C. Pylaisæi, as already indicated. The long and slender secondary<br />
branches are less regularly placed than in some other species of the subgenus, and they are not always<br />
distichous nor opposite, although that is generally the case. We have also seen a specimen on which<br />
both tetraspores and cystocarps were found together.<br />
C. PLUMULA, Lyngb., Phyc. Brit, Pl. 242.<br />
Fronds two to four inches long, main branches alternately decompound, secondary<br />
branches opposite or in fours, distichous, short, recurved, pectinate on the upper side<br />
with 1-3 pinnated branchlets; tetraspores cruciate, shortly pedicellate on the<br />
branches.<br />
On wharves and on shells in deep water.<br />
Long Branch, N. J., Harvey; Orient, L. I., Miss Booth; on steamboat wharf, Newport,<br />
R. I.; dredged in 8-10 fathoms, Gay Head, W. G. F.; off Block Island, Professor Eaton.<br />
A rare species on the American coast, and known in but few localities. It is found occasionally on<br />
wharves just below low-water mark, but more frequently on shells in from five to ten fathoms. It is<br />
tolerably abundant off the Devil’s Bridge, near Gay Head, where it is found in company with<br />
Lomentaria rosea. It is one of the most easily recognized species of the genus found on our coast. The<br />
branches are beautifully symmetrical and distichous, two opposite branches being given off from each<br />
cell, or occasionally there are four in a whorl, two being smaller than the others. The branches are<br />
recurved and furnished on the upper side only with 1-3 pinnate branchlets.<br />
SUBGENUS PLEONOSPORIUM, Næg.<br />
Fronds erect, pinnate, cortication wanting; antheridia cylindrical on the upper<br />
branches; favellæ terminal, involucrate; tetraspores polysporic.<br />
C. BORRERI, Ag., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 159.<br />
Fronds diœcious, densely tufted, monosiphonous, with a few rhizoidal filaments at<br />
the base, filaments one to four inches long, capillary, main branches several times<br />
pinnate, branches beset in lower part with usually simple, elongated branchlets,<br />
distichously pinnate above, ultimate ramifications broadly ovate or triangular in<br />
outline, branchlets naked below; antheridia cylindrical; tetraspores sessile on the<br />
upper
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 125<br />
branchlets, numerous, tripartite or polysporic; favellæ terminal on lateral branches,<br />
usually composed of several distinct lobes, furnished with an involucre by the<br />
growth of a few incurved accessory branches below.<br />
On wharves and Fuci.<br />
New York, Harvey; New Haven, Professor Eaton; Newport; New Bedford; Wood’s<br />
Holl; Europe.<br />
Apparently rather a common species, especially on wharves and Fuci at low-water mark. The species is<br />
easily recognized, when in fruit, by the polysporic tetraspores and by the favellæ, which are terminal,<br />
not lateral, as in the rest of our species, and have a sort of involucre formed by the growth of accessory<br />
ramuli from the cells just below the favellæ. When sterile the species may be recognized by the regular,<br />
broadly pinnate tips, at the end of nearly naked branches. We have found both polyspores and favellæ<br />
on American specimens; and in spite of the fact that our plants are always more slender than European<br />
forms of the species, there can be almost no doubt that we have the true C. Borreri. Whether all the<br />
sterile forms referred by American botanists to C. Borreri are correctly determined is doubtful. Some<br />
perhaps belong rather to C. roseum. The present species is placed by Bornet in the genus Corynospora,<br />
because of the terminal and involcurate [sic?] favellæ and polysporic tetraspores. As writers differ<br />
about the limits of Corynospora, we have kept the species in Callithamnion, although in some respects<br />
it differs from the rest of the genus, and the young stages of the cystocarps remind one strongly of<br />
Spermothamnion. The fruit is, however, a true favella. The number of spores in the polyspores in<br />
American specimens rarely exceeds 8 or 10, whereas Nægeli puts the number as high as 20-28 in<br />
European specimens. As usually found in early summer, the species is small and delicate, but later it<br />
becomes coarse. Specimens collected as late as possible in the autumn are to be desired, and the<br />
number of spores in a polyspore should be ascertained more definitely. In Contributiones ad Algologiam<br />
et Fungologiam, p. 44, Pl. 23, Fig. 1, Reinsch describes and figures a Callithamnion Labradorense,<br />
which is said to have poly-spores—whether a polysporic condition of C. floccosum or not can hardly be<br />
determined from the description.<br />
SUBGENUS EUCALLITHAMNION.<br />
Fronds erect, cortications generally present; antheridia in tufts, either on the nodes<br />
or internodes of the branchlets; tetraspores tripartite; favellæ usually binate, lateral.<br />
Sect. I. PENNATÆ.<br />
Growth monopodial, fronds distichously pinnate, pinnæ alternate, cortications<br />
rudimentary or wanting.<br />
C. ROSEUM, (Roth), Harvey. (C. roseum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 230.—Phlebothamnion<br />
roseum, Kütz.<br />
Fronds capillary, two to four inches high, filaments diffusely branched below, main<br />
branches slightly corticated, secondary branches long, flexuous, distichously<br />
pinnate, pinnæ crowded at the ends of the branches, long, spreading or slightly<br />
incurved; antheridia in tufts on the nodes of the branchlets; tetraspores tripartite,<br />
sessile on the branchlets; favellæ binate on the upper branches.
126<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
New York Harbor, Mr. A. R. Young; Wood’s Holl, Mass.<br />
There must remain some doubt as to the correct determination of American specimens of the present<br />
species in the absence of fruit of any kind. Sterile specimens of C. roseum are likely to be mistaken for<br />
varieties of C. polyspermum or C. Borreri. In C. polyspermum the pinnæ are short and subequal, so that<br />
the outline of the tips of the branches is linear or oblong, while in C. roseum the pinnæ, which are<br />
crowded at the ends of the branches are long, gradually diminishing in size towards the apex, so that<br />
the plumose tips are pyramidal or broadly ovate in. outline. The filaments of C. roseum are finer and<br />
more nearly rose-colored than those of C. Borreri, and the pinnæ are less regularly distichous.<br />
Furthermore, there are no polyspores in C. roseum, and the favellæ are not terminal and<br />
subinvolucrate as in C. Barren. All three of the species above named are distinct from the species of the<br />
following group in their distichously pinnate ramification, and all three are reddish, inclining to a<br />
brownish color. They collapse when removed from the water, but are hardly gelatinous, although all<br />
adhere well to paper in drying.<br />
C. POLYSPERMUM, Ag. (C. polyspermum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 231.—Phlebothamnion<br />
polyspermum, Kütz.)<br />
Fronds capillary, cortications wanting, two to three inches high, main branches<br />
irregularly divided, with few secondary branches below, distichously pinnate above,<br />
branches linear or oblong in outline, simply pinnate, pinnæ alternate, short,<br />
subequal, incurved, upper pinnæ sometimes pinnulate; tetraspores tripartite, sessile<br />
on the upper side of branchlets; favellæ binate near the ends of the branches.<br />
Hell Gate, N. Y.; Jackson Ferry, Harvey; Europe.<br />
The only localities for this species within our limits are the two given by Harvey. We have seen<br />
Californian specimens collected by Mr. Cleveland near San Diego, but have never found the plant on<br />
the New England coast. The species is related to C. roseum and is distinguished from it by the short,<br />
subequal ultimate branches.<br />
Sect. II. FRUTICOSA.<br />
Growth sympodial, main axis and branches densely corticated: branchlets pectinate<br />
or pinnate, ultimate divisions alternate or secund.<br />
C. TETRAGONUM, Ag. (C. tetagonum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 136.—C. brachiatum, Harv., l. c.,<br />
Pl. 13.—Dorythamnion tetragonum, Næg.)<br />
Fronds monœcious, two to six inches high, coarse and spongy, shrub-like, pyramidal<br />
in outline, color dark purple, main filaments densely corticated, smaller filaments<br />
monosiphonous; main axis percurrent, attached by a disk, pinnate with long,<br />
undivided, alternate branches, which are once or twice pinnate, the ultimate<br />
divisions beset on all sides with short, stout, incurved, acutely pointed, fasciculate<br />
branchlets; cells stout, not much longer than broad; antheridia in tufts on the upper<br />
internodes; tetraspores tripartite, sessile on the upper branchlets; favellæ binate.<br />
Common on stones and algæ below low-water mark.<br />
Long Island Sound; Europe.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 127<br />
Our most robust and coarsest species, not uncommon in Long Island Sound, but not yet recorded north<br />
of Cape Cod. The color is dark, and in the water almost black, and the substance is rather spongy, the<br />
plant not collapsing when removed from the water, as do most of the New England species of the genus.<br />
C. BAILEYI, Harv. (C. Baileyi, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, Pl. 35 b.—<br />
Dorythamnion Baileyi, Næg.) Pl. XI, Figs. 1-2.<br />
Fronds monœcious, two to four inches high, setaceous, shrub-like, pyramidal in<br />
outline, color purplish red, main filaments densely corticated, the rest<br />
monosiphonous; main axis percurrent, attached by a disk, pinnate with long,<br />
undivided, alternate branches, which are once or twice pinnate, the ultimate<br />
divisions beset on all sides with rather slender, flexuous, recurved or incurved,<br />
fasciculate branches; cells several times longer than broad; tetraspores tripartite,<br />
sessile on the upper branchlets; antheridia in tufts on the upper internodes; favellæ<br />
binate.<br />
Var. LAXA.<br />
Cortications less marked than in the type, branchlets long and slender, divisions<br />
widely spreading below, fastigiate at the apex.<br />
On Zostera, stones, sponges, and algæ below low-water mark.<br />
Common from New Jersey to Cape Cod; Boston Bay, Harvey; Portland, C. B. Fuller.<br />
As is suggested by Harvey in the Nereis Am. Bor., the present species is not only very variable in habit,<br />
but it is also difficult to distinguish some of the forms from C. tetragonum. We are inclined to believe<br />
that it would be better to consider the present species as a delicate form of C. tetragonum, in which the<br />
cells are longer and more slender, the branchlets less dense and robust, the color less inclined to<br />
blackish, and the substance more delicate. If we are to unite Rhodomela subfusca, R. gracilis, and R.<br />
Rochei in one species, as has been done by Agardh, with good reason as it seems, it would be equally<br />
correct to unite C. Baileyi and C. tetragonum, since the difference in habit might result from variations<br />
of habitat and season. With us, the form here referred to the typical C. Baileyi is more common than C.<br />
tetragonum, and is found on wharves, on Zostera, shells, and stones in rather warm waters and<br />
sheltered places, while C. tetragonum frequents places where there is a current of water, or grows on<br />
algæ in somewhat exposed pools. The var. laxa has a diffuse ramification and the Cortications are not<br />
prominent, and we at one time supposed that it might be the C. Dietziæ of the Nereis, as far as we could<br />
recollect the specimens of that species in the Harveyan Herbarium at Dublin. In such cases, however, it<br />
is not safe to trust to one’s memory, and in the present article we are unwilling to express an opinion<br />
about C. Dietziæ.<br />
Sect. III. BYSSOIDÆ.<br />
Branching monopodial or dichotomous. Cortications present at the base, ultimate<br />
branches decompound, very delicate, usually ending in a hyaline hair.<br />
C. BYSSOIDEUM, Arn. (C. byssoideum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 262.—Phlebothamnion<br />
byssoides, Kütz.—Pæcilothamnion byssoideum, Næg.)
128<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Fronds globosely tufted, One to three inches high, filaments very delicate, slightly<br />
corticated at base, main branches many times divided, secondary branches long and<br />
flexuous, pinnate with numerous pinnately compound branchlets; antheridia sessile<br />
in tufts at the nodes of the branchlets; tetraspores tripartite, sessile on the upper<br />
side of branchlets; favellæ binate on the upper branches.<br />
Var. UNILATERALE, Harv.<br />
Fronds small and very delicate, branches and branchlets often secund.<br />
Var. FASTIGIATUM, Harv.<br />
Branches fastigiate, the lesser ones densely ramulose at the tips.<br />
Var. WALTERSII, Harv.<br />
Upper branches distichously compound-pinnate, branchlets patent.<br />
On Zostera and different algæ.<br />
Common in Long Island Sound; Gloucester, Mass.<br />
The forms which have been referred on our coast to C. byssoideum and C. corymbosum are hopelessly<br />
confused. Although as described by algologists the two species are sufficiently distinct, in practice it is<br />
difficult to say where one begins and the other ends. According to the books, the ramification of the<br />
upper branches is dichotomous in C. corymbosum, whereas it is always alternately pinnate in C.<br />
byssoideum. In some of the forms of the last-named species, however, the tips are corymbose and the<br />
cells of the axis are short and zigzag to such a degree that the tips at least appear to be dichotomous. Of<br />
the two species in question, C. corymbosum is the less delicate and gelatinous, and is not so decidedly<br />
rose colored as C. byssoideum, but, as far as our present information goes, although in its typical form<br />
C. byssoideum is not only common—apparently more common than in Europe—but also easily<br />
recognizable, its extreme forms are not sufficiently well known. The Kützingian method would be to<br />
split the species up into four or five new species. According to Crouan and Bornet, this species has<br />
seirospores.<br />
C. CORYMBOSUM, (Engl. Bot.) Lyngb. (C. corymbosum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 272; Études<br />
Phycol., Pls. 32-35.—Pœcilothammion corymbosum, Næg.)<br />
Fronds tufted, two to three inches high; filaments very delicate, cortications<br />
wanting except at base, main branches several times pinnately or irregularly<br />
divided, secondary branches pinnate with dichotomously-multifid, fastigiate<br />
branches which end in hyaline hairs; tetraspores tripartite sessile at the nodes of the<br />
branchlets, occupying the place of an ultimate branchlet; antheridia in tufts, sessile<br />
on the upper internodes; favellæ binate on the upper part of the branches.<br />
Var. SECUNDATUM, Harv.<br />
Lesser branches frequently secund, ultimate branchlets irregular, scarcely<br />
corymbose.<br />
On Zostera.<br />
Halifax, Boston Bay, New London, Providence, Harvey. The var. secundatum,<br />
Massachusetts Bay, Greenport, Harvey.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 129<br />
We have only quoted the localities given by Harvey, although we have found what we take to be C.<br />
corymbosum at Newport, Wood’s Holl, and in considerable abundance at Nahant, always growing on<br />
Zostera. An examination of the different published exsiccatæ of European writers would lead one to<br />
think that several different species had been included under the name of C. corymbosum. One might<br />
doubt whether the form of Crouan, No. 139, and Areschoug, No. 15, belong to the same species. At<br />
Nahant the same form occurs as that distributed by French algologists.<br />
C. DIETZIÆ, Hooper.<br />
“Fronds capillary, pellucidly-articulate nearly to the base, the lower part percurrent,<br />
distichously-pinnate, stem veiny, branches alternate, simple, set at each node with<br />
short, alternate, subsimple or pinnato-dichotomous plumules, and often terminated<br />
by a dense fascicle of ramuli, rachides zigzag; articulations of the stem six or eight<br />
times, of the rachides three or four times, of the ramuli eight or ten times as long as<br />
broad; apices subattenuate, obtuse, or subacute; tetraspores elliptical, tripartite,<br />
solitary on the uppermost ramuli. “(Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p. 236.)<br />
Greenport, Mrs. Dietz.<br />
Only known through the description given by Harvey in the Nereis. Harvey states that it is related to<br />
C. corymbosum and C. versicolor. The specimens referred to Wood’s Holl in Proc. Am. Acad., 1875, p.<br />
376, were probably incorrectly determined.<br />
SUBGENUS SEIROSPORA, Harv.<br />
Fronds erect, main branches corticated; antheridia in tufts on the outer side of short<br />
branches; tetraspores tripartite; bispores and seirospores present; cystocarps<br />
destitute of enveloping jelly.<br />
C. SEIROSPERMUM, Griff. (Seirospora Griffithsiana, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 21.—<br />
Phlebothamnion seirospermum, Kütz.—C. versicolor, var. seirospermum, Harv., in<br />
Hooker’s Journ. Bot.; Pæcilothammon seirospermum, Næg.)<br />
Fronds diœcious, capillary, two to six inches high, pyramidal in outline, main axis<br />
percurrent, pinnate with alternate, undivided, lateral, branches, which bear<br />
secondary branches beset with delicate, erect, dichotomo-multified, corymbose<br />
branches, main branches corticated, smaller branches monosiphonous and byssoid;<br />
antheridia in tufts on the outside of short branchlets; tetraspores tripartite, sessile<br />
on the upper branchlets, sometimes replaced by bispores; seirospores oval, in<br />
moniliform tufts at the ends of the branches; cystocarps composed of radiating<br />
chains of spores without gelatinous envelope (Bornet.)<br />
On Zostera, shells, and stones below low-water mark.<br />
Common throughout Long Island Sound; Salem, Mass., Harvey.<br />
S. Miss. 59——9
130<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
One of the commonest and most beautiful of the genus south of Cape Cod, but only known in one<br />
locality north of the Cape. It is often brought up on fishermen’s nets, and, as a rule, inhabits deeper<br />
water than most of the genus. It often attains the height of four or five inches, and is broadly pyramidal<br />
in outline. The main branches are rather stout and distinctly corticated, but the ultimate ramifications<br />
are very soft and flaccid. With us seirosporic specimens are very common, making the species easily<br />
distinguishable, but no form of tetraspore or bispore has been observed on American specimens.<br />
According to Bornet, tetraspores, bispores, and seirospores sometimes occur on the same individual.<br />
From a comparison of our plant with authentic European specimens there can be no doubt of the<br />
specific identity of the two. Accepting the account of the cystocarps given by Bornet, it is extremely<br />
doubtful whether the species should be kept in the present genus, and perhaps the genus Seirospora<br />
should be restored, not, however, as originally adopted by Harvey.<br />
SPECIES INQUIRENDÆ.<br />
C. TENUE, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, p. 130. (Griffithsia tenuis, Ag.)<br />
Filaments tufted, ultra-capillary, irregularly much branched, diffuse, flexuous, the<br />
branches and their divisions very generally secund, springing from the middle of the<br />
internodes; ramuli few and distant, patent, filiform, beset toward the attenuated<br />
apices with whorls of minute byssoid fibers; articulations cylindrical, those of the<br />
branches 4-6 times, those of the ramuli 3-4 times as long as broad, and gradually<br />
shorter towards the extremities.<br />
Beesley’s Point, N. J., Harvey.<br />
Two specimens which can probably be referred to the present species have been received from<br />
Nantucket, one presented by Mrs. Lusk, the other by Mr. Collins. In the absence of fruit the genus<br />
cannot be determined. Nægeli, in Beitrage zur Morphologie und Systematik der Ceramiceæ, says that<br />
the tetraspores are terminal on a single-celled pedicel. According to Harvey, the species is distinguished<br />
by the branches, which are all given off from the middle of the internodes of the branches of the<br />
preceding grade, Nægeli says that this species has normal branches like those of Griffithsia barbata,<br />
and he regards those given off from the internodes as adventive branches.<br />
C. TOCWOTTONIENSIS, Harv. MSS., fide Bailey.<br />
Providence, Bailey; Warwick, Hunt.<br />
As far as we know, this species, mentioned by S. T. Olney in his List of Rhode Island Plants,<br />
fortunately for pointers and the throats of American algologists, has never been described.<br />
GRIFFITHSIA, Ag.<br />
(Named in honor of Mrs. Griffiths, of Torquay.)<br />
Fronds filiform, monosiphonous, without cortications, dichotomously branching,<br />
branches of two kinds, the vegetative of indeterminate, the fructiferous of<br />
determinate growth; antheridia sessile and covering the upper surface of the<br />
terminal cells in tufted whorls at the nodes, or in densely whorled pyramidal tufts<br />
on involucrate branches; tetraspores
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 131<br />
tripartite, clustered in involucrate whorls at the nodes or on the inner side of short<br />
fascicled branches; cystocarps (favellæ) involucrate.<br />
A beautiful genus, comprising between 30 and 40 species, but only represented on our Eastern coast by<br />
a single species and on the Western coast by two doubtfully determined species. The genus is<br />
distinguished from Callithamnion by the involucrate favellæ and by the disposition of the tetraspores.<br />
As we have Spermothamnion separated from Callithamnion in consequence of the absence of the<br />
gelatinous envelope found in true favellæ, so we have Bornetia separated in a similar way from<br />
Griffithsia. The genus can generally be recognized at sight by the rather large but very delicate<br />
cylindrical, oval, or, at times, globose cells, which do not bear immersion in fresh water even for a short<br />
time, and by the branching, which is dichotomous or a modification of the dichotomous type. The<br />
accurate specific determination from sterile specimens alone is generally impossible, so great is the<br />
resemblance of the fronds in the different species. The antheridia vary very much in the different<br />
species. In our only species they are sessile on the upper half of the globose terminal cells; in G.<br />
corallina they surround the nodes in tufts; and in G. setacea they are in dense approximate whorls,<br />
attached to the inner side of incurved branchlets. The tetraspores also vary in the different species. In<br />
G. Bornetiana and G. corallina they are in whorls at the nodes, and are attached to the inner side of<br />
short simple branches, which form a whorl around the node. In G. setacea the tetraspores occupy a<br />
position which corresponds to that of the antheridia. The favellæ are always truly involucrate and, as<br />
far as is known, terminal, in our species occupying the place of a suppressed dichotomy. The<br />
development of the procarp of C. corallina has been fully studied by Janczewski. In that species he<br />
found two trichogynes to each carpogenic system, as is also the case in the genus Ceramium. A nonsexual<br />
mode of propagation, by means of cells which give off root-like processes, has been described by<br />
Janczewski in G. corallina, and a similar process takes place in G. Bornetiana.<br />
G. BORNETIANA, Farlow. (G. corallina ? Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p. 228, non<br />
Agardh.— G. globulifera, Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Vol. XII, Pl. 30.—G. globifera, J. Ag. in<br />
part.—G. Bornetiana, Proc. Am. Acad., 1877.)<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 88.<br />
Fronds diœcious and dimorphous.<br />
MALE PLANT.—Globosely tufted, one to three inches high; filaments repeatedly<br />
dichotomous; lower cells cylindrical-obovoid, several times longer than broad,<br />
becoming shorter and broader above; terminal cells globose-pyriform; antheridia<br />
sessile, densely covering the upper half of terminal cell. Pl. X, Fig. 4.<br />
FEMALE PLANT.—Two to five inches high, loosely tufted, filaments repeatedly<br />
dichotomous; lower cells cylindrical-obovoid, becoming broadly pyriform above and<br />
then gradually diminishing in size toward the tip; favellæ solitary on the upper part<br />
of the superior cells; cells of involucre 10-20, unicellular, club-shaped, somewhat<br />
incurved. Pl. XI, Fig. 3.<br />
TETRASPORIC PLANT.—More slender than the female plant; tetraspores tripartite,<br />
densely clustered around the nodes of special branches; cells of involucre short and<br />
suberect. Pl. X, Fig. 5.<br />
On wharves, sponges, shells, and occasionally on Zostera.
132<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Common from Nantucket southward.<br />
A summer plant which attains perfection during the month of July, disappearing later in the summer.<br />
It is sometimes found washed ashore in large quantities after a storm. The species has been known for<br />
some time, but until recently it has passed for a form of G. corallina, a species common in Europe. It<br />
differs from that species in several respects. The antheridia form a sort of cap over the top of the<br />
terminal cells of the male plant, which is considerably smaller than the female plant and has a<br />
different habit, in consequence of which it was called a variety, var. globifera, by Harvey. The female<br />
and tetrasporic plants more closely resemble the true G. corallina. They do not end in large globose<br />
cells, as in the male plant, but the largest cells are below the tip, which is tapering and acute. When the<br />
tetrasporic plant has narrower and more acute cells than usual it constitutes the var. tenuis of the<br />
Nereis. The slenderest specimens, however, are usually sterile. In the structure of the procarp this<br />
species differs considerably from G. corallina as described by Janczewski. There is only one trichogyne<br />
instead of two, as in the last-named species. The procarp begins by the growth of a hemispherical cell at<br />
the upper part of an articulation. The cell is then divided into two parts by a partition parallel to the<br />
base. It is from the lower cell thus formed that the involucre is formed, and from the upper arise the<br />
carpogenic cells in the following way: By usually four oblique partitions there are formed four external<br />
hemispherical cells and a central pyramidal cell with a broad base. By subsequent division of one of the<br />
hemispherical cells, generally of the one lying nearest the axis of the plant, there is cut off a cell which<br />
divides into three smaller granular cells, the upper of which grows into a trichogyne. The spores are<br />
formed by the subsequent growth of the other three hemispherical cells. There are two sets of hair-like<br />
organs which arise from the upper border of the cells in this species; one set is short and granular,<br />
consisting of a cuboidal basal cell with short corymbose filaments; the other set occupies a similar<br />
position, but the hairs are long and hyaline, consisting of a long basal cell, which bears at its apex a<br />
whorl of three or more cells, which in turn bear other whorls, the whole hair being several times<br />
compound.<br />
HALURUS, Kütz.<br />
(From αλς [als], salt, and ουρα [oura], a tail.)<br />
Fronds monosiphonous, branching, beset throughout with short, approximate,<br />
incurved, di-trichotomous, whorled, secondary branches; tetraspores tripartite,<br />
attached to the inner side of special branches, arranged in whorls one above another;<br />
antheridia in similar position, forming closely verticillate tufts; favellæ terminal on<br />
short branches.<br />
A genus composed of one, or according to some writers two, species, separated from Griffithsia<br />
principally by the character of the frond.<br />
H. EQUISETIFOLIUS, Kütz. (Griffithsia equisetifolia, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 67.)<br />
Fronds four to eight inches long, arising from a disk, irregularly branching,<br />
secondary branches trichotomous below, dichotomous above, much incurved, densely<br />
covering the branches, rhizoidal descending filaments given off from some of the<br />
lower branches.<br />
Brooklyn, N.Y.?<br />
A plant resembling a Cladostephus, except that its color is a dirty red. The species is very doubtfully<br />
known on our coast. It is mentioned in the Nereis as having been sent to Harvey by Mr. Hooper, of<br />
Brooklyn, but there is no definite information as to the locality where the plant was collected.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 133<br />
PTILOTA, Ag.<br />
(From πτιλωτος [ptilotos], feathered.)<br />
Fronds compressed, ancipital, decompound, branches distichous, pectinate-pinnate,<br />
composed of a monosiphonous pinnate axis of larger quadrate cells and a cortex of<br />
smaller cells; antheridia terminal on short corymbose branches; tetraspores<br />
tripartite; cystocarps (favellæ) terminal on the branches, usually involucrate.<br />
An easily recognized genus, comprising about twenty species, of a deep red or reddish-brown color, only<br />
scantily represented on our coast, but represented on the Californian coast by a number of beautiful<br />
species. The genus reaches its greatest development in Australia. The growth is by an apical cell, from<br />
which arises a monosiphonous axis of indefinite growth and short secondary branches. The origin of<br />
the. cortications has been fully explained by Nægeli in Die neuern Algensysteme, page 206. The<br />
monosiphonous axis is clearly seen on holding specimens up to the light, and is also visible at the<br />
growing tips where the cortications are wanting. The cortications do not form a true solid tissue, but<br />
rather, as shown by Nægeli, densely interwoven branching filaments. A detailed account of the<br />
development of the frond in different species is given by Cramer in Physiologisch-systematische<br />
Untersuchungen über die Ceramiaceen. The development of the procarp is given by Bornet in Notes<br />
Algologiques, page 15. The position of the tetraspores is variable, and serves as a specific mark.<br />
P. ELEGANS, Bonnem. (Ptilota sericea, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 191.—P. plumosa, var.<br />
tenuissima, Ag.)<br />
Fronds brownish red, three to six inches high, main branches filiform, irregularly<br />
branching, secondary branches compressed, closely pinnate, with opposite pinnate<br />
branchlets, ultimate divisions without cortication; favellæ terminal on the branches,<br />
irregularly lobed, naked or with a short involucre; tetraspores solitary on the ends of<br />
the branchlets, at first tripartite, becoming polysporic.<br />
On the under side of rocks between tide-marks and on shells and algæ in deep<br />
water.<br />
Throughout our whole limit; Europe.<br />
A much more delicate species than the next, and recognized at once by the fact that the younger parts<br />
of the branches are without cortications, whereas in the next species the cortications extend nearly to<br />
the apex. It also differs in the position of the tetraspores, and the favellæ are usually naked, while in<br />
the following species they are surrounded and almost concealed by a well-marked involucre. The usual<br />
color is a grayish black, but in fading it often becomes pinkish. North of Cape Cod the species is usually<br />
found clinging to the under surfaces of rocks at low-water mark, in company with Ceramium Hooperi,<br />
Rhodochorton Rothii, and Sphacelaria radicans. In such situations the specimens are small. At<br />
Newport and Gay Head the plant attains a much larger size, and is abundantly washed ashore from<br />
deep water.<br />
P. SERRATA, Kütz.<br />
Fronds dark red, three to six inches long, compressed, ancipital, decompoundpinnate,<br />
pinnæ opposite, one pinna being short, undivided,
134<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
straight or falcate, sharply serrate, especially on the lower side, and the opposing<br />
pinna pinnately divided or compound; pinnæ nearly at right angles to the axis,<br />
apices acute; tetraspores borne in dense ellipsoidal cluster either at the ends of the<br />
simple pinnæ or on the serrations and tips of the compound pinnæ; tetrasporic<br />
masses interspersed with monosiphonous incurved branches; favellæ in similar<br />
position to the tetraspores, nearly concealed by the large, incurved, usually serrate<br />
divisions of the involucre.<br />
On algæ, especially on stems of Laminaria, below low-water mark.<br />
Common north of Boston; Thimble Islands, near New Haven, and dredged off Block<br />
Island, Prof. Eaton.<br />
A common and characteristic alga of our northern coast, extending through Greenland to the northern<br />
coast of Europe, and also found in the North Pacific. The present species, together with Euthora<br />
cristata and Delesseria sinuosa, form the greater part of the specimens collected for ornamental<br />
purposes by ladies on the Northern New England coast. P. serrata, when dried, is usually very dark<br />
colored, unless it has previously been soaked for some time in fresh water, and it does not adhere well<br />
to paper unless under considerable pressure. It cannot be mistaken for any other species growing on<br />
cur coast. Whether it is a variety of P. plumosa is a question about which writers do not agree, but,<br />
although in this connection our form has been kept as a distinct species, it is highly probable that it is<br />
really nothing more than a coarser northern form of P. plumosa. The typical form of P. plumosa is<br />
certainly unknown in New England. The type is more slender, and the pinnæ are pectinate, not serrate.<br />
The position of the fruit is the same, the principal difference being in the more strongly marked<br />
involucre of the favellæ and in the tetraspores, which are borne on densely fastigiate branches, which<br />
have no cortications, and some of which are incurved and project beyond the general sporiferous mass.<br />
In P. plumosa the tetraspores are also borne on the tips of monosiphonous branches, but they are not<br />
densely conglomerate, nor are the projecting incurved ramuli prominent. The present species is very<br />
rare south of Cape Cod, being known in only two localities and in a much reduced form.<br />
CERAMIUM, Lyngb.<br />
(From κεραµιος [keramios], a small pitcher.)<br />
Fronds filiform, dichotomous or occasionally subpinnate, monosiphonous, composed<br />
of a series of large ovate or quadrate cells, with bands of small corticating cells at<br />
the nodes, and in some species also extending over the internodes; antheridia<br />
forming sessile patches on the upper branches; tetraspores tripartite, formed from<br />
the corticating cells; cystocarps (favellæ) sessile at the nodes, usually involucrate.<br />
A universally diffused and easily recognized genus, of which, however, the species are by no means<br />
easily recognized. The genus is distinguished by the monosiphonous, dichotomous frond, with bands of<br />
small corticating cells at the nodes, or, in some cases, covering the internodes as well. The tips of the<br />
filaments are forked and usually decidedly incurved, whence the generic name is derived. The apical<br />
growth and formation of the cortex is fully detailed by Nægeli and Cramer in Pflanzenphysiologische<br />
Untersuchugen, Part IV. The procarp in Ceramium is furnished with two trichogynes and a single<br />
carpogenic cell formed from the cortical cells on the convex side of the
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 135<br />
tips of the branches. The genus has been split up into a number of different genera by Kützing, but by<br />
most writers his divisions are only accepted as subgenera. Sterile specimens are not easily determined<br />
and it is always desirable to have tetrasporic plants. Although we have an abundance of the genus on<br />
our coast, the number of species is comparatively small, and the group of species having spines at the<br />
nodes is, as far as is known, quite wanting.<br />
SECT. I. Fronds without spines, cortical cells decurrent from the nodes and more or<br />
less completely covering the internodes.<br />
C. RUBRUM, Ag. (C. rubrum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 181.)<br />
Fronds robust, dichotomous, subfastigiate, branches erect, apices incurved or<br />
forcipate, nodes contracted below; tetraspores in irregular series at the nodes,<br />
immersed; favellæ lateral, solitary, with a short involucre.<br />
Var. PROLIFERUM, Ag. (C. botryocarpum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 215.)<br />
Fronds beset on all sides with numerous, lateral, simple or forked branchlets.<br />
Var. SECUNDATUM, Ag.<br />
Branchlets generally secund.<br />
Var. SQUARROSUM, Harv.<br />
Fronds small, regularly dichotomous, fastigiate, with very few, short, lateral<br />
branchlets, lower divisions distant, spreading, upper divisions close together, widely<br />
spreading, apices often revolute.<br />
Everywhere common; var. squarrosum on Zostera, Massachusetts Bay.<br />
A ubiquitous and variable species, of which we have enumerated only the principal forms. The typical<br />
form is easily recognized, and the same is true of most of the varieties. The var. decurrens has the<br />
internodes partly naked, especially in the upper part. The var. decurrens of the Nereis is referred by<br />
Agardh to the next species, and is distinguished from the true var. decurrens of C. rubrum, which has<br />
immersed tetraspores, by the large tetraspores arranged in a regular circle at the nodes and projecting<br />
decidedly above the surface.<br />
C. circinnatum, Kütz.<br />
Fronds setaceous, dichotomous, fastigiate, divisions erect, patent, apices forcipate,<br />
internodes partly corticated by the cells which are decurrent from the nodes;<br />
tetraspores large, projecting in a ring around the upper nodes.<br />
Glencove, L. I., Mr. Young; Dartmouth, Mass., Miss Ingraham; Magnolia, Mass.,<br />
Mrs. Bray.<br />
Agardh, in his Epicrisis, refers to the present species the C. decurrens of Harvey (Phyc. Brit., Pl. 276),<br />
which in the Nereis Am. Bor., is made a variety of C. rubrum. There is a var. decurrens of C. rubrum<br />
which is admitted by Agardh, which, if we understand correctly, has small immersed tetraspores. This<br />
form occurs also with us, but we have no notes as to the locality. To the present species we refer forms<br />
in which the upper internodes are scarcely corticated at all and in which the large, projecting<br />
tetraspores are in a single ring at the upper nodes.
136<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
SECT. II. Fronds without spines, cortical cells confined to a definitely limited band<br />
round the nodes, the internodes diaphanous.<br />
C. DIAPHANUM, Roth; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 193.<br />
Fronds brownish red, filaments two to four inches high, loosely tufted, main<br />
branches setaceous, rather stout, distantly forking, beset with short, lateral,<br />
dichotomous branchlets, apices incurved; tetraspores immersed, in whorls at the<br />
nodes; favellæ lateral, involucrate.<br />
Nahant, New Bedford, Mass.; Providence, R. I.; New York Bay, Harvey; Europe;<br />
California.<br />
The localities given are quoted from the Nereis. As far as our own experience goes, the present species<br />
is of very infrequent occurrence on the New England coast, although we have specimens collected at<br />
Lynn, Mass., and others from the vicinity of New York, collected by Mr. A. R. Young, which may<br />
possibly be referred to C. diaphanum. In almost all cases the C. diaphanum of American collectors is<br />
the C. strictum of the Phycologia Britannica a species closely related to the present, and agreeing with<br />
it in the fructification, but differing in ramification. C. diaphanum has rather stout leading branches,<br />
which are beset with secondary dichotomous branches which are alternately given off from the main<br />
branches, and which are much finer than the main branches, the tips being capillary. The general<br />
outline of the frond is pyramidal, and that of the principal branches and their ramifications is ovalelongated.<br />
In C. strictum there are no leading branches, but the filaments are of a pretty nearly<br />
uniform diameter, regularly dichotomous throughout, and form globose tufts. Both species differ from<br />
our other species, except C. Hooperi, in being of a brownish-purple rather than of a distinctly rosecolored<br />
tint, and both adhere closely to paper in drying.<br />
C. STRICTUM, (Kütz.) Harv. (C. strictum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 334.—Gongroceras strictum,<br />
Kütz.)<br />
Fronds brownish red, filaments capillary, two to six inches high, densely tufted,<br />
branches uniformly dichotomous throughout, divisions erect, fastigiate above, apices<br />
forcipate; tetraspores immersed, whorled at the nodes.<br />
On Zostera and other marine plants.<br />
Common from New York to Cape Cod.<br />
This species forms large tufts at the base of Zostera in warm, shallow bays, and is often in company<br />
with Polysiphonia Olneyi. In the Little Harbor at Wood’s Holl it is found in large quantities, after a<br />
heavy blow, lying unattached on the mud, just below low-water mark.<br />
C. HOOPERI, Harv. (C. Hooperi, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p. 214.—C.<br />
Deslongchampsii, Farlow, in Report U. S. Fish Comm., 1875.)<br />
Fronds dark purple, one to four inches high, filaments procumbent and densely<br />
interwoven at base, above dichotomous, with short, erect, irregularly placed lateral<br />
branches, apices straight, erect, cortical cells forming a sharply defined band at the<br />
nodes, axile cells short above, becoming twice as long as broad below; rhizoidal<br />
filaments unilateral,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 137<br />
single at the nodes, numerous, usually unicellular, often ending in irregular disks;<br />
tetraspores in a circle at the nodes, immersed in the cortical cells; favellæ?<br />
Forming tufts on mud-covered rocks at low tide.<br />
New Haven, Prof. Eaton; near New York, Mr. Young; Newport‚ R. I.; common from<br />
Nahant to Eastport.<br />
This species is not, as Harvey and Agardh supposed, very distinct, but, on the contrary, can scarcely be<br />
distinguished from C. Deslongchampsii, except in the tetraspores, which are immersed, not projecting<br />
as in that species. Both species inhabit similar localities, both are deep purple in color, are procumbent<br />
at the base, and have numerous rhizoids; the branching and erect tips are the same in both.<br />
Furthermore, as it occurs with us, C. Hooperi not unfrequently bears precisely such irregular botryoidal<br />
masses as are found on C. Deslongchampsii in Europe, and which are figured in the Phycologia<br />
Britannica. Harvey, as well as Nægeli and Cramer, doubts whether these masses are really favellæ,<br />
and, judging from American specimens, they are more probably monstrosities. In one case we found the<br />
distortions on a specimen bearing tetraspores, and Nægeli and Cramer have observed a similar case, a<br />
presumption against the favelloid nature of the swellings. Fully-matured tetraspores are to be desired,<br />
and it may be that they will be found to be prominent, as in C. Deslongchampsii, in which case the<br />
validity of the species would be more than doubtful.<br />
C. FASTIGIATUM, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 255.<br />
Fronds lake-red, densely tufted, two to five inches high, filaments capillary,<br />
dichotomous throughout, divisions erect, level-topped, apices erect or slightly<br />
incurved; tetraspores secund on the outer side of the branches, prominent; favellæ<br />
small, lateral, with a short involucre.<br />
On Zostera.<br />
Massachusetts Bay; Greenport; Newport; Long Branch, Harvey.<br />
This species is at present a puzzle. In American herbaria one frequently finds specimens labelled C.<br />
fastigiatum, and some specimens bear Harvey’s own handwriting. Unfortunately, the species is<br />
persistently sterile, for we have only twice found tetraspores in what seemed to be this species, and<br />
sterile specimens are hardly sufficient for determination in the genus Ceramium. What was apparently<br />
considered by Harvey to be his C. fastigiatum is common south of Gape Cod and forms beautiful tufts<br />
on Zostera. The color is a lake-red, the filaments are all capillary and regularly dichotomous, the upper<br />
segments being level-topped, so that when spread on paper the species has a regular outline. The apices<br />
are erect, not rolled inwards at the tip, and short rhizoidal processes are given off from some of the<br />
nodes. Harvey states that the tetraspores are prominent and secund on the outer edge of the branches,<br />
while Agardh says they are whorled at the nodes. In one specimen we found them as described by<br />
Harvey. It must be admitted that when sterile the species approaches too near C. tenuissimum, and it<br />
is much to be desired that a large set of fruiting specimens be examined to settle the disputed question<br />
of the tetraspores. C. fastigiatum is a species apparently not well known to continental botanists, who<br />
seem to have at times included it in other species without reference to British specimens. With us it is<br />
common, although, considering that there may be a doubt about the determination, we have only<br />
quoted the localities given by Harvey. By Agardh C. fastigiatum is considered closely related to C.<br />
Deslongchampsii, but judging by Harvey an specimens, both from Ireland and New England, we can<br />
hardly think that the two species are immediately related.
138<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
C. corymbosum, Ag.<br />
“Fronds capillary, rather regularly decompound-dichotomous, branches erectopatent,<br />
corymbose, fastigiate, apices forcipate, lower joints four to five times longer<br />
than broad, upper joints subequal; tetraspores naked, emergent, secund on the outer<br />
side of the branches, lower portion resting on the cortical layer.” (Agardh, Epicrisis,<br />
p. 93.)<br />
Atlantic coast of North America.<br />
This species is said by Agardh to resemble C. fastigiatum in its ramifications, but with more expanded<br />
branches, and to differ in having a violet color and a different arrangement of the tetraspores. From<br />
this it would appear that the two species are practically distinguished by the different position of the<br />
tetraspores. With regard to their position in C. fastigiatum, as has already been said, Agardh and<br />
Harvey do not agree.<br />
C. TENUISSIMUM, (Lyngb.) Ag.<br />
Fronds rosy-red, two to four inches high, densely tufted, capillary, decompounddichotomous,<br />
branches erect, patent, apices forcipate; tetraspores borne on the<br />
swollen nodes, usually on the outer side, often several together; favellæ lateral,<br />
involucrate.<br />
Var. arachnoideum, Ag.<br />
Fronds more slender than in the type, tetraspores exserted, secund on the outer side<br />
of the branches, solitary or several together.<br />
Var. patentissimum, Harv.<br />
Fronds small, dichotomies distant and patent, the branches ending in dichotomomultifid,<br />
divaricating, corymboso-fastigiate branchlets.<br />
On Zostera and algæ.<br />
Common in Long Island Sound; Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. Davis; Europe.<br />
The present species, according to Agardh, includes the C. nodosum of the Phycologia Britannica, but<br />
Harvey’s plate certainly does not correctly represent the tetraspores of the typical form of the species.<br />
In the type the nodes are swollen, especially on the upper margin, and the rather large tetraspores<br />
project beyond the cortical cells, usually on the outer side of the node, and there are frequently from<br />
two to four together. In the var. arachnoideum the tetraspores become almost naked, being only<br />
slightly covered by the cortical cells in their lower part. The var. patentissimum of Harvey has a<br />
somewhat different ramification from the type. It must be admitted that the limits of C. tenuissimum<br />
are not well marked, and it may be that in the present case we have confused two distinct species.<br />
C. CAPRI-CORNU, (Reinsch). (Hormoceras Capri-Cornu, Reinsch, Contrib. ad Alg. et<br />
Fang., p. 57, Pl. 47.—C. Youngii, Farlow, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 1875.)<br />
Fronds brownish purple, one to three inches high, filaments setaceous, repeatedly<br />
dichotomous, divisions erecto-patent, ultimate divisions subfastigiate,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 139<br />
apices much incurved, branches beset throughout with very short incurved or<br />
recurved branchlets, cells in upper part scarcely as long as broad, two to three times<br />
as long below, corticating cells forming a sharply defined band at the nodes;<br />
tetraspores and favellæ?<br />
In eight feet of water.<br />
Canarsie, L. I., Mr. A. R. Young.<br />
This curious species has unfortunately never been found in fruit. We have only seen three specimens,<br />
which were all collected by Mr. Young. The largest was about three inches high and the filaments were<br />
coarser than those of C. diaphanum and C. strictum. It is easily recognized by the numerous short<br />
incurved branchlets which arise singly or in twos and threes at the nodes. It is possible that a large<br />
series of specimens would have shown that the present is a form of some other species, but when<br />
received from Mr. Young in 1875 it seemed so distinct that the name C. Youngii was given to it, and<br />
under that name it was mentioned in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1875, but without<br />
any description. The Hormoceras Capri-Cornu of Reinsch, from Anticosti, judging from the plate and<br />
description in the Contributiones, published in 1874-75, is apparently the same as C. Youngii, and the<br />
name of Reinsch has the priority.<br />
SUBORDER SPYRIDIEÆ.<br />
Fronds filiform, monosiphonous, formed of longer branching filaments of<br />
indeterminate growth, from which are given off short, simple branches of<br />
determinate growth, cells of main filaments corticated throughout, the secondary<br />
branches corticated only at the nodes; antheridia borne on the secondary branches,<br />
arising from the nodes and finally covering the internodes; tetraspores tripartite,<br />
borne at the nodes of secondary branches; cystocarps sub terminal on the branches,<br />
consisting of obovate masses of spores in dense whorls around the central cell, with a<br />
pericarp formed of monosiphonous filaments packed together in a gelatinous<br />
substance.<br />
An order consisting of a single genus and a small number of species, most of which are tropical. The<br />
systematic position of the order is a matter of dispute. The fronds resemble closely those of the<br />
Ceramieæ, as do also the tetraspores, but the cystocarps are peculiar and not closely related to those of<br />
any other order. A section of the mature fruit, which is usually either two or three parted, shows a<br />
monosiphonous axis, around the upper cells of which the spores are arranged in irregularly whorled<br />
groups. The whole is surrounded by a wall, which is formed by the union, by means of a jelly, of the<br />
elongated tips of subdichotomous filaments which arise from the cortical cells of the nodes just below<br />
the sporiferous cells. The antheridia are first formed at the nodes, but soon extend over the internodes<br />
for a considerable distance. The development of the frond is fully given by Cramer, l. c. In the Nereis<br />
the order is placed next to Ceramiaceæ, and in the Epicrisis of Agardh between the Dumontiaceæ and<br />
the Areschougieæ.
140<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
SPYRIDIA, Harv.<br />
(From σπρυις [spruis], a basket.)<br />
Characters those of the genus.<br />
S. FILAMENTOSA, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 46. Pl. X, Fig. 1, and Pl. XII, Fig. 2.<br />
Fronds filamentous, in expanded tufts four to eight inches high, branches irregularly<br />
placed, spreading, repeatedly divided, secondary branches subequal, spirally<br />
inserted, ending in a mucronate tip composed of two or three hyaline cells;<br />
tetraspores tripartite, sessile at the nodes of branchlets, solitary or clustered;<br />
cystocarps two or three lobed.<br />
Var. REFRACTA, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, Pl. 34 a.<br />
Fronds robust, subdichotomous, the branches naked, divaricating, with very wide<br />
axils, arched, the terminal ones frequently revolute.<br />
On Zostera, wharves, and mud below low-water mark.<br />
Common from Cape Cod southward; Massachusetts Bay, Harvey; most warm seas.<br />
Rather a beautiful species when growing, but which becomes brownish in drying and does not adhere<br />
very well to paper. It does not collapse when removed from the water, but remains covered with drops<br />
which adhere to the branchlets. The branches, although rather coarse, are brittle. The species is more<br />
common in Long Island Sound than in Europe, certainly than on the Atlantic coast. It may be<br />
recognized under the microscope by the monosiphonous corticated branches and hyaline branchlets,<br />
corticated only at the nodes and with a mucronate tip. The antheridia, of which, so far as we know, no<br />
description has hitherto been given, surround the branchlets, covering several cells near the base. They<br />
arise from divisions of the cortical cells, which form closely packed, short filaments, and extend over the<br />
internodes, those from the different nodes becoming confluent. The individuals which bear the<br />
cystocarps are distinct from those which bear the antheridia, and may be recognized by their more<br />
dense habit.<br />
SUBORDER CRYPTONEMIEÆ.<br />
Fronds solid or becoming hollow with age, cylindrical, compressed or<br />
membranaceous; antheridia forming superficial spots or small tufts; tetraspores<br />
usually cruciate and scattered in the cortical layer, sometimes in localized spots;<br />
cystocarps consisting of a single mass of irregularly placed spores surrounded by a<br />
gelatinous envelope, but not provided with a special cellular pericarp, immersed in<br />
the substance of the frond, spores discharged by a narrow passage formed between<br />
the cells of the cortex.<br />
An order comprising about 14 or 15 genera and between 125 and 150 species, most of which are<br />
inhabitants of warm seas, and vary in consistency from subgelatinous to coriaceous and cartilaginous.<br />
Our only two species belong to the tribe Nemastomeæ. There are numerous species on the Californian<br />
coast, nearly all difficult of deterinination
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 141<br />
owing to the great variation in shape. The suborder approaches very closely to the Ceramieæ, since the<br />
cystocarps are in many of the species true favellæ, which, instead of being naked, are concealed in the<br />
fronds. It is in fact merely an arbitrary matter whether one places Gloiosiphonia in one suborder or the<br />
other. The fronds are more complicated than those of the Ceramieæ. In genera like Gloiosiphonia and<br />
Nemastoma there is an axis formed respectively of a monosiphonous filament or bundle of filaments,<br />
and an ill-defined cortex formed simply of the loosely united lateral filaments. In other genera, as in<br />
Halymenia, the cortex is more distinctly marked, and in Prionitis and Cryptonemia the frond is dense<br />
and coriaceous.<br />
GLOIOSIPHONIA, Carm.<br />
(From γλοιος [gloios], sticky, and σιφων [siphon], a tube.)<br />
Fronds monœcious, gelatinous, cylindrical, branching, solid above, and formed of a<br />
monosiphonous axis, whose cells in their central portion bear whorls of four<br />
secondary branches, which divide so as to form umbels, which collectively form the<br />
cortex; descending filaments formed from the lower part of secondary branches;<br />
lower portion of fronds hollow; tetraspores cruciate, borne at the summit of the<br />
cortical filaments; antheridia forming spots on the surface of the fronds; cystocarps<br />
borne on the lower part of the cortical filaments, consisting of tufts of branching,<br />
radiating filaments densely packed in a single mass and surrounded by jelly.<br />
A genus containing but a single certainly known species, found both in Europe and this country. The<br />
genus has been placed by some writers in the Cryptonemieæ and by others in the Ceramieæ. It in fact<br />
connects the two suborders, the fruit being a favella in which the spores all arrive at maturity at the<br />
same time, forming, in the terminology of some algologists, a simple nucleus. The ripe cystocarps are<br />
concealed in the frond, as in the Cryptonemieæ, but, on the other hand, the structure of the so-called<br />
cortical layer is like the outer portion of Dudresnaya, which is generally placed in the Ceramieæ. A<br />
detailed account of the development of the cystocarp in G. capillaris will be found in Notes<br />
Algologiques, p. 41.<br />
G. CAPILLARIS, Carm. (G. capillaris, Carm., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 57; Notes Algologiques,<br />
Pl. 13.)<br />
Fronds gelatinous, four inches to a foot long, solid above, hollow below, main<br />
branches subsimple, terete, naked below, densely beset above with decompound<br />
lateral branches, branchlets tapering at both extremities; cystocarps abundant,<br />
frequently forming nodosities.<br />
In pools below low-water mark.<br />
New London, Harvey; Nahant, W. G, F.; Chelsea, Miss Brewer; Gloucester, Mrs.<br />
Bray and Mrs. Davis; Hampton Beach, Dr. Durkee; Peak’s Island, Maine, Prof.<br />
Goode.<br />
A widely diffused but locally rare species, found in early summer and disappearing in August. It is<br />
easily recognized at sight by its delicate gelatinous substance and brilliant rose color and by the<br />
tapering branchlets. Cystocarpic specimens are not unfrequently found, but tetrasporic plants are rare<br />
and have never been observed in this country. The species shrinks very much in drying and adheres<br />
closely to paper.
142<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
NEMASTOMA.<br />
(From νηµα [nema], a thread, and στοµα [stoma], a mouth.)<br />
Fronds gelatino-carnose, compressed-cylindrical or plane, dichotomous or<br />
subpinnate, composed of an axial layer of densely woven longitudinal filaments,<br />
from which are given off short, lateral, dichotomous, fastigiate filaments, which are<br />
united by a gelatinous substance to form a peripheral layer; tetraspores cruciate,<br />
borne in the peripheral layer; antheridia borne on the superficial cells of the<br />
periphery; cystocarps (favellæ) buried in the peripheral layer, spores escaping by a<br />
narrow opening between the peripheral filaments.<br />
A genus comprising not far from a dozen species, which inhabit principally the warmer waters of the<br />
globe, the genus being particularly well represented in Australia. The fronds of the different species<br />
vary from only slightly compressed and linear to broad and palmate, and in G. marginifera the frond<br />
resembles in shape that of Rhodymenia palmata. The substance is rather gelatinous and the<br />
microscopic structure resembles very closely that of the fronds of some of the Nemalieæ. The fruit of N.<br />
marginifera is described by Bornet, in Notes Algologiques, as being a true favella like that of<br />
Callithamnion. The genus is generally placed near Gloiosiphonia, and, like that genus, closely connects<br />
the Ceramieæ with the Cryptonemeæ.<br />
N. (?) BAIRDII, Farlow, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1875, p. 351.<br />
Fronds purplish-rose colored, gelatinous, four inches long, one inch wide below,<br />
vermiform, once or twice dichotomously divided, axils acute, apices attenuated;<br />
tetraspores cruciate, borne on the tips of the peripheral filaments; cystocarps<br />
Washed ashore at Gay Head, W. G. F.<br />
A very rare species, of which only a single specimen is known. It was found on the beach near the lighthouse<br />
at Gay Head, Mass., in company with Scinaia furcellata, in August, 1871. The specimen was a<br />
fragment, without the base of the plant, but with abundant tetraspores, which were borne on the tips of<br />
the peripheral filaments. In the absence of cystocarpic specimens the genus cannot be ascertained with<br />
certainty, and botanists who visit Gay Head, should seach [sic] for the plant by dredging off the Devil’s<br />
Bridge in five to ten fathoms. The specimen collected was at first supposed to be a portion of a broad<br />
specimen of Nemalion purpureum, a species not yet known on our coast. The peripheral filaments are<br />
loosely united together by a gelatinous mass, as in the subgenus Gymnophlæa of Agardh.<br />
SUBORDER DUMONTIEÆ.<br />
Fronds tubular, branching or proliferous; cystocarps immersed in the frond,<br />
composed of a single mass of irregularly placed cells, similar in most respects to<br />
those of the Cryptonemieæ.<br />
A small suborder, included by Harvey in the Cryptonemieæ. The development of the cystocarps is not<br />
well known, and on our coast there is no material to be obtained for the study of the suborder. The<br />
common Dumontia filiformis of Northern Europe is wanting with us, and the genus Halosaccion, of<br />
which we have one representative,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 143<br />
has never yet been found with cystocarpic fruit, the genus being referred to the present suborder in<br />
consequence of the resemblance of the frond to that of Dumontia. According to Bornet, the spores in D.<br />
filiformis are borne directly on the carpogenic cell, whereas in the nearly related genera of<br />
Cryptonemieæ there are sterile cells between the spores and the carpogenic cell.<br />
HALOSACCION, Kütz.<br />
(From αλς [als], the sea, and σακκιον [sakkion], a small sack.)<br />
Fronds hollow, tubular or sack-shaped‚ simple or proliferously branched, consisting<br />
of an internal layer of large, roundish, angular, colorless cells, usually arranged in<br />
linear series and packed closely together by a gelatinous substance; tetraspores<br />
cruciate, immersed in the cortical layer; cystocarps?<br />
A small genus, including about ten species, of which H. ramentaceum is common in the North Atlantic,<br />
the other species being confined to the North Pacific and extending as far south as California on the<br />
east coast and Japan on the west coast. The species are all coarse and somewhat cartilaginous, and are<br />
either in the form of elongated obovate sacks or tubular and proliferous. The cystocarpic fruit is<br />
unknown, and the genus is placed conjecturally near Dumontia in consequence of the structure of the<br />
frond.<br />
H. RAMENTACEUM, (L.) Ag. (H. ramentaceum, Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 29 a.—Ulva<br />
sobolifera, Fl. Dan., Pl. 356.)<br />
Fronds brownish purple, six to fourteen inches high, cylindrical-compressed,<br />
attenuated at the base, simple or irregularly branched, more or less densely beset<br />
with scattered or crowded, simple or forked, lateral proliferations; tetraspores large,<br />
spherical, cruciate; cystocarps?<br />
Var. GLADIATUM, Eaton, Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. II, p. 347.<br />
Proliferations long, simple, somewhat incurved, inflated.<br />
On algæ in deep pools and on mud-covered rocks at low-water mark.<br />
From Gloucester, Mass., northward; North Atlantic and Pacific. The variety at<br />
Eastport.<br />
A characteristic species of our northern coast, occasionally found at Gloucester and becoming very<br />
common at Eastport. The fronds are very variable in shape, yet, on the whole, easily recognized. The<br />
most marked form is the var. gladiatum. The robustness depends a good deal on the place of growth. In<br />
exposed pools the fronds are short and very densely proliferous; in sheltered harbors, like that of<br />
Eastport, the proliferations grow long, and are of rather delicate <strong>text</strong>ure, approaching H. microsporum,<br />
which hardly seems a distinct species. Kjellman, in Spetzbergens Marina klorofyllförande Thallophyter,<br />
mentions certain hemispherical protuberances on the fronds of this species, and the same are found on<br />
our coast. As before stated, the specimen of Asperococcus compressus credited to Gloucester, Mass., was<br />
an error, the specimen being in reality a sterile and partly bleached Halosaccion.<br />
SUBORDER GIGARTINEÆ.<br />
Fronds terete, compressed or membranaceous, fleshy or cartilaginous; antheridia in<br />
superficial spots or sunk in small crypts; tetraspores
144<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
cruciate or zonate, usually collected in nemathecia or in superficial spots (sori),<br />
sometimes scattered; cystocarps composed of numerous masses of irregularly placed<br />
spores, between which are found portions of the tissue of the interior of the frond,<br />
the whole sporiferous mass being covered by the swollen surfaces of the frond, which<br />
are sometimes raised in subspherical conceptacles; spores discharged through<br />
special carpostomes.<br />
A large suborder, comprising species which are sometimes more or less cylindrical in shape, but which<br />
are more frequently expanded and of a coarse, subcartilaginous consistency. Some of the largest<br />
Florideæ are found among the Gigartineæ, and perhaps no other suborder contains so many ill-defined<br />
species as the present. Owing to the thickness and opacity of the fronds, the study of the development<br />
of the cystocarps is attended with very great difficulty, and as yet no fall account of the formation of the<br />
fruit of any of the species has been published. In the Notes Algologiques, Bornet, however, gives a brief<br />
account of the formation of the cystocarp in Gymnogongrus patens. In all the species the spores are<br />
irregularly grouped in several distinct masses, which are imbedded in the tissue of the frond, the cells<br />
of which undergo a change as the spores ripen, their walls becoming thick and lamellated, and<br />
traversed by numerous small canals. In Callophyllis and some other genera the sporiferous mass and<br />
the enveloping tissue of the frond form subglobose swellings external to the surface of the fronds, but in<br />
other genera, as Gymnogongrus, the sporiferous mass occupies the central part of the frond, which<br />
swells on all sides. The cystocarps discharge their spores through carpostomes or narrow canals formed<br />
in the cortex of the fronds. Sometimes there is a single carpostome, but in some genera, as<br />
Gymnogongrus and Ahnfeldtia, there are several.<br />
1. Fronds terete.................................................................................................. 3<br />
2. Fronds compressed........................................................................................ 4<br />
3. Substance rigid, horny................................................................... Ahnfeldtia.<br />
Substance soft, succulent ............................................................. Cystoclonium.<br />
4. Fronds thin, leaf-like.................................................................. Phyllophora.<br />
Fronds cartilaginous or subcartilaginous .......................................................... 5<br />
5. Cystocarps external in special leaflets ........................................... Gigartina.<br />
Cystocarps immersed ........................................................................................ 6<br />
6. Central part of frond composed of roundish polygonal cells.<br />
Gymnogongrus.<br />
7. Central part of frond formed of slender anastomosing filaments.<br />
Chondrus.<br />
PHYLLOPHORA, Grev.<br />
(From φυλλον [phyllon], a leaf, and φερω [phero], to bear.)<br />
Fronds stipitate, stipes expanding into a rigid-membranaceous, flat, simple or cleft<br />
lamina, proliferous from the disk or margin, composed internally of oblong polygonal<br />
cells, with a cortical layer of minute, colored, vertically seriated cells; antheridia<br />
contained in small cavities; tetraspores cruciate, arranged in moniliform filaments,<br />
which are packed together in external excrescences (nemathecia); cystocarps
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 145<br />
external, globose, sessile or pedicellate, containing within a thick carp several<br />
irregular masses of spores imbedded among the cells of the frond; spores discharged<br />
by a narrow carpostome.<br />
The genus comprises eight or nine species of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, one species, P.<br />
Clevelandii, being found on the coast of California. The species are dark red, rather coarse and rigid,<br />
not adhering to paper, and are very apt to be covered with Bryozoa. They inhabit rather deep water,<br />
and are characterized by their external fruit, the tetraspores being arranged in nemathecia or warts<br />
composed of densely packed filaments, each cell of which becomes a cruciate tetraspore. Some of the<br />
broader forms pass with collectors for species of Rhodymenia.<br />
P. BRODIÆI, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 20.<br />
Stipes cylindrical at base, compressed up wards, branched, the branches expanding<br />
into oblong or wedge-shaped, simple or forked, membranaceous laminæ, often<br />
proliferous at the summit; cystocarps globose, sessile on the laminæ; nemathecia<br />
spherical, pedunculate, at the tips of the laminæ.<br />
In five to ten fathoms of water.<br />
Newport, R. I.; Wood’s Holl, Mass.; and common from Nahant northward.<br />
P. MEMBRANIFOLIA, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 163.<br />
Stipe cylindrical, filiform, branched, the branches expanding into broadly wedgeshaped<br />
bifid or dichotomous laminæ; cystocarps ovoid, stipitate, rising from the<br />
branches or laminæ; nemathecia forming broad, dark-colored, convex patches in the<br />
center of the laminæ.<br />
la deep water on stones.<br />
Common from Long Island Sound northward; North Atlantic.<br />
Our two species of Phyllophora are perfectly easy to identify when tetrasporic specimens are obtained.<br />
P. Brodiæi is a larger plant than P. membranifolia, and the laminæ are longer and larger and less<br />
broad at the base than in P. membranifolia. P. Brodiæi varies considerably, however, and in the spring<br />
the bright-red broad laminæ are often broken from the stipes and washed ashore, when they might be<br />
mistaken for some species of Rhodymenia.<br />
GYMNOGONGRUS, Mart.<br />
(From γυµνος [gymnos], naked, and γογγρος [goggros], an excrescence.)<br />
Fronds dark red or purple, carnoso-coriaceous, terete, compressed or flat,<br />
dichotomous, composed of a medullary stratum of roundish, angular, colorless cells<br />
and a cortical stratum of closely packed short filaments formed of small colored cells;<br />
tetraspores cruciate, borne in hemispherical nemathecia; cystocarps immersed in the<br />
swollen frond, consisting of several irregular masses of spores imbedded among the<br />
cells of the frond; spores discharged by a carpostome.<br />
A genus of about thirty species, found principally in the warmer pants of the world, all rather<br />
coriaceous, but not attaining any great size. The genus is distinguished<br />
S. Miss. 59——10
146<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
from Chondrus, to which several of the species were formerly referred, by the structure of the frond and<br />
the arrangement of the tetraspores; from Phyllophora by the absence of a stipe and the immersed<br />
cystocarps.<br />
G. NORVEGICUS, J. Ag. (Sphærococcus Norvegicus, Ag.—Chondrus Norvegicus,<br />
Lyngb.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 187.—Oncotylus Norvegicus, Kütz.)<br />
Fronds deep red, two to four inches high, linear, dichotomous, flat, fastigiate, axils<br />
rounded, patent, apices obtuse; cystocarps immersed in the upper segments<br />
projecting on both sides of the frond; nemathecia sessile, hemispherical, on both<br />
sides of the frond.<br />
In deep pools on rocks.<br />
Penobscot Bay, Mr. Hooper; Peak’s Island, Maine, W. G. F.; Nahant, W. G. F.;<br />
Beverly, Mass., Miss Alexander. Europe.<br />
Our plant, which is apparently rather rare, is the same as that of Europe, although narrower forms are<br />
sometimes seen which perhaps might be referred to the G. Torreyi of Agardh. G. Griffithsiæ is to be<br />
expected with us, as it is common in Europe. The present species is found only in the autumn and<br />
winter, either in deep cold pools or below low-water mark. Its resemblance to the simpler forms of<br />
Chondrus crispus is so great that it is perhaps mistaken for that species by amateur collectors. Its<br />
color, however, is red rather than purple, and the whole plant is thinner and more delicate than C.<br />
crispus, which, moreover, has quite a different microscopic structure.<br />
G. TORREYI, Ag.<br />
Frond compressed, flattish, dichotomous, fastigiate, segments linear, very narrow,<br />
the axils rounded.<br />
New York, Prof. Agardh.<br />
A species known only by the above description of Agardh. Bailey, in Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. VI, 1848, p. 39,<br />
makes the singular statement, in speaking of Dasya elegans, Ag., that he has examined a fragment of<br />
the original specimen of Sphærococcus Torreyi in the Torrey Herbarium, “which,” he says, “unless I am<br />
greatly mistaken, was founded on a battered specimen of this plant.”<br />
AHNFELDTIA, Fries.<br />
(Named in honor of Nils Otto Ahnfeldt, of Lund.)<br />
Fronds cartilagineo-corneous, subterete, dichotomous or irregularly branched,<br />
composed of densely packed elongated cells within and a horizontal layer of closely<br />
packed short filaments formed of small colored cells; cystocarps immersed in the<br />
fronds; tetraspores in nemathecia which surrounded the branches (?).<br />
A small genus, comprising stiff, wiry, or cartilaginous algæ, whose fructification is not well known. As<br />
it is, the genus is distinguished from Gymnogongrus rather by the rigidity and terete character of the<br />
fronds than by any more definite character, since the fact that the tetraspores in the present genus are<br />
in the nemathecia which surround the branches, even if fully proved, which is not the case, would<br />
hardly constitute sufficient ground for the separation of the genera. In the only common species of the<br />
North Atlantic cystocarps have never been seen and the nemathecia have not been satisfactorily<br />
examined. In Ahnfeldtia gigartinoides of the west coast the cystocarps form nodose swellings in the<br />
upper part of the branches, and there are numerous
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 147<br />
carpostomes by which the spores are discharged. However ill defined the present genus may be, there is<br />
no difficulty in recognizing at sight our only species.<br />
A. PLICATA, Fries, (Gymnogongrus plicatus, Kütz.; Phyc. Brit.‚ Pl. 288.—Gigartina<br />
plicata, Lam.x.—Sphærococcus plicatus, Ag.)<br />
Fronds horny, terete, filiform, very irregularly branched, entangled, branches ditrichotomous,<br />
with lateral, often secund, branches, axils rounded, terminal divisions<br />
elongated; cystocarps and tetraspores?<br />
Var. fastigiata.<br />
Fronds regularly dichotomous, terminal segments equal.<br />
On rocks and algæ in exposed tide-pools.<br />
From New York northward; Europe; North Pacific.<br />
Forming very irregularly branched, rigid tufts several inches in diameter. The color is usually nearly<br />
black, becoming on exposure yellowish or greenish. More wiry and rigid than any of our other Florideæ<br />
.<br />
CYSTOCLONIUM, Kütz.<br />
(From κυστις [kystis], a bladder, and κλωνιον [klonion], a small twig.)<br />
Fronds fleshy, succulent, terete, decompoundly branched, composed of three strata<br />
of cells, an axile series of loosely interlaced filaments formed of delicate elongated<br />
cells, surrounding which is a layer of large rounded cells and a cortical layer of small<br />
roundish-angular cells; antheridia in spots on the upper part of the fronds,<br />
interspersed among the unchanged cortical cells; tetraspores zonate, scattered in the<br />
cortical layer; cystocarps large, immersed in the frond, usually prominent at one<br />
side, with a single carpostome.<br />
The account given above of the structure of the frond refers to the appearance presented in sectioning<br />
the mature plant. A study of the development shows that the external and medial layers really are<br />
derived from the axial filaments, or rather that all three are formed from a common set of filaments at<br />
the apex of the frond. The frond of Cystoclonium might be mistaken for that of Rhabdonia, but the fruit<br />
is very different. The genus comprises about half a dozen described species, but only one is at all well<br />
known.<br />
C. PURPURASCENS, Kütz. (Hypnea purpurascens, Harv., Phyc. Brit.‚ Pl. 116.)<br />
Fronds brownish rose-colored, six inches to two feet long, an eighth to a quarter of<br />
an inch in diameter, terete, subpinnately decompound, much branched, branches<br />
alternate, elongate, beset with alternately decompound branchlets which taper at<br />
each end; cystocarps numerous [sic], large, often forming nodose swellings in the<br />
branches.<br />
Var. cirrhosa.<br />
The branches drawn out into long, twisted tendrils.
148<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
In tide-pools and just below low-water mark.<br />
Very common from New York northward; Europe.<br />
With the exception of Ceramium rubrum, the present is probably the most common species of Florideæ<br />
found on our coast. It not unfrequently attains a length of a foot and a half, and when washed from its<br />
attachment and exposed to the sunlight assumes a bright orange color, which is attractive to many<br />
collectors. The Solieria chordalis, said by Mr. Samuel Ashmead* to have been collected in Greenland by<br />
the Hayes Arctic expedition, was probably a sterile plant of Cystoclonium purpurascens.<br />
GIGARTINA, Lam.x.<br />
(From γιγαρτον [gigarton], a grape-stone.)<br />
Fronds fleshy, cartilaginous, compressed, composed of an internal layer of<br />
longitudinal, slender, anastomosing filaments, which pass horizontally outwards<br />
and divide dichotomously into short moniliform filaments, the whole set in a<br />
gelatinous substance; antheridia in superficial spots; tetraspores cruciate, densely<br />
aggregated, forming spots just below the surface; conceptacles external.<br />
A genus of which nearly fifty species have been described, but some of which are of doubtful value.<br />
They abound in the Pacific Ocean, several species being found in California, but we have only one<br />
species.<br />
G. MAMILLOSA, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 199.<br />
Fronds dark purple, three to six inches high, half an inch to two inches broad,<br />
flattish, channelled, linear, decompound, dichotomous, fastigiate, upper segments<br />
wedge-shaped, bifid; cystocarps borne in short papillæ given off from the surface and<br />
margin of the frond.<br />
On rocks at Low-water mark, in company with Chondrus crispus.<br />
Common from Boston northward; Europe.<br />
Bearing some resemblance to the common Irish moss, with which it usually grows, but distinguished by<br />
the numerous papillæ which cover the surface of the fronds and bear the fruit. The present species may<br />
occur in California, but most of the specimens of G. mamillosa from the west coast belong rather to G.<br />
papillata, Ag.<br />
CHONDRUS, Stack.<br />
(From χονδρος [chondros], cartilage.)<br />
Fronds and tetraspores as in Gigartina; cystocarps immersed in the frond.<br />
A small genus as limited by modern writers, but formerly made to include a large number of forms. The<br />
three genera Gigartina, Chondrus, and Iridæa are very nearly related. In the first-named genus the<br />
cystocarps are borne in external conceptacles, and in the last two they are immersed.<br />
C. CRISPUS (Linn.), Stack.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 63.—Irish moss.<br />
Fronds purple, three to six inches high, stipitate, flabelliform, dichotomous,<br />
fastigiate, flat, the segments linear-cuneate; cystocarps immersed in the frond and<br />
usually projecting on one side.<br />
* Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. XV, p. 93.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 149<br />
On rocks at low-water mark.<br />
Common from New York northward.<br />
The common Irish moss which is used for culinary purposes, and also for clarifying beer. It is also said<br />
to be used in the manufacture of cheap cotton cloths. Although very variable in shape, it is not likely to<br />
be mistaken for any other species, except possibly sterile specimens of Gigartina mamillaris or<br />
Gymnogongrus Norvegicus, which is, however, a rare species. When growing exposed to the light, the<br />
color is a yellow-green.<br />
SUBORDER RHODYMENIEÆ.<br />
Fronds membranaceous or filiform, solid or tubular; antheridia forming superficial<br />
patches; tetraspores tripartite, cruciate, or zonate, either scattered in distinct spots<br />
or sometimes sunk in crypts; cystocarps external, containing densely packed<br />
subdichotomous filaments, arranged in distinct masses around a basal placenta with<br />
a thick pericarp, which is connected by numerous filaments with the placenta.<br />
The present suborder is exceedingly ill-defined, and no two writers agree exactly as to its limits. In the<br />
typical genera we find a distinct basal placenta on which are borne masses of spores, which when young<br />
are seen to be formed of subdichotomous filaments, but which when mature are arranged without order<br />
and held together by a gelatinous envelope. Diverging from the type, we have genera like<br />
Cordylecladia, in which, even at maturity, the spores preserve to a certain extent a rnoniliform<br />
arrangement, and we then have a cystocarp but little different from that of Gracilaria, which belongs to<br />
the Sphærococcoideæ. On the other hand, we have the order connected with the Cryptonemieæ by<br />
Chrysymenia, which is now placed by Agardh in the Rhodymeniaceæ. The position of Rhodophyllis and<br />
Euthora is doubtful. Hero we have no distinct basal placenta, but rather a central placenta or<br />
carpogenic cell, reminding one somewhat of the genus Rhabdonia and its allies, which have been<br />
included in the Solierieæ. Euthora, at any rate, demands a more accurate study, and our own species of<br />
Rhodophyllis, R. veprecula, does not well correspond with the typical members of the suborder in<br />
relation to its cystocarpic fruit. Lomentaria and Champia agree with the Rhodymenieæ in their fruit,<br />
although the fronds are peculiar, and we have kept them as a division of the present.<br />
Tribe I. RHODYMENIEÆ proper.<br />
Cystocarps with a basal placenta, fronds solid.<br />
Fronds dichotomous or palmate..................................................... Rhodymenia.<br />
Fronds pinnately compound.............................................................Plocamium.<br />
Fronds filiform............................................................................ Cordylecladia.<br />
? Tribe II. RHODOPHYLLEÆ.<br />
Cystocarps with a central placenta, fronds membranaceous.<br />
Tetraspores zonate, fronds dichotomous or pinnate...................... Rhodophyllis.<br />
Tetraspores cruciate, fronds dentato-pinnate ........................................ Euthora.<br />
Tribe III. LOMENTARIEÆ.<br />
Cystocarps with a basal placenta, fronds tubular.<br />
Fronds constricted at the joints, but with no proper diaphragms, tetraspores sunk in depressions of the<br />
frond......................................................................................... Lomentaria.<br />
Fronds with numerous diaphragms, tetraspores superficial ................ Champia.
150<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
RHODYMENIA, (Grev.) J. Ag.<br />
(From ροδεος [rodeos], red, and υµην [umen], a membrane.)<br />
Fronds flat, membranaceous, dichotomous or palmate, composed of an internal layer<br />
of large roundish-angular cells and a cortical layer of smaller cells, in some cases<br />
arranged in short horizontal filaments; tetraspores cruciate, either collected in<br />
superficial spots (sori) or scattered in the cortex; cystocarps external, sessile, with a<br />
distinct carpostome, spores irregularly grouped in masses attached to a basal<br />
placenta and surrounded by a gelatinous envelope.<br />
A genus which formerly was made to include a large number of flat membranous species, a large part of<br />
which have by recent writers been removed to other genera. We have but one species on our coast,<br />
Rhodymenia palmata, the common dulse, of which, unfortunately, the cystocarpic fruit is unknown,<br />
and the study of the fruit of the genus is out of the question with us.<br />
R. PALMATA, (Linn.) Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pls. 217, 218; Ann. Sci. Nat., Vol. Ill, Ser. 4,<br />
Pl. 3, Fig. 8.—Dulse.<br />
Fronds purplish red, broadly wedge-shaped, six to twelve inches long and four to<br />
eight inches broad, irregularly cleft, palmate or dichotomous, sometimes repeatedly<br />
laciniate, the margin often winged with leaflets; tetraspores cruciate, scattered in<br />
patches over the frond, immersed in the cortex; cystocarps?<br />
Var. Sarniensis.<br />
Divisions very numerous, narrow, sublinear.<br />
On Fuci, Laminariæ, and other algæ, between tide-marks, and extending into deep<br />
water.<br />
Common from New York northward; North Atlantic; California?<br />
This, with Chondrus crispus, forms the only species eaten in New England. The present species,<br />
although one of the commonest red sea-weeds in the North Atlantic, has never been known to bear<br />
cystocarps, and hence the generic position is doubtful. The description given applies to the typical form,<br />
and although the fronds are very variable in outline, the species is easily recognized. It is sold in the<br />
seaport towns, where it is to be found dried on the fruit-stands of the women who sell green apples,<br />
corn-balls, and other dainties. It is said to possess anthelmintic properties, which, if one can judge by<br />
its disagreeable taste, is very probable.<br />
PLOCAMIUM, Lyngb.<br />
(From πλοκαµος [plokamos], a lock of hair.)<br />
Fronds compressed, membranaceous, pinnately decompound, the pinnules<br />
alternately secund in twos, threes, fours, or fives, composed of an inner layer of<br />
longitudinal, oblong cells and a cortical layer of smaller polygonal cells; tetraspores<br />
zonate borne in special branchlets; cystocarps
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 151<br />
external, sessile or pedicellate, with a distinct carpostome, spores in several masses<br />
composed of closely packed radiating filaments borne on a basal placenta.<br />
A beautiful genus, comprising about twenty-five species, the most striking of which are found in<br />
Australia, New Zealand, and at the Cape of Good Hope. P. coccineum is very widely diffused in the<br />
North Atlantic and Pacific, and possibly also in the southern hemisphere; but it has only been observed<br />
once on the coast of New England, and that perhaps requires verification. The genus is at once<br />
recognized by the branching. The frond is linear and distichously pinnated, the pinnules, which are<br />
always alternately secund in groups of from two to five, being of two kinds; the lowest pinna is short,<br />
simple, and acute, while the remaining pinnæ are pinuulate or pectinate-decompound. The cystocarps<br />
of Plocamium are similar to those of Rhodymenia, and the zonate tetraspores are in special branchlets<br />
or leaflets, known as stichidia.<br />
P. COCCINEUM, Lyngb.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 44.<br />
Fronds narrowly linear, without a midrib, decompound pinnate, pinnæ alternately<br />
secund in threes or fours, the lowest subulate and entire, the upper pectinate on the<br />
upper side; conceptacles marginal, solitary, sessile; tetraspores zonate on<br />
divaricately branching processes borne on the inner side of the pectinated<br />
branchlets.<br />
Boston Bay, Miss Hawkshurst.<br />
The above-named locality, given in the Nereis, is the only one known on the New England coast, for<br />
this widely diffused species, if we except the vague statement of Bailey in the American Journal of<br />
Science, Vol. Ill, 1847, p. 84, that it has been found by Rev J. L. Russell on the coast of Massachusetts.<br />
One sometimes finds forms of Euthora cristata labelled P. coccineum in American herbaria. The<br />
common Californian form of the species is coarser than the European, and has been named by Kützing<br />
P. Californicum. It is not, however, distinct.<br />
CORDYLECLADIA, J. Ag.<br />
(From κορδυλη [kordyle], a club, and κλαδος [klados], a branch.)<br />
Fronds filiform, irregularly branched, carnoso-cartilaginous, formed of two strata of<br />
cells; medullary layer of oblong, longitudinal cells, cortical of roundish, colored,<br />
subseriated, vertical, minute cells; conceptacles sessile on the branches,<br />
subspherical, furnished with a cellular pericarp at length perforate, containing a<br />
densely packed globular mass of roundish angular spores, formed by the evolution of<br />
much-branched filaments issuing from a basal placenta; tetraspores immersed in the<br />
periphery of pod-like ramuli, oblong, cruciately parted.<br />
? C. HUNTII, Harv.<br />
“Fronds densely tufted, springing from a common, expanded, crust-like disk, livid<br />
purple, tereti-compressed, once or twice forked or secundly branched; branches<br />
subulate, alternate, acute; fruit?” (Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p. 155.)<br />
Narragansett Bay, Mr. George Hunt.
152<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
A species only known from the description in the Nereis, which is quoted above, and from the specimen<br />
in Herb. Harvey for an examination of which we are indebted to Prof. E. Perceval Wright. In the<br />
absence of fruit, the genus must remain in doubt, and it is hardly likely that the species, as described<br />
by Harvey, will be again recognized by American algologists.<br />
RHODOPHYLLIS, Kütz.<br />
(From ροδον [rhodon], a rose, and φυλλον [phyllon], a leaf.).<br />
Fronds membranous, dichotomously compound, with proliferous or pinnatifid<br />
margins, composed of an internal layer of large roundish-angular cells and a cortical<br />
layer of smaller cells; tetraspores zonate, immersed in the cortex of the frond or<br />
marginal processes; cystocarps external, subspherical, borne usually on the margin<br />
of the frond or on lateral processes, spores arranged around a central carpogenic cell<br />
in masses composed of densely packed radiating filaments, whose cells at maturity<br />
become irregularly placed.<br />
A genus comprising .about twenty species, which mostly inhabit the Australian coast. They have<br />
membranously expanded fronds resembling those of the genus Rhodymenia, but they are as a rule<br />
smaller and thinner, the internal layer consisting of usually two series of cells. The genus is<br />
distinguished from Rhodymenia by the zonate tetraspores, and by having the carpogenic cell or<br />
placenta in the center of the conceptacle instead of at its base. In the typical species of Kützing, R.<br />
bifida, there is, according to Dr. Bornet, a large carpogenic cell at the center of the conceptacle, around<br />
which the sporiferous masses are gathered, and the same is true with regard to our own Rhodophyllis<br />
veprecula.<br />
R. VERRECULA, J. Ag. (Ciliaria fusca, Rupr.—R. veprecula and Calliblepharis ciliata,<br />
Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, pp. 105, 152, non Calliblepharis ciliata, Kütz.)<br />
Fronds deep red, attached by a branching base, two to five inches long, a quarter of<br />
an inch to an inch and a half broad, decompoundly dichotomous, margin pinnate,<br />
pinnæ linear-lanceolate, ciliate, with short subulate or forked teeth; tetraspores<br />
zonate, borne in the cortex of the cilia; cystocarps subglobose, usually borne at the<br />
base of the cilia, often densely aggregated, sometimes borne on the surface of frond.<br />
Var. CIRRHATA, Harv.<br />
Fronds very narrow, dichotomous, the apices cirrhiform, repeatedly forked.<br />
On the larger algæ in five to ten fathoms, and rarely in deep tidepools. Autumn and<br />
winter.<br />
Campobello Island, Grand Menan, Maine, Prof. Eaton; Gloucester, Mass., W. G. F.;<br />
Arctic Ocean.<br />
The present species is a characteristic Arctic form which occurs as far south as Cape Ann, where it is<br />
not rare although hardly common. It is usually found washed ashore late in the autumn or in winter. It<br />
is recognized by its beautiful red color and frond
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 153<br />
destitute of a midrib and with a ciliated margin. It bears a close resemblance to Caliblepharis ciliata,<br />
Kütz., which is a common European species, and it was introduced. Tinder that name in the Nereis, in<br />
which work Rhodophyllis veprecula was cited on the authority of Agardh. But subsequent observation<br />
and examination of the cystocarpic fruit has shown that the C. ciliata of the Nereis is the same as<br />
Rhodophyllis veprecula, Ag. Gobi states that R. veprecula of Agardh is the Fucus dichotomous of<br />
Lepechin, and he considers that C. ciliata, Kütz., should also be included with it under the name of<br />
Rhodophyllis dichotoma (Lepechin). We have retained the name of Agardh because we only wish to<br />
assert that our plant is a Rhodophyllis already described by Agardh, but do not wish to go so far as to<br />
express an opinion with regard to the identity of the two European plants, since we have never been<br />
able to examine the fruit of C. ciliata in good condition. Our form, as found on the Massachusetts coast,<br />
is well developed and agrees perfectly with specimens collected by Dr. Kjellman in Greenland. The<br />
narrow variety was found by Harvey at Halifax. In Herb. Gray is a narrow specimen from Labrador,<br />
marked Calliblepharis jubata, apparently in Lenormand’s handwriting.<br />
EUTHORA, Ag.<br />
(Derivation uncertain.)<br />
Fronds membranaceous, subdichotomously pinnate, formed internally of large<br />
oblong cells, between which is a network of slender branching filaments with a<br />
cortical layer of small cells; tetraspores cruciate, immersed in the cortex of the<br />
thickened apices; cystocarps external, subspherical, marginal, containing a central<br />
nucleus attached to the walls of the conceptacle composed of tufts of radiating<br />
sporiferous filaments around an ill-defined cellular placenta.<br />
A small genus of only two species, one of which is found in the North Atlantic and the other in the<br />
North Pacific. The structure of the frond in our species is peculiar and is the same as that of the genus<br />
Callophyllis. Between the rather large cells of the interior run small branching filaments, best seen in<br />
longitudinal sections. The genus is separated from Rhodymenia, in which it was formerly included, in<br />
consequence of the peculiar frond and cystocarp. The structure of the latter is not at all well known and<br />
should be studied on our coast, where there is an abundance of material. The conceptacles are small<br />
and are borne on the margin of the frond, and the carpostome is not at all prominent. The arrangement<br />
of the spores is complicated and not easily described. They are arranged in tufts of short filaments,<br />
radiating from a common point, and the different tufts, which are very numerous, apparently surround<br />
a central cellular placenta, not at all sharply defined. At any rate, there is no large carpogenic cell,<br />
either at the center, as in Rhodophyllis, or at the base, as in Rhodymenia, and it is by no means certain<br />
that the genus should be placed in the present suborder.<br />
E. CRISTATA, J. Ag. (Sphærococcus cristatus, C. Ag.—Rhodymenia cristata, Grev.;<br />
Phyc. Brit., Pl. 307.—Callophyllis cristata, Kütz.)<br />
Fronds rosy-red, one to five inches high, membranaceous, flabellately expanded,<br />
main divisions widely spreading, alternate, repeatedly subdivided, upper divisions<br />
alternate, linear, laciniate at the tips, with a fimbriated margin; tetraspores<br />
cruciate, in the thickened tips of the frond; cystocarps small, marginal, nearly<br />
spherical.<br />
On algæ, especially on Laminariæ, in deep water.
154<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Staten Island; Newport, R. I., Bailey; dredged off Napatree Point, R. I., Prof. Eaton;<br />
Gay Head, in eight or ten fathoms; and common from Nahant northward.<br />
Together with Delesseria sinuosa, this species forms the bulk of the membranaceous red sea-weeds<br />
collected by ladies on our northern coast for ornamental purposes. Probable in no part of the world are<br />
more beautiful and luxuriant specimens found than at Magnolia Cove, Gloucester, Mass. Specimens<br />
vary very much in breadth. Some have the main divisions an inch wide and the terminal divisions are<br />
densely flabellate. Others are scarcely an eight of an inch wide and the terminal divisions are rather<br />
diffuse, the fimbriations being prolonged into sharp teeth. The first-mentioned form approaches the<br />
figure in the Phycologia Britannica, while the last resembles Sphærococcus coronopifolius. The Long<br />
Island forms are scarcely an inch high. The species is found at all seasons of the year, and inhabits<br />
rather deep water, its favorite habitat being the roots of Laminariæ.<br />
LOMENTARIA, (Gaul.) Thuret.<br />
(From lomentum, a pod with constricted joints.)<br />
Fronds filamentous, branching, hollow, with constricted nodes, formed of one or<br />
more layers of roundish-angular cells with a few longitudinal filaments in the<br />
interior; tetraspores tripartite, borne in cavities formed by the infolding of the<br />
cortex; cystocarps external, sessile, containing a nucleus composed of oblong masses<br />
of irregularly radiating spores attached to a placenta surrounding a large basal<br />
carpogenic cell, which is connected with the pericarp by filaments.<br />
A small genus, containing species which have been placed by some writers in Chylocladia and<br />
Chrysymenia. As limited by Thuret, the genus includes species in which the tetraspores occupy small<br />
cavities hollowed out in the cortex. The development of the fronds has not been fully studied. They are<br />
hollow and much constricted at the joints, but in our species there are no distinct diaphragms as in<br />
Champia. The walls of the filaments are composed of a membrane consisting of a single layer of<br />
roundish-angular cells, or there are two or three layers, the outer cells being smaller than the rest. The<br />
inner side of the wall is traversed by long, slender filaments, to which are attached, laterally, small<br />
round cells, by which the filaments are attached to the walls. The cystocarps are external, and, in<br />
section, one sees a large basal triangular-ovoid carpogenic cell surrounded by closely packed sporiferous<br />
lobes, in which the cells are at first arranged in the form of densely radiating filaments, but at the time<br />
of maturity become irregularly placed. The pericarp is rather broadly ovate, with a distinct terminal<br />
carpostome, and its walls are connected with the carpogenic cell by filaments, between the bases of<br />
which lie the sporiferous masses, around which is a gelatinous envelope.<br />
L. UNCINATA, Menegh., in J. Ag., Spec. (Chylocladia Baileyana, Harv., Ner. Am.<br />
Bor., Part II, p. 185, Pl. 20 c.—Chylocladia uncinata, Ag., Zan. Icon. Adr., Pl. 43.—<br />
Chondrosiphon uncinatus, Kütz.)<br />
Fronds brownish red, densely tufted, two to five inches high, tubular, irregularly<br />
much branched, branches about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, divaricated,<br />
secund or scattered, often recurved, branchlets narrowly fusiform, much contracted<br />
at base, secund; tetraspores tripartite
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 155<br />
in cavities on the branchlets; cystocarps sessile on the branches, ovoid, with a<br />
distinct terminal carpostome.<br />
Var. FILIFORMIS, Harv., l. c.<br />
Slender, elongate, with longer and less arching branches.<br />
On wharves, sponges, &c., below low-water mark.<br />
Quincy, Mass., Harvey; common from Cape Cod southward.<br />
A common and characteristic species of Long Island Sound, forming very densely branching tufts. The<br />
branches are usually arched backwards and bear secund branchlets which are much constricted at<br />
base. The arrangement of the tetraspores in cavities can easily be seen in fresh or alcoholic specimens,<br />
but not well in pressed plants. It is principally on the authority of Zanardini that our species is united<br />
with his C. uncinata, and as he had plenty of material for comparison his opinion is probably correct.<br />
The Adriatic specimens of C. uncinata which we have examined corresponded better with the var.<br />
filiformis than with the more common secund form of Long Island Sound.<br />
L. ROSEA, (Harv.) Thuret. (Chrysymenia rosea, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 358 a.—<br />
Chylocladia rosea, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p. 186.)<br />
Fronds rose-colored, compressed, hollow, triangular in outline, main divisions simple<br />
or once or twice forked, one and a half to three inches long, an eighth to a quarter of<br />
an inch broad, tapering at the apex, pinnate with simple or pinnate, opposite,<br />
distichous branchlets, which are much contracted at the base; tetraspores tripartite,<br />
sunk in cavities in the cortex of branches.<br />
On stones and shells in ten fathoms.<br />
Portsmouth, N. H.; Newport, R. I., Harvey; Gay Head, W. G. F.; Northern Europe.<br />
A rare and beautiful species, easily distinguished from the last by being broader and flattened, with<br />
beautifully regular, opposite, distichous pinnæ. As far as we know, the cystocarpic fruit of this species<br />
has never been seen. It is tolerably abundant on shells of Mytilus, in company with Scinaia furcellata,<br />
off Gay Head.<br />
CHAMPIA.<br />
(In honor of M. Deschamps, a French botanist.)<br />
Fronds filamentous, branching, hollow, nodose, formed of one or more layers of<br />
roundish-angular cells with cellular diaphragms at the nodes, traversed internally<br />
by a few longitudinal filaments; tetraspores tripartite, scattered in the cortex;<br />
cystocarps as in Lomentaria.<br />
A small genus, comprising about a dozen species, most of which are tropical or Australian, our species,<br />
C. parvula, being the most widely diffused. The genus resembles Lomentaria very closely in the<br />
cystocarpic fruit. The fronds, however, are not only constricted at the joints, but are nodose throughout,<br />
a diaphragm composed of a single layer of cells extending across the nodes. The tetraspores are not<br />
contained in sunken cavities as in Lomentaria. A section of the cystocarps of C. parvula and L.<br />
uncinata shows the same arrangement of the spores, but in the first-named species the carpogenic cell<br />
is larger and projects further into the conceptacle.
156<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
C. PARVULA, (Ag.) Harv. (Chylocladia parvula, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 210.—Champia<br />
parvula, Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p; 76.) Pl. XV, Figs. 2,5.<br />
Fronds brownish red, globosely tufted, two to four inches high, intricately branching,<br />
branches opposite, alternate, or whorled, nodose, joints once or twice as long as<br />
broad, apices obtuse; tetraspores tripartite, scattered in the cortex; conceptacles<br />
scattered, sessile, ovoid, with a distinct carpostome.<br />
On Zostera and algæ below low-water mark.<br />
Common from Cape Cod southward; Europe; Pacific Ocean.<br />
A homely species, which does not collapse when removed from the water. The conceptacles are larger<br />
than in our species of Lomentaria, and better adapted for the study of the arrangement of the spores.<br />
Suborder HYPNEÆ.<br />
Fronds filiform or subcompressed, branching; tetraspores zonate; cystocarps<br />
external or partly immersed, filled with a spongy cellular mass, in which the spores<br />
are borne in small, scattered tufts on a branching filamentous placenta.<br />
A small suborder, in which the cystocarpic fruit is peculiar. Sections of the cystocarps show a loose<br />
cellular structure which fills the interior, and scattered through the mass are small tufts of spores<br />
which remind one of the cystocarps of the Gigartineæ. In the present instance, however, the spores are<br />
not arranged irregularly in globose groups, but they are attached to filaments which branch among the<br />
general cellular mass which fills the conceptacle. In the Notes Algologiques an account of the<br />
development of the fruit in H. musciformis is given by Bornet.<br />
HYPNEA, Lam.x.<br />
(From Hypnum, a genus of mosses.)<br />
Fronds filiform, virgately or divaricately branched, with subulate branchlets,<br />
composed of an internal layer of large roundish-angular cells, which become smaller<br />
outwards, and a cortex of small, colored, polygonal cells; tetraspores zonate, borne in<br />
swollen branchlets; cystocarps external, subglobose, borne on the branchlets,<br />
containing a placenta composed of filaments which form a network, to which are<br />
attached at intervals tufts of spores.<br />
A genus of about twenty-five or thirty species, most of which are tropical and rather ill-defined, since<br />
the sterile and fertile plants of the same species vary considerably in aspect. Most of the species have<br />
the tips of the branches swollen and rolled inwards. The cystocarps are peculiar, and in sections one<br />
sees small tufts of pyriform spores, scattered through a nearly solid tissue composed partly of a<br />
network of branching filaments which form a sort of placenta and partly of the cells of the frond itself.<br />
H. MUSCIFORMIS, Lam.x.<br />
Fronds filiform, purplish red, tufted, virgately branched, six to twelve
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 157<br />
inches long, branches elongated, irregularly placed, clothed below with numerous,<br />
short, subulate branchlets, thickened and nearly naked near the apex, which is often<br />
much incurved; tetraspores zonate, borne in somewhat swollen branchlets;<br />
cystocarps subglobose, numerous, on divaricately branched spinescent branchlets.<br />
New Bedford, Mass., Harvey; Wood’s Holl, W. G. F; Orient, L. I., Miss Booth; and<br />
southward to the West Indies.<br />
In four or five fathoms of water.<br />
A common species of the West Indies, and probably not rare in Long Island Sound, although not very<br />
common. It is usually found washed ashore in sheltered places like the Little Harbor, Wood’s Holl, after<br />
a heavy blow, where one sometimes finds intricately twisted tufts two feet in diameter. With us<br />
cystocarps have not been seen, but the frond is very well developed on our coast. It may be recognized<br />
by the yellowish-purple color, by the long branches covered with short, subulate branchlets, and<br />
especially by the swollen, naked apices, which are rolled strongly inwards or almost circinate. Fertile<br />
specimens from the West Indies are more robust and do not so frequently have inrolled apices. The<br />
species does not adhere well to paper in drying.<br />
SUBORDER GELIDIEÆ.<br />
Fronds of a dense cartilaginous structure, filiform or compressed, branching;<br />
antheridia in superficial patches; tetraspores cruciate, borne in the cortical layer;<br />
cystocarps formed in swollen branches and composed of spores arranged singly or in<br />
short filaments on the surface of an axile or parietal placenta, carpostomes present,<br />
often two in number;<br />
Rather a small order of dark-colored, rigid sea-weeds, whose fronds are formed of densely packed cells,<br />
and whose cystocarps are born in swollen terminal branches, but are not strictly external. In Gelidium<br />
the spores are sessile on an axile placenta, and there are two carpostomes on the opposite surfaces of<br />
the fronds. In Pterocladia the placenta is attanched [sic] to the lateral wall of the cystocarp, the spores<br />
are borne few in a row, and there is but one carpostome.<br />
GELIDIUM, Lam.x.<br />
(From gelu, frost, and, secondarily, gelatine.)<br />
Fronds cartilaginous, terete or compressed, decompound-pinnate, formed of long<br />
cylindrical cells in the axis, surrounded by roundish cells which become small and<br />
polygonal at the surface; antheridia in superficial patches; tetraspores cruciate,<br />
scattered in the cortex; cystocarps immersed in swollen branchlets, containing<br />
oblong or pyriform spores borne on an axile placenta which is attached by filaments<br />
to the walls of the cystocarp; carpostomes usually one on each side of the frond.<br />
A genus of narrowly linear or nearly terete algæ of a dense structure, found in nearly all parts of the<br />
world. The limits of the species are not well marked, because the ramifications on which the principal<br />
specific distinctions depend are very variable. The genus is recognized on our coast by the peculiar<br />
cystocarps, which are formed in
158<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
small branchlets, which become swollen and usually have an opening on each side for the escape of the<br />
spores. A longitudinal section shows an axile placenta which passes through the cystocarp, on which<br />
the spores are borne, not in chains but singly. Numerous filaments connect the placenta with the wall<br />
of the cystocarp. The account given above of the frond applies merely to what one sees in sections of the<br />
mature branches. A section of the younger portions shows that there is originally an axile filament,<br />
from which are given off other filaments which are nearly parallel to the axis, and which afterwards<br />
turn outwards and form the cortical layer, the cells of which they are composed becoming rounder and<br />
short. The genus differs from Pterocladia merely in the position of the placenta, which in the lastnamed<br />
genus is not central, but is attached laterally to the wall of the cystocarp.<br />
G. CRINALE, J. Ag., Epicr. (Gelidium corneum, var. crinale, auct.—Acrocarpus<br />
lubricus and crinalis, Kütz., Tab. Phyc., Vol. XVII, Pls. 32, 33.)<br />
Fronds cæspitose, dark purple, setaceous, one to three inches high, primary axis<br />
procumbent, from which arise erect, subterete, once or twice pinnate branches,<br />
pinnæ distichous, alternate, short, patent, acute, often pinnatifid; tetraspores<br />
cruciate, borne in thickened subspathulate or pinnatifid apices.<br />
Forming tufts on mud-covered rocks and stones at low-water mark.<br />
Portland, Maine; Red Hook, N. Y., Harvey; New Haven; Wood’s Holl, W. G. F.;<br />
Maiden, Mass., Mr. Collins; Europe; California.<br />
We have followed Agardh in separating the var. crinale from the polymorphic and very widely diffused<br />
G. corneum. The typical form of the latter occurs in Florida and on our west coast. G. crinale has been<br />
as yet recorded in but few localities, but it is probably common along our whole coast. It is a homely,<br />
insignificant species, usually not much thicker than a bristle, and forms small blackish patches on<br />
mud-covered rocks.<br />
SUBORDER SOLIERIEÆ.<br />
Fronds filiform or compressed; tetraspores cruciate or zonate; cystocarps immersed<br />
in the frond, usually prominent at one side, spores arranged in short filaments and<br />
arranged in tufts around a large central carpogenic cell or a central placenta, which<br />
is attached to the wall of cystocarp by filaments; carpostome distinct.<br />
A small suborder, of which we have but a single species. It is characterized by having the spores<br />
produced few in a row and attached either, as in Solieria and Eucheuma, to a large central cell, or, as in<br />
Rhabdonia, to a large cellular placenta at the center of the cystocarp. Whether Rhabdonia should be<br />
united in a suborder with Solieria is perhaps doubtful. By some the genus is considered to be related to<br />
the Rhodymenieæ, and its affinity to Rhodophyllis and perhaps Euthora is not remote.<br />
RHABDONIA, Harv.<br />
(From ραβδος [rhabdos], a wand.)<br />
Fronds deep red, cylindrical or nodose, branching, formed of an axis composed of<br />
slender, branching, longitudinal filaments surrounded by
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 159<br />
a layer of large roundish-angular cells and a cortical layer of smaller cells;<br />
tetraspores zonate, scattered, immersed in the cortex; cystocarps immersed in the<br />
frond, and projecting at one side, opening by a distinct carpostome, inclosing tufts of<br />
spores arranged in short, dense filaments, surrounding a globose, cellular, central<br />
placenta, connected by filamentous bands with a plexus of the axial filaments which<br />
surrounds the sporiferous mass.<br />
A genus comprising from fifteen to twenty species, the greater part of which are confined to Australia,<br />
divided by Agardh into two subgenera, in one of which the frond is cylindrical and in the other<br />
constricted at intervals. Our species belongs to the first division, and the frond resembles closely that of<br />
Cystoclonium purpurascens, and the same is true of the tetraspores. The cystocarps are large, and<br />
project on one side. The genus is placed by Agardh near Solieria, but in that genus the spores are<br />
placed around a very large central carpogenic cell, while in Rhabdonia they are attached to a large,<br />
solid, central placenta formed of cells. The placenta is attached to the walls of the cystocarp by<br />
numerous bands of interwoven filaments, between which are the sporiferous masses, which consist at<br />
maturity of short filaments, whose cells are changed into spores, which are not held together by a<br />
gelatinous envelope as in Champia.<br />
R. TENERA, Ag. (Gigartina tenera, J. Ag., Symb.—Solieria chordalis, Harv. (non Ag.),<br />
Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p. 121, Pl. 23 a.—Rhabdonia tenera, J. Ag., Spec.—R. Baileyi,<br />
Harv. MSS., Am. Journ. Science, Vol, VI, p. 39.) Pl. XIV, Fig. 2.<br />
Fronds deep red, from six inches to a foot and a half long, cylindrical, attached by a<br />
small disk, simple below, above densely branched, alterantely decompound,<br />
branches long, virgate, erect, tapering at the base and apex, and furnished with<br />
numerous, linear, fusiform branchlets; tetraspores zonate, scattered in the cortex;<br />
cystocarps numerous, immersed, but projecting at one side.<br />
In warm, quiet bays, in shallow water.<br />
Common from Cape Cod southward; Goose Cove, Gloucester, Mass., W. G. F.<br />
A characteristic species of Long Island Sound, and only known in one locality north of Cape Cod, but<br />
extending southward to the West Indies. It forms beautiful tufts often two feet long, in muddy places<br />
around wharves and in sheltered places, and is not likely to be mistaken for any other plant, except<br />
possibly for a large form of Cystoclonium purpurascens. The procarps consist of three cells, and from<br />
the innermost or that nearest the axis grows a long trichogyne, which curves round in a tortuous<br />
fashion, and makes .its way to the surface, reminding one of the trichogynes of Halymenia ligulata,<br />
figured by Bornet. The section of the cystocarp given by Harvey in the Nereis does not pass through the<br />
center, and the cystocarp is not a closed cavity, as supposed by Harvey, but has a distinct carpostome;<br />
nor are the spores pyriform and attached to separate pedicels, but they are formed from the cells of<br />
short filaments.
160<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
SUBORDER SPONGIOCARPEÆ.<br />
Fronds solid, cylindrical, branching; antheridia in spots on upper part of fronds;<br />
tetraspores cruciate, immersed in the cortical filaments; cystocarps in external wartlike<br />
protuberances, composed of parallel filaments, spores obovate, densely packed<br />
around the surface of a cellular mass which surrounds the tip of a short pedicel.<br />
The present suborder was made by J. G. Agardh and Harvey to include a single species, Polyides<br />
rotundus, a species in several respects anomalous. The development of the cystocarps of that species<br />
was first made out by Thuret and Bornet, and a detailed account Was published in the Études<br />
Phycologiques. In its development the cystocarp of Polyides resembles that of the genus Dudresnaya.<br />
There is produced from the cells at the base of the trichogyne a number of filaments which wind<br />
amongst the short filaments, of which the wart-like bodies near the tips of the fronds are formed; These<br />
filaments come in contact with certain cells of the protuberances, which then divide and produce the<br />
spores. Although this indirect fertilization of the carpogenic cells by means of winding filaments is the<br />
same as is found in Dudresnaya, the mature cystocarp is different in the two genera. In Polyides the<br />
ripe spores are arranged in a regular layer around a small placenta, which is borne on a short pedicel<br />
produced from the carpogenic cell. In Dudresnaya coccinea the spores are irregularly grouped, around a<br />
placenta surrounding the carpogenic cell itself. In L. purpurifera, however, according to D. Bornet, the<br />
cystocarps more nearly resemble those of Polyides, and he thinks it not impossible to unite the two<br />
genera in one suborder.<br />
POLYIDES, Ag.<br />
(From πολυς [polus], many, and ιδεα [idea], form.)<br />
Fronds cylindrical, dichotomous, composed of interlaced branching filaments,<br />
consisting of elongated cells and curving outwards at the surface so as to form a<br />
cortical layer of horizontal filaments; antheridia in patches on the upper part of<br />
frond, consisting of short, densely packed filaments bearing clusters of antherozoids;<br />
tetraspores cruciate, immersed in the cortical layer; cystocarps in wart-like<br />
protuberances on the upper part of the frond.<br />
P. ROTUNDUS, Grev.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 95.<br />
Fronds blackish red, cylindrical, cartilaginous, three to six inches long, attached by a<br />
disk, with an undivided stipe, which becomes above repeatedly dichotomous, apices<br />
obtuse; warts flesh-colored, numerous on the upper divisions of the frond.<br />
On stones in deep pools and in deep water.<br />
Common from New York northward; Europe.<br />
A species easily recognized by its regularly dichotomous, cylindrical frond, by its dark, almost black,<br />
color, and dense cartilaginous substance. When sterile it might be mistaken for Furcellaria fastigiata, a<br />
common species of Northern Europe, which may be expected to occur on our coast. In fruit, however,<br />
they are easily distinguished, since the cystocarps of Polyides are borne in external warts, while those<br />
of Furcellaria
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 161<br />
are in the somewhat swollen tips of the frond. The present species is usually found washed ashore from<br />
deep water, but on the northern coast is found also in deep tidepools. When dried it becomes brittle and<br />
does not adhere to paper.<br />
SUBORDER SPHÆROCOCCOIDEÆ.<br />
Fronds cylindrical or membranaceous, substance often very delicate; antheridia<br />
forming superficial patches or occasionally contained in sunken cavities; tetraspores<br />
cruciate, zonate, or tripartite, often collected in spots (sori) on the surface; cystocarps<br />
external, hemispherical or flask-shaped, spores arranged in moniliform filaments,<br />
which radiate from a basal placenta, carpostome distinct.<br />
The present suborder is by Agardh and some other writers divided into two, the Sphærococcoideæ,<br />
which include rather coarse cartilaginous algæ, which are cylindrical or somewhat compressed, but<br />
hardly membranaceous, and the Delesserieæ, which are rosy-red and of delicate <strong>text</strong>ure and distinctly<br />
membranaceous. The fruit, however, is very similar in both groups. The spores are arranged in<br />
subdichotomous filaments, which radiate from a basal placenta, which in some genera, as Gracilaria,<br />
projects far into the cavity of the cystocarp. The suborder differs from the Rhodymenieæ in that the<br />
moniliform arrangement of the sporiferous filaments is preserved even at maturity, and the filaments<br />
are distinct from one another and not held together by a gelatinous envelope. It must, however, be<br />
admitted that there are genera which seem to indicate a close relation between the two suborders.<br />
GRINNELLIA, Harv.<br />
(Named in honor of Mr. Henry Grinnell, of New York.)<br />
Fronds rosy-red, occasionally purple, delicately membranaceous, with a slender<br />
percurrent midrib, composed of a single layer, at the midrib of several layers, of<br />
large polygonal cells; antheridia in tufts on both sides of the frond; tetraspores<br />
tripartite, in swollen spots on the frond; cystocarps sessile on the frond, flaskshaped,<br />
spores in dichotomously branching filaments arising from a basal placenta.<br />
A genus comprising a single species, which is found from Cape Cod to Norfolk, separated from<br />
Delesseria because the tetraspores are formed in incrassated spots on the frond. The genus is too near<br />
Delesseria, of which it should perhaps form a subgenus.<br />
G. AMERICANA, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 21 b. (Delesseria Americana, Ag.—<br />
Aglaiophyllum Americanum, Mont.— Cryptopleura Americana, Kütz.) Pl. XIII,<br />
Figs. 2-4.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 64.<br />
Fronds diœcious, four inches to a foot and a half long, one to four inches wide,<br />
lanceolate, tapering at the extremities, occasionally bifid or proliferous, margin<br />
smooth or wavy; antheridia in small spots on both sides of the frond; tetraspores<br />
scattered over the frond in thickened spots; cystocarps scattered, sessile, flaskshaped.<br />
S. Miss. 59——11
162<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
On wharves, shells, stones, and sponges below low-water mark, and extending to<br />
several fathoms.<br />
Cape Cod, southward.<br />
This, with the exception perhaps of Dasya elegans, is the most beautiful alga of Long Island Sound. It is<br />
often found in tufts on wharves below low-water mark, and it flourishes in rather warm, shallow bays.<br />
It is met with at all seasons of the year; and, according to Miss Fisher, of Edgartown, the ladies of<br />
Martha’s Vineyard collect it in winter, when it is found in considerable quantities on the ice. The male<br />
plant is smaller than the cystocarpic, and the antheridia may be detected by the naked eye in the form<br />
of small, whitish, glistening spots. The walls of the conceptacles are thinner than those of Delesseria.<br />
The swellings in which the tetraspores are borne can hardly be called warts, and the figure given by<br />
Harvey in the Nereis is somewhat exaggerated. The surface of the frond is raised, and becomes more or<br />
less convex, but there are no such irregular projections as represented in Harvey’s figure.<br />
DELESSERIA, Lam.x.<br />
(In honor of Baron Benjamin Delessert.)<br />
Fronds bright red, thin, membranaceous, laciniate or branched, coatate, and often<br />
with lateral veins, composed of a single or a few layers of large polygonal cells;<br />
antheridia in spots on the frond; tetraspores tripartite, grouped in spots (sori) on the<br />
frond or on marginal leaflets; cystocarps external, sessile, with a basal placenta,<br />
from which radiate the numerous subdichotomous, sporiferous filaments.<br />
A beautiful genus, comprising fifty or more species, distributed all over the globe. They are of delicate<br />
<strong>text</strong>ure and rosy-red color, and are generally leaf-like in appearance, although some are narrowly<br />
linear. The genus is not likely to be mistaken for any other on our coast, unless it be Grinnellia, in<br />
which the tetraspores are borne in thickened portions of the frond. The fronds, when young, are more or<br />
less leaf-like and provided with a midrib, and generally also with lateral nerves; and, as they grow<br />
older, they become more or less stipitate by the wearing away of the blade of the leaf, which leaves the<br />
thickened midrib either naked or with a small winged margin. When still more advanced, owing to the<br />
growth of the laciniæ and the wearing away of the lateral nerves, the stipes appear to branch and to<br />
bear several leaf-like fronds. In some, species the membranous portion of the fronds consists of a single<br />
layer of cells, which are rectangular when seen in section and polygonal seen from above. At the veins<br />
the cells form several layers, and in some species it is only at the tip that the fronds are formed of a<br />
single layer. When the cystocarps are formed, the cells are divided by numerous partitions parallel to<br />
the surface of the frond, and the wall of the conceptacle, when mature, consists of several layers of cells,<br />
all of about the same size and smaller than the cells of the frond.<br />
D. SINUOSA, Lam.x.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 259.<br />
Fronds four to eight inches long and two to four broad, stipitate below, stipe often<br />
elongated and branched, with oblong or obovate, deeply sinuate or pinnatifid toothed<br />
leaves, midrib percurrent, lateral veins opposite, extending to the laciniæ;<br />
tetraspores tripartite, either borne in small lateral leaflets or in patches following<br />
the veins; cystocarps sessile, generally on the veins, hemispherical, with a distinct<br />
carpostome.<br />
On algæ, generally in deep water.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 163<br />
From New Haven northward.<br />
One of the more common Florideæ north of Cape Cod, and not rare in the colder waters of Long Island<br />
and Vineyard Sounds. It is found all the year, but especially in the autumn and winter. It is at once<br />
recognized by the presence of a midrib and lateral veins and by its general resemblance in outline to an<br />
oak-leaf.<br />
D. ALATA, Lam.x.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 247.<br />
Fronds two to four inches long, an eighth of an inch wide, stipitate below, above<br />
pinnately decompound, divisions linear, margin entire, costate, lateral veins scarcely<br />
visible; tetraspores tripartite, borne in the apices of the segments or in special<br />
leaflets; cystocarps hemispherical, on the upper veins.<br />
Var. ANGUSTISSIMA, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 83.<br />
Fronds very narrow, blade of the leaflets almost wanting.<br />
From Boston northward, with the last; Europe.<br />
A common species of Northern New England, but not yet found south of Cape Cod. Our form is<br />
uniformly narrower than the common European form, and there is scarcely a trace of lateral veins.<br />
Hypoglossum Grayanum, Reinsch, Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam, p. 55, Pl. 42, appears<br />
to be the same as D. alata of the New England coast.<br />
D. LEPRIEURII, Mont.; Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 22 c. (Hypoglossum Leprieurii,<br />
Kütz.—Caloglossa Leprieurii, J. Ag., Epicr.)<br />
Fronds purple, one to two inches high, about a tenth of an inch wide, dichotomous,<br />
articulato-constricted, costate, proliferous from the costa, segments linearlanceolate,<br />
attenuate, rhizoids and new leaflets formed at the constrictions;<br />
tetraspores tripartite, in oblique lines extending from the midrib to the margin;<br />
cystocarps sessile on the midrib.<br />
West Point, Bailey; Fort Lee, N. Y.‚ Mr. Averill; Harlem River, C. H. Peck; and<br />
common southward.<br />
This small species inhabits tidal rivers where the water is warm, and is found on wood-work, stones,<br />
and water-plants. It is probably not rare near New York, and on our Southern Atlantic coast it is<br />
common. It extends to the West Indies, and is also found in the warmer waters of both hemispheres. It<br />
is distinguished at once from our other species by its small size, purple color, and very thin constricted<br />
fronds. The species was placed by Harvey in the subgenus Caloglossa, which is separated as a distinct<br />
genus by Agardh in his Epicrisis.<br />
GRACILARIA, Grev.<br />
(From gracilis, slender.)<br />
Fronds filiform or compressed, carnoso-cartilaginous, dichotomous or irregularly<br />
decompound, composed of an inner; layer of large angular cells, which become<br />
smaller outwards, and a cortical layer of small colored cells; antheridia in cavities<br />
sunk in the cortex or superficial; tetraspores cruciate, dispersed in the cortical layer;<br />
cystocarps external, sessile, spherical or conical, with a large cellular placenta at the
164<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
base, from which radiate the sporiferous filaments, pericarp thick and connected<br />
with the placenta by slender filaments.<br />
A genus containing not far from forty species, none of which really deserve the generic, name, for they<br />
are usually coarse and often decidedly cartilaginous. The specific distinctions are principally derived<br />
from the branching, which in the present genus is very variable. Some of the species, as G. lichenoides,<br />
are used as food.<br />
G. MULTIPARTITA, J. Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 15.<br />
Fronds purplish red, four to twelve inches long, compressed or submembranaceous,<br />
deeply cleft vertically in an irregularly dichotomous or palmate manner, divisions<br />
linear wedge-shaped, acute; cystocarps large, conical, scattered over the frond.<br />
Var. ANGUSTISSIMA, Harv.<br />
Fronds narrow, nearly filiform below, compressed above, irregularly dichotomous,<br />
the apices frequently palmately divided.<br />
On stones and on muddy bottoms below low-water mark.<br />
Massachusetts Bay, Harvey, and common from Cape Cod southward; Europe;<br />
California.<br />
A coarse and variable species, which is generally of a dingy purple color. The limits of the species are<br />
difficult to fix. Occasionally one finds with us specimens as broad as the common European form, but on<br />
the coast of California, and especially of Florida, one finds forms which look like large Rhodymeniæ.<br />
Most of our specimens are narrower than the type, and the var. angustissima of Harvey, it must be<br />
confessed, has more the habit of G. compressa than of G. multipartita. At Orient we have seen what we<br />
supposed was G. confervoides, but unfortunately our specimens were misplaced.<br />
SUBORDER RHODOMELEÆ.<br />
Fronds usually filiform and branching, sometimes membranaceous or (in exotic<br />
genera) reticulate; antheridia ovate or lanceolate in outline, formed by the<br />
transformation of monosiphonous branchlets, occasionally covering the surface of<br />
discoidal branches; tetraspores generally tripartite, borne either in localized portions<br />
of the fronds or in specially modified branches (stichidia); cystocarps external, with a<br />
distinct ovate or urceolate conceptacle or pericarp, spores pyriform, borne on short<br />
stalks given off from a basal placenta.<br />
The largest suborder of the Florideæ, and one containing many of the most beautiful sea-weeds. The<br />
suborder is mainly characterized by the cystocarpic fruit, which is external, and has the spores borne<br />
separately on short stalks which arise from a placenta which surrounds the carpogenic cell at the base<br />
of the conceptacle. In the Dasyæ, however, the filaments which bear the spores branch and fill the<br />
larger portion of the conceptacle, but we have not thought it advisable to separate them as a suborder.<br />
The antheridia, except in the genus Chondriopsis, where they assume a peculiar shape, form ovate or<br />
siliculose tufts, generally developed from monosiphonous branchlets or rather hairs. The position of the<br />
tetraspores varies in the different genera. In some cases the branchlets become broadly ovate and the<br />
tetraspores are
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 165<br />
borne in parallel rows. Such collections of tetraspores are called stichidia. The fronds in the present<br />
suborder vary greatly. In the more beautiful genera of tropical regions they are in the form of<br />
complicated net-works or in membranes in which the cells are arranged in regular order, but in the<br />
majority of the genera the fronds are filiform and branching and generally beset, at least at some<br />
seasons, with delicate hairs. In most of the genera represented on our coast the fronds have a<br />
polysiphonous axis, that is, on cross-section there is seen to be a central cell surrounded by a circle of<br />
large cells, and in longitudinal sections there is a central filament composed of large cells, and on each<br />
side a lateral filament whose cells correspond in length to those of the central filament, the upper and<br />
lower walls of the three cells forming two parallel lines.<br />
Fronds flattened ................................................................Odonthalia.<br />
Fronds filiform .....................................................................................1<br />
1. Tetraspores borne in the smaller branches..................................2<br />
Tetraspores borne in stichidia ......................................................4<br />
2. Superficial cells small, irregularly placed ....................................3<br />
Superficial cells, at least in the younger branches, in transverse bands Polysiphonia.<br />
3. Branches filiform throughout ..................................... Rhodomela.<br />
Ultimate branches club-shaped, much attenuated at base. Chondriopsis.<br />
4.Fronds beset with monosiphonous branchlets .......................Dasya.<br />
Fronds without monosiphonous branchlets, superficial cells quadrate Bostrychia.<br />
CHONDRIOPSIS, J. Ag.<br />
(From χονδρος [chondros], cartilage, and οψις [opsis], an appearance.)<br />
Fronds brownish red, terete or subcompressed, pinnately decompound, branches<br />
virgate, much constricted at the base, composed of a monosiphonous axis surrounded<br />
by a few (4-6) siphons and surrounded by secondary siphons, cortex of small<br />
polygonal cells; antheridia borne in short disk-like branchlets covering both surfaces<br />
except at the margin; tetraspores tripartite, in club-shaped branchlets; cystocarps<br />
sessile, ovate, with a distinct carpostome, spores pyriform, on short pedicels from a<br />
basal placenta.<br />
A genus of which about twenty species have been described, which inhabit principally the warmer parts<br />
of the world, some being widely diffused. They are as a whole difficult to distinguish, the specific marks<br />
being principally the ramification and shape of the branchlets, points in which the different species<br />
vary very much. The antheridia are very peculiar. On the upper branches are borne flattened, more or<br />
less incurved, disk-shaped branches, whose margin is wavy. The antheridia cover both sides of these<br />
discoidal branches, except at the margin, which is composed of large hyaline cells. The fronds are<br />
intermediate between those of Rhodomela and Laurencia, and the branchlets are always much<br />
constricted at the base. Most of the species were formerly included by Lamouroux and others in the<br />
genus Laurencia. By C. A. Agardh they were, in the Species Algarum, placed in Chondria, a genus<br />
retained by Harvey in the Nereis. Since as originally defined the genus Chondria embraced algæ of<br />
rather remote relationship to one another, J. G. Agardh, in the third volume of his Species Algarum,<br />
separated the present group, under the name of Chondriopsis, the name Chondria being
166<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
abandoned altogether. The habit of the species of the present genus is much like that of Laurencia, but<br />
the polysiphonous character of the fronds is more evident, the substance more delicate, and the<br />
branchlets more distinctly club-shaped than in that genus. As in Laurencia, the apices are all<br />
depressed, the growing point being sunk in a hollow concavity, from which, as well as from the younger<br />
part of the fronds, project numerous tufts of hyaline, dichotomous, monosiphonous filaments.<br />
C. DASYPHILA, Ag. (Laurencia dasyphila, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 152.)<br />
Fronds diœcious, four to eight inches high, broadly pyramidal in outline, cylindrical,<br />
robust, densely branched, generally with a percurrent axis and alternate, spreading,<br />
pinnately decompound branches, ultimate divisions short, club-shaped of topshaped,<br />
very obtuse at apex and much constricted at base; cystocarps sessile on very<br />
short branchlets.<br />
Var. SEDIFOLIA, Ag. (Chondria sedifolia, Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 18 g.)<br />
Branches fasciculate, approximate, branchlets obovate-oblong.<br />
On rocks and stones at low-water mark, and on Zostera.<br />
Common from New York to Cape Cod; Europe.<br />
A rather coarse species which does not collapse when removed from: the water, but which glistens on<br />
account of the water held by the tufts of hyaline filaments at the tips of the branches. The species is<br />
recognized by its coarseness and broadly pyramidal outline and by its club-shaped ultimate divisions.<br />
The variety has rather less obtuse tips and is not uncommon. In spite of its coarseness, the species<br />
quickly decays in fresh water.<br />
C. TENUISSIMA, Ag. (Laurencia tenuissima, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 198.—Chondria<br />
tenuissima, Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 18 f; Études Phycol., Pls. 43-48.)<br />
Fronds diœcious, four to eight inches high, narrowly pyramidal in outline,<br />
cylindrical, slender, rather loosely branched, with a percurrent axis and long,<br />
suberect, alternate, virgate, pinnately decompound branches, ultimate branchlets<br />
narrowly fusiform, attenuated at both extremities.<br />
Var. BAILEYANA. (Laurencia Baileyana, Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. II, p. 63.—<br />
Chondria Baileyana, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Vol. II, Pl. 18 a.—Chondria striolata,<br />
Farlow, List of Marine Algæ.)<br />
Branches erect, subsimple, beset with slender curved branchlets, which are much<br />
attenuated at base and blunt at the apex.<br />
On stones at low-water mark.<br />
Squam, Mass., and common in Long Island Sound; Europe.<br />
A variable species, distinguished from the last by its lighter yellowish color, less dense branching, and<br />
slender fusiform branchlets. The typical form is common with us, but not so common as variety<br />
Baileyana, which was considered by Agardh to be the same as C. striolata Ag. The species seems to us<br />
rather to be a form of C. tenuissima,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 167<br />
but it must be confessed approaching C. dasyphylla. Bailey was inclined to refer it to C. dasyphylla. He<br />
quotes Montagne, who first described the species, as Laurencia dasyphylla, as follows:<br />
“Notwithstanding the close affinity of this alga to Laurencia tenuissima and to L. dasyphylla, it cannot<br />
be confounded with either of them. The absence of ramification distinguishes it sufficiently from the<br />
first, and the form of the ramenta does not permit it to be referred to the second, from which it is in<br />
other respects quite distinct.” Just what is meant by the “absence of ramification,” by which L.<br />
Baileyana is to be distingished [sic] from L. tenuissima, is not easy to see.<br />
C. LITTORALIS, (Harv.) J. Ag. (Chondria littoralis, Ner. Am. Bor.‚ Part II, p. 22.)<br />
“Fronds robust, elongate, subdichotomous or irregularly much branched, branches<br />
flexuous, attenuated, with rounded axils, ramuli scattered or crowded, fusiform,<br />
attenuated at the base and apex, simple or pinnulated, acute. ” (Harvey, l. c.)<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass., W. G. F.<br />
The description taken from the Nereis applies pretty well to a specimen collected at Wood’s Holl. We<br />
have seen several specimens of the species collected at Key West. It is dark colored and coarse, but has<br />
the branching and habit of C. tenuissima. The Key West specimens are reddish yellow, perhaps owing<br />
to exposure to the sun. Species of the present genus vary so much in appearance, according as they are<br />
more or less thoroughly “squashed” in pressing, that the determination of dried specimens frequently<br />
has but little value.<br />
C. ATROPURPUREA, (Harv.) J. Ag. (Chondria atropurpurea, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor.,<br />
Part II, Pl. 18 e.)<br />
Fronds four to six inches high, robust, very densely branched; branches patent,<br />
secondary branches tapering at the base and apex, beset with scattered fusiform<br />
ramuli.<br />
Var. FASCICULATA, Farlow.<br />
Secondary branches borne in clusters; cystocarps broadly ovate, sessile on short<br />
lateral branchlets.<br />
From Charleston, S. C., southward, Harvey. Var. fasciculata, Fort Hamilton, N. Y.<br />
The characters of the present species are not well defined. Specimens from Charleston, determined by<br />
Harvey himself, are robust and have the ultimate branches scattered, but unfortunately they are<br />
without fruit. What has been supposed to be a variety of the same species occurs rather commonly on<br />
the coast of California, and was distributed in the Alg. Am. Bor., No. 57. It is, however, not beyond<br />
question whether the form distributed should not rather have been referred to C. nidifica, Harv.,<br />
described in the Supplement to the Nereis The plant which is here described as var. fasciculata is lessrobust<br />
than specimens from California and Charleston, but resembles them in the dark color and<br />
secondary branches which taper at both extremities. It differs from Charleston specimens in having the<br />
branches in tufts, in which respect it resembles some Californian specimens. Whether the New York<br />
form should be considered a variety of C. atropurpurea rather than C. nidifica is perhaps doubtful.
168<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
ODONTHALIA, Lyngb.<br />
(From οδους [sic?] [odous], a tooth, αλς [als], the sea.)<br />
Fronds dark purple, plane, deeply distichously pinnatifid, with a rudimentary<br />
midrib, margin alternately toothed, formed of oblong internal cells and small<br />
irregularly shaped cortical cells; tetraspores tripartite, arranged in two rows in<br />
short, corymbose, stipitate, lanceolate branchlets (stichidia), which are marginal and<br />
generally axillary; cystocarps similarly placed, ovate, with a distinct carpostome and<br />
pyriform spores borne on a basal placenta.<br />
A small genus of seven or eight species, which are confined mainly to the colder waters of the northern<br />
hemisphere. O. dentata occurs in the North Atlantic, extending as far south as Halifax. Several other<br />
species inhabit the North Pacific, especially the vicinity of Kamtschatka, one species occurring as for<br />
south as Japan and another in California. The species are dark and opaque, and the polysiphonous<br />
structure is scarcely visible in the older parts of the fronds, but is clearly seen in young shoots,<br />
especially in adventitious growths.<br />
O. DENTATA, Lyngb.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 34.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 56.<br />
Fronds four to twelve inches long, quarter of an inch broad, decompoundly pinnate,<br />
branches oblong, deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, laciniæ alternate, linear, sharply<br />
inciso dentate toward the truncated extremities; tetrasporic and cystocarpic<br />
branchlets clustered, axillary.<br />
Halifax, N. S., and several localities on the Saint Lawrence River.<br />
This species has not yet been found within our limits, but may be expected on the Maine coast. It is<br />
easily recognized by its color and ramification, and does not adhere to paper in drying. As a rule,<br />
American forms of this species are narrower than the common British form, but they are not distinct,<br />
and at Halifax the common British form was dredged by Professor Hyatt in abundance. The O. furcata<br />
of Reinsch, Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam, p. 58, Pl. 42 a, is apparently the common<br />
narrow form of the present species.<br />
RHODOMELA, J. Ag.<br />
(From ροδεος [rhodeos], red, and µελας [melas], black.)<br />
Fronds dark red, filiform or subcompressed, pinnately decompound, branches<br />
filiform, not contracted at base, composed of a monosiphonous axis surrounded by<br />
several siphons and a thick cortex of small, irregularly placed, polygonal cells;<br />
tetraspores tripartite, borne in the ultimate branches; cystocarps sessile or<br />
pedicellate, spores pyriform, on short stalks from the basal placenta.<br />
A small genus of dark-colored algæ, confined to rather high latitudes in both hemispheres. It is<br />
connected by the genus Rytiphlæa with Polysiphonia. The polysiphonous character of the frond is seen<br />
at the tip, and in most species cross-sections of the stem show a circle of large cells surrounding the<br />
axial cell and a thick cortical layer. When young the species are covered with dichotomous hairs. The<br />
genus is distinguished At sight from Chondriopsis by not having branchlets constricted at the base.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 169<br />
R. SUBFUSCA, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 264.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 55.<br />
Fronds six inches to a foot and a half long, terete, pinnately decompound, branches<br />
virgate, lower branchlets patent, subulate, the upper fasciculato-corymbose;<br />
tetraspores prominent in subtorulose branchlets; cystocarps sessile, ovato-globose.<br />
Var. GRACILIOR, J. Ag. (Rhodomela gracilis, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor.‚ Part II, Pl. 13 c.)<br />
Fronds slender; tetrasporic branches distinctly torulose.<br />
In deep tide-pools and at a depth of several fathoms.<br />
Throughout our whole limits; Europe.<br />
A species which varies very much with the time of year and the place of growth. It is. usually common<br />
in the spring months, when it is often washed ashore, and in the summer and autumn it is occasionally<br />
found, especially in dredging, in a denuded form, nothing remaining but the older branches, which are<br />
perennial and which give rise the following season to rather delicate new branches. As usually seen on<br />
Cape Ann the fronds are short, robust, and dark colored, even in early spring, while at Wood’s Holl and<br />
in Long Island Sound the common spring form is much attenuated, delicate, and of a brighter red color,<br />
forming the Rhodomela Rochei of the Nereis. In spite of the difference in aspect, the extreme forms are<br />
connected by numerous transitional stages which make it impossible to admit a specific distinction. By<br />
Agardh R. Rochei is considered to be the spring form of the typical R. subfusca, but we are more<br />
inclined to regard it as the young of the var. gracilior, which is more common south of Cape Cod, the<br />
type occurring northward. The species does not adhere well to paper.<br />
POLYSIPHONIA, Grev.<br />
(From πολυς [polus, many, and σιφων [siphon], a tube.)<br />
Fronds filamentous or subcompressed, distichously or irregularly branching, formed<br />
of a monosiphonous axis and several (4-20) siphons, often with secondary siphons,<br />
and either naked or with a cortical layer of irregular cells, furnished with numerous<br />
tufts of hyaline, monosiphonous, dichotomous filaments; antheridia lanceolate in<br />
outline, borne on the dichotomous filaments; tetraspores tripartite, in one, rarely in<br />
two, rows, in the slightly altered upper branches; cystocarps ovato-globose or<br />
urceolate; spores pyriform, on short pedicels borne around a basal carpogenic cell.<br />
The largest genus of Florideæ, of which more than two hundred species have been described, but not all<br />
of which can be considered valid. They abound in all parts of the world, especially in warm, shallow<br />
waters. Some are perennial, but the majority are annual and disappear during the winter. They are<br />
easily recognized at sight by the structure of the frond and the tetraspores, which are almost always in<br />
a single row in the upper branches, rarely in a double row, and not in swollen special branches or<br />
stichidia, as in Bostrychia, which is nearly related to Polysiphonia. The growth is from a single apical<br />
cell, from which is formed a monosiphonous axis. By tangential divisions of the upper cells there is<br />
formed a number of peripheral cells and a central
170<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
cell. The peripheral cells are similar to one another and of the same length as the central cell, and, as<br />
the successive secondary cells lie exactly or nearly exactly over one another, the mature frond appears<br />
to be composed of a central filament or axis surrounded by a number of secondary filaments or siphons,<br />
as they are termed in speaking of the present genus and its allies. There is formed in some species a<br />
second set of cells alternating with the siphons, and also corticating, generally irregularly sinuous cells,<br />
which cover the surface. The tetraspores, according to Prof. E. P. Wright, are formed by out-growths<br />
from the axial cell. The antheridia are borne on the delicate, colorless filaments which form tufts on the<br />
younger parts of the frond. The filaments are dichotomous and the antheridia cover the lower cells of<br />
one of the forkings, the branch sometimes being prolonged beyond, when the antheridia are said to be<br />
mucronate. The cystocarps are terminal on short branches, and contain within a pericarp, whose cells<br />
are arranged in longitudinal series, pyriform spores on short stalks around a small basal placenta.<br />
Some of our species are not well defined, and a prolonged observation on the shore, especially during<br />
the spring months, is necessary before the limits of some species can be accurately fixed.<br />
SECT. I. Siphons four, cortications wanting.<br />
P. URCEOLATA, (Dillw.) Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 167.<br />
Fronds deep red, becoming blackish, cæspitose, three to ten inches high, setaceous,<br />
branches subdichotomous, with short, alternate, patent or recurved, decompound<br />
branchlets, siphons four, cells below 4-5 times longer than broad, becoming shorter<br />
above; cystocarps on short lateral branches, urceolate, with a distinct neck;<br />
antheridia linear-oblong, mucronate.<br />
Var. FORMOSA, Ag. (Polysiphonia formosa, Phyc. Brit.)<br />
Filaments soft and flaccid, branches long, flexuous, branchlets somewhat<br />
attenuated, cells 5-10 times as long as broad.<br />
Var. PATENS, Grev. (P. subcontorta, Peek, Twenty-third Report New York State<br />
Botanist.)<br />
Branches numerous, recurved or revolute.<br />
On wharves and rocks at low-water mark.<br />
From New Jersey northward; Europe; California.<br />
A common perennial species, most abundant in the spring, when it has a deep blood-red color. It is<br />
frequent on old wharves and wood-work and on the under surface of rocks near low-water mark, where<br />
it forms small turfs, in company with Callithamnion Rothii. The var. formosa is found only in the<br />
spring, and is softer, forms longer tufts, and has longer cells than the type. It is the only form of the<br />
species which adheres well to paper or which can lay claim to beauty. It is especially luxuriant in April<br />
at Wood’s Holl and the region of New Bedford, and forms dense tufts sometimes a foot long. As usually<br />
seen in summer, the species is blackish and setaceous and covered with diatomes. The var. patens,<br />
which differs somewhat in general habit from the type, is not uncommon with us. Through the kindness<br />
of Mr. Peck, we have been able to examine a specimen of his P. subcontorta, which, judging from the<br />
description in the Twenty-third Report, seemed to be closely related to, if not a form of, P. Harveyi. An<br />
examination of the specimen, however, seems to us to show that it is var. patens of the present species,<br />
which it resembles in microscopic characters.<br />
P. subtilissima, Mont.<br />
Filaments densely tufted, two to four inches long, purplish brown,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 171<br />
rising from a creeping base, capillary, alternately decompound, branches multifid,<br />
attenuate, branchlets filiform, internodes once and a half as long as broad.<br />
Var. Westpointensis, Harv.<br />
More slender and delicate.<br />
Jackson Ferry, N. Y.; Newburyport, Mass., Harvey; Providence, R. I., Mr. Olney;<br />
Gloucester, Mass.? W. G. F. The variety at West Point.<br />
The present species is with difficulty distinguished from P. Olneyi, which, in its turn, too closely<br />
approaches P. Harveyi. The two last-named species are attached by a small disk, and the filaments do<br />
not rise from a creeping base, as in the present species. The vertical filaments of P. subtilissima are of a<br />
purple color, and are fine and soft, and the cells are not much longer than broad. We have seen<br />
specimens collected by Mr. Olney near Providence which may with certainty be referred to the present,<br />
and have found floating in ditches at Gloucester tufts of a very dark, delicate species which may<br />
probably be referred to it. The specimens were apparently washed from some muddy shore, but the<br />
creeping basal filaments could not be seen. Gloucester collectors should search for the plant in muddy<br />
ditches towards Little Good Harbor.<br />
P. OLNEYI, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 17 b.—Dough Balls.<br />
Fronds brownish red, densely tufted, from two to five inches high, filaments<br />
capillary, much branched, branches patent or divaricate, decompound, attenuated<br />
above, with scattered slender branchlets, internodes three or four times as broad<br />
below, becoming shorter above; antheridia ellipsoidal, not mucronate; cystocarps<br />
broadly ovate, nearly sessile.<br />
On Zostera.<br />
From New York to Halifax, most common south of Cape Cod.<br />
The present species passes by numerous forms into P. Harveyi, and in spite of the marked difference in<br />
the typical forms of the two species, the question remains to be settled whether P. Olneyi is not a<br />
slender variety of P. Harveyi. In its typical form P. Olneyi forms dense soft tufts, sometimes called<br />
dough-balls by the sea-shore population. The filaments are divaricately branched below, but the upper<br />
branches are slender and erect and beset with fine byssoid branchlets. When old, however, the lower<br />
branches become rigid, and the branchlets rather spine-like, as in the next species. Both P. Olneyi and<br />
P. Harveyi are very common from Cape Cod to New York, growing usually on Zostera in shallow, quiet<br />
bays. As they mature they fall from the Zostera and are blown into small coves, the bottoms of which<br />
are sometimes almost carpeted with the globose tufts of these two species, which lie loosely on the<br />
bottom. The typical forms of the present species collapse at once when removed from the water.<br />
P. HARVEYI, Bail.; Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 17 a.—Nigger Hair Pl. XV, Figs. 3, 4.<br />
Fronds blackish red, globosely tufted, filaments two to six inches high, setaceous,<br />
when young with a leading axis, becoming divaricately much branched, branches<br />
alternately decompound, patent, often angularly bent, beset with numerous short,<br />
simple or forked, spine-like
172<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
branchlets, internodes all short, never more than twice as long as broad; antheridia<br />
ellipsoidal, not mucronate; cystocarps broadly ovate, on short pedicels.<br />
On Zostera and other plants.<br />
Common in Long Island Sound and found in several place in Massachusetts Bay;<br />
Goose Cove, Squam, Mass.<br />
The typical form of the species is closely related to P. spinulosa, Grev., found in Scotland and in the<br />
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, where, however, it does not appear to be at all common. We once<br />
collected specimens at Antibes, France, and certainly at first sight it could not be distinguished from P.<br />
Harveyi. In the typical P. Harveyi the branches are rather rigid and the branchlets are spine-like and<br />
sometimes revolute. As the plant grows old the finer branchlets disappear, and there is left an irregular<br />
mass of coarse filaments beset with revolute branchlets, forming the P. arietina of Bailey, which is in<br />
the Nereis considered a variety of P. Harveyi. It is, however, rather an autumnal condition than a<br />
proper variety. The upper portion of the fronds of P. Harveyi are sometimes slender and byssoid, and as<br />
it is a well-known fact that the branchlets of Polysiphoniæ have the power of falling from their<br />
attachments and producing new plants, it may be, as has already been suggested, that P. Olneyi is the<br />
byssoid condition of P. Harveyi.<br />
Polysiphonia Americana, Reinsch, Contrib. ad Algolog. et Fungolog., p. 50, Pl. 33 a, as far as can be<br />
judged by the plate, closely resembles some forms of P. Harveyi, except in the color, which as given by<br />
Reinsch is bright pink. It is said by Reinsch to resemble P. arietina, Bailey, in general appearance, but<br />
to differ in the erect, subdichotomous filaments, whose joints are bicellular.<br />
SEC. II. Siphons four, main branches corticated, ultimate branches without<br />
cortication.<br />
P. ELONGATA, Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pls. 292, 293.—Lobster Claws.<br />
Fronds dark red, six to twelve inches long, robust, cartilaginous, irregularly<br />
branched, lower branches naked, upper beset with closely set, alternately multifid<br />
branchlets, which taper at the base and apex, cortications covering all but the<br />
younger portions of frond, section of branches showing four large siphons, with<br />
secondary siphons and a rather thick cortex; cystocarps ovate.<br />
Gloucester, Lynn Beach, Squam, Wood’s Holl, Gay Head, Mass.<br />
One of the largest but less common Polysiphoniæ, which is more abundant in the spring than at any<br />
other season. The species is perennial and in late summer and autumn the branchlets fall off, leaving<br />
the lower and coarser branches, which persist through the winter, and in the following spring produce<br />
at the apices tufts of delicate, deep-red branchlets. It is recognized by its long cartilaginous main<br />
branches, which are nearly naked, and which bear tufts of filaments at the apex. The popular name of<br />
lobster claws is tolerably appropriate.<br />
P. FIBRILLOSA, Grev.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 302.<br />
Fronds brownish yellow, four to ten inches high, broadly pyramidal, rather robust<br />
below, becoming slender above, with an undivided axis or divided near the base into<br />
several long, main branches, secondary branches alternate, several times pinnate,<br />
fibrillose, with short, scattered‚
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 173<br />
simple branchlets, ultimate divisions capillary, tufted; antheridia oblong, terminal;<br />
cystocarps ovate.<br />
On stones and Zostera at low-water mark.<br />
Lynn, Mass., Harvey; Wood’s Holl, Noank, Orient Point, Newport, and several places<br />
in Long Island Sound; Europe.<br />
Rather a common species in sheltered places south of Cape Cod, but only known northward from the<br />
reference of Harvey. It is smaller and more slender than the last species and the branches are not<br />
naked, but fibrillose. The present species is more nearly related to P. violacea, of which Harvey<br />
suggests that it may be a variety. The last-named species is more decidedly red in color, is a larger<br />
plant, and although the ultimate branches are in tufts, as in P. fibrillosa, the larger branches are<br />
destitute of the fibrillose branchlets characteristic of the latter species.<br />
P. VIOLACEA, Grev.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 209.<br />
Fronds brownish red, six inches to two feet long, elongated, pyramidal, usually with<br />
an undivided main axis, which has several long, widely spreading branches near the<br />
base, main divisions robust, becoming capillary at the tops, branches rather naked<br />
below, bearing above numerous multifid branchlets, ultimate branchlets densely<br />
tufted; antheridia? cystocarps broadly ovate, sessile or shortly pedicelled.<br />
Var. FLEXICAULIS, Harv.<br />
Branches very long, slender, angularly bent, much divided, divisions patent and<br />
sometimes secund.<br />
In deep tide-pools on exposed shores and on Zostera in deep water.<br />
Common from New York northward. Var. flexicaulis. Cape Ann; Portland, C. B.<br />
Fuller; and northward.<br />
One of the commonest species of the genus, frequenting cold, exposed tide-pools, where it has a dense<br />
habit and rarely exceeds a foot in length. When growing in deep water it is long and slender. In spring<br />
it has a pink color, but late in the season it becomes dark colored, almost blackish. Specimens of the<br />
present species are sometimes found in American herbaria bearing the name of P. Brodiæi, a species<br />
having six siphons, which has not as yet been detected with certainty on our coast. The P. Brodiæi of<br />
Bailey’s List of United States Algæ is, according to Harvey, P. fibrillosa.<br />
SECT. III. Siphons more than four, corticating cells wanting.<br />
P. VARIEGATA; Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 155; Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. XVI, Pl. 6.<br />
Fronds purplish brown, densely tufted, four to ten inches high, filaments setaceous<br />
and rigid below, capillary above, dichotomo-multifid, the lower axils patent,<br />
branches above somewhat zigzag, elongated, with alternately decompound, flaccid<br />
branchlets, siphons six in number, cortications wanting, internodes not much longer<br />
than broad; antheridia linear-oblong, mucronate; cystocarps ovate, short-stalked.<br />
At the foot of wharves, on Zostera, &c.
174<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Massachusetts Bay, Harvey; common from Cape Cod to the West Indies; Europe.<br />
A beautiful summer species, forming large purple tufts on wood-work and various substances a short<br />
distance below low-water mark in warm, sheltered waters. The lower branches are rigid and widely<br />
spreading, but the tips are byssoid and collapse on being removed from the water. When mounted on<br />
paper small specimens have a slight resemblance to P. Olneyi, but the species is coarser, and the<br />
siphons are six instead of four in number.<br />
P. PARASITICA, Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 147.<br />
Fronds dark brownish red, one to three inches high, filaments compressed,<br />
decompound-pinnate, branches alternate, distichous, 2-3 pinnate, ultimate divisions<br />
erecto-patent, subulate, acute, internodes about as long as broad, siphons 8-9,<br />
cortications wanting; cystocarps ovate, on short stalks.<br />
Providence, R. I., Harvey; Europe; California.<br />
A small species, said to have been collected by Mr. Hooper on the authority of Harvey. It differs from<br />
our other species in the compressed frond and uniformly distichous arrangement of the branches. In<br />
aspect it looks more like a fine Ptilota than a Polysiphonia. In drying it does not adhere well to paper.<br />
In California the species is rather common, especially the large variety dendroidea.<br />
P. ATRORUBESCENS; Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 172.<br />
Fronds tufted, dark red, two to twelve inches long, filaments setaceous, rather rigid,<br />
branches long, erect, alternately decompound, with scattered, simple or virgately<br />
tufted branchlets, which taper at the base and apex, siphons usually 12, spirally<br />
twisted, articulations generally 2-3 times as long as broad; antheridia oval, terminal;<br />
cystocarps broadly ovate, sessile.<br />
In deep water and washed ashore.<br />
Gloucester, Mrs. Davis; Gay Head, Mass., W. G. F.; Fisher’s Island, Prof. Eaton;<br />
Orient, L. I., Miss Booth; Noank, W. G. F; Little Compton, R. I., and Long Branch, N.<br />
J., Harvey; Europe.<br />
One of our less common species, recognized by the number of siphons, which are usually spirally<br />
twisted, and by the long branches, which bear small branchlets that taper at both extremities. Late in<br />
the season one finds denuded, rigid specimens, which bear little resemblance to the form found early in<br />
the season. It does not adhere well to paper in drying, and becomes quite black in the herbarium.<br />
P. NIGRESCENS, Grev.<br />
Fronds dark brown, three to twelve inches long, rigid below, becoming flaccid and<br />
much divided above, branches alternate, decompound-pinnate, ultimate branches<br />
subulate, siphons 12-16, articulations about 1 1 /2-3 times as long as broad; antheridia<br />
lanceolate, mucronate; cystocarps ovate, subsessile.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 175<br />
Var. FUCOIDES, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 277.<br />
Fronds robust and naked below, upper branches pectinate or corymbose,<br />
articulations but slightly longer than broad.<br />
Var. AFFINIS, Ag.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 303.<br />
Fronds elongated, diffusely branching, branches distant, undivided below, densely<br />
pinnate at the tip, articulations two or three times as long as broad.<br />
In tide-pools and below low-water mark on stones and algæ.<br />
Common along the whole coast.<br />
One of our commonest and least beautiful species, which, although very variable, is generally easily<br />
recognized. In the Nereis, Harvey describes seven forms found on our eastern coast. Practically, the<br />
species as found with us is recognized under two principal forms. The first is rather robust, and has<br />
branches which are more or less pectinate or corymbose, and in the extreme forms, as var. Durkeei,<br />
Harv., l. c., Pl. 17 c, they are compressed, and the pinnæ are distichous and abbreviated. The second<br />
form of the species is represented by the P. affinis of the Phycologia Britannica, in which the main<br />
branches are much elongated and more delicate than in var. fucoides, and the ultimate divisions are<br />
arranged in pyramidal tufts. Between the two types described occur innumerable forms which hardly<br />
require a further description.<br />
P. FASTIGIATA, Grev.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 299.<br />
Fronds dark brown, forming globose tufts one to three inches in diameter, filaments<br />
rigid, of nearly the same diameter throughout, repeatedly dichotomous, fastigiate,<br />
apices subulate, spreading, occasionally forcipate, siphons averaging about 20,<br />
articulations decidedly broader than long; antheridia oval, in dense terminal tufts;<br />
cystocarps ovate, taking the place of a terminal dichotomy.<br />
On Ascophyllum nodosum.<br />
Common from New York northward; Europe.<br />
A very common species, at once recognized by its form and place of growth. It forms tufts on Fucus<br />
(Ascophyllum) nodosus and, according to Harvey, on F. vesiculosus. Its color is so dark that one at first<br />
sight would hardly suppose it to be one of the Florideæ. The filaments are rigid, and the plant does not<br />
collapse in the least when removed from the water, nor does it adhere to paper in drying. The<br />
antheridia are very abundant early in the season. The species, like most of the genus found on our<br />
coast, is diœcious, but occasionally one finds both sexes on the same individual. In this connection, it<br />
would be well to inquire if there is not a proterandrous condition among the Florideæ, as in the higher<br />
plants. It has seemed to us that such a condition may exist in P. variegata, and possibly in the present<br />
species. P. fastigiata is said to have been collected in California, but the locality is doubtful. It has been<br />
found also in Australia and New Zealand.<br />
BOSTRYCHIA, Mont.<br />
(From βοστρυχιον [bostrychion], a small curl.)<br />
Fronds dark purple, compressed or filiform, distichously or irregularly branching,<br />
composed of several (4-11) cells (siphons) arranged around a central filament, the<br />
siphons either naked or corticated with subcubical cells, apices usually<br />
monosiphonous; tetraspores tripartite,
176<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
in a double row in terminal fusiform branches (stichidia); cystocarps terminal on the<br />
branches, ovate, with a distinct carpostome, spores pyriform, attached to short<br />
filaments which are given off from a basal placenta.<br />
A genus of about twenty species, characterized by their lurid purple color and by growing in places<br />
where the water is not very salt, some species, it is said, even growing in freshwater. They inhabit<br />
principally the tropics. The genus is intermediate between Polysiphonia and Dasya, and some species<br />
have been previously referred to Rhodomela. The tetraspores are in stichidia, as in Dasya, but the<br />
cystocarpic spores seem to us more nearly like those of Polysiphonia. The frond is originally<br />
monosiphonous, and soon becomes polysiphonous, the number of siphons not being as constant as in<br />
Polysiphonia. The corticating cells, when present, are regularly arranged in transverse bands. The<br />
development of the frond has been studied in detail by Dr. Ambronn in B. scorpioides.<br />
B. RIVULARIS, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 14 d.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Baton, No. 54.<br />
Fronds an inch high, capillary, rising from a procumbent base, branches flexuous,<br />
bipinnate, pinnæ distichous, alternate, patent, loosely pinnulate, pinnules subulate,<br />
section of main branches showing about seven siphons; tetraspores cruciate, in two<br />
rows in oblong stichidia below the tips; cystocarps ovate, terminal on the shortened,<br />
naked, lower pinnæ.<br />
On submerged logs in patches.<br />
Hell Gate, N. Y., Harvey; Fort Lee, N. Y., Mr. Averill; College Point, Astoria, C. H.<br />
Peck; common southward; Australia.<br />
A common species from Charleston, S. C., southward, but only occasionally found with us. The only<br />
certain localities are near New York City, and it is extremely doubtful whether it was ever found in the<br />
arctic waters of the Isle of Shoals, where it was reported by Captain Pike. The species is small and<br />
rather insignificant, but is easily recognized by its polysiphonous structure and ramification. There are<br />
no cortications, and the species belongs to the subgenus Stictosiphonia.<br />
DASYA, Ag.<br />
(From δασυς [dasys], hairy.)<br />
Fronds bright red, filiform or compressed, distichously or irregularly branching,<br />
composed of a monosiphonous axis surrounded by several (4-12) siphons, often<br />
corticated with irregularly shaped cells, clothed in the upper part or throughout with<br />
colored, monosiphonous, dichotomous branchlets; antheridia in siliculose tufts on<br />
the branchlets; tetraspores tripartite, borne in regular rows in lanceolate or ovatelanceolate<br />
enlargements of the branchlets; cystocarps ovate, acuminate, sessile or<br />
pedicellate, spores terminal on branching filaments arising from a basal placenta.<br />
A large and beautiful genus, including about seventy species, of which the greater part
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 177<br />
are tropical, Australia being especially rich in species. The genus is divided into a number of subgenera,<br />
and is connected by Bostrychia and Tænioma with Polysiphonia. The tetraspores are in stichidia borne<br />
on the hair-like branchlets, while in Bostrychia they are in the polysiphonous branches, and in<br />
Tænioma the stichidia are formed from the flattened and scarcely altered branches. The cystocarps are<br />
borne on short lateral branches, which are usually slightly prolonged beyond the base of the cystocarp.<br />
The placenta of Dasya differs somewhat from that of Polysiphonia and our other genera of Rhodomeleæ.<br />
The spores are pyriform, but are borne on rather long branching filaments which surround the<br />
carpogenic cell at the base of the conceptacle, and which rise high up in its interior instead of being<br />
nearly sessile around the carpogenic cell, as in Polysiphonia. The development of the cystocarp has<br />
been studied in detail by Janczewski in D. coccinea. The fronds are either filamentous or more or less<br />
flattened, and, as in the case with most of the suborder, are formed from a monosiphous axis, from the<br />
cells of which whorls of filaments are given off, which in the older parts of the frond become parallel to<br />
the axis and replace the siphons of Polysiphonia. In most of the genus there are also secondary siphons<br />
and corticating cells, and either at the tip or throughout the frond tufts of delicate, dichotomous,<br />
monosiphonous branchlets, which are colored and not hyaline, as in the hairs of some other genera.<br />
D. ELEGANS, Ag., Sp. Alg. (Rhodonema elegans, Martens.—Dasya pedicellata, Ag.,<br />
Syst.; Bailey, in Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 84.)—Chenille. Pl. XV, Fig. 1.<br />
Exs.—Alg. Am. Bor., Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, No. 51.<br />
Fronds diœcious, villous, lake-red, six inches to three feet long, cylindrical, attached<br />
by a small disk, alternately 1-3 pinnate, with a percurrent axis, densely clothed<br />
throughout with tufts of purple, capillary, monosiphonous, dichotomous branchlets,<br />
sections of branches showing five cells around the axial cell; antheridia densely<br />
covering the lower cells of one of the divisions of the branchlets; tetraspores in two or<br />
three rows in linear-lanceolate or ovate pointed stichidia on the branchlets;<br />
cystocarps sessile on very short branches (pedicels) which are borne on the main<br />
branches.<br />
On Zostera, wharves, &c., below low-water mark.<br />
Common from Cape Cod southward; Adriatic Sea.<br />
A beautiful species, known to lady collectors by the name of chenille, at once recognized by its long,<br />
cylindrical, branching fronds, densely fringed with fine lake-colored filaments. It is found throughout<br />
the year. In drying it adheres closely to paper. The antheridia are much like those of Polysiphonia<br />
variegata, but are longer. The species extends to the West Indies, but appears to be more common in<br />
Long Island Sound than elsewhere. There is in the collection of the Peabody Academy of Salem a very<br />
large specimen, said to have been collected at Ipswich Beach, Mass., but the locality must be regarded<br />
as doubtful. At any rate, the species is quite unknown elsewhere north of Cape Cod.<br />
SUBORDER CORALLINEÆ, Decaisne.<br />
Fronds rose-colored or purple, calcareous, horizontally expanded or erect and<br />
branching, crustaceous, foliaceous, or filiform, continuous or<br />
S. Miss. 59——12
178<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
articulated; antheridia, carpospores, and tetraspores borne in distinct cavities<br />
(conceptacles), which are either external or immersed in the fronds; antherozoids<br />
spherical, attenuated at one end, or provided with two short projections borne on<br />
short filaments at the base of the male conceptacles; carpospores pyriform,<br />
terminating short filaments which surround a tuft of paraphyses at the base of the<br />
female conceptacles; tetraspores zonate, occasionally binate.<br />
The present order includes all the calcareous Florideæ except a comparatively few species which belong<br />
to the Nemalieæ and Squamarieæ. Although classed by the earlier writers with the corals rather than<br />
plants, the species of Corallineæ are now placed at the head of the Florideæ, in consequence of their<br />
highly differentiated organs of fructification. Our knowledge of the fructification of the Corallineæ is<br />
derived principally from the Études Phycologiques of Thuret and Bornet and the Recherches<br />
Anatomiques sur les Melobésiées of Rosanoff. Thuret and Bornet describe three different forms of<br />
conceptacle, containing, respectively, the antheridia, the carpospores, and the tetraspores, the last only<br />
being mentioned by Harvey in the Nereis. The tetraspores, which are much more common than the<br />
carpospores, are usually zonate, although occasionally binate, and from the fact that they are borne in<br />
distinct conceptacles, which is not the case with the other Florideæ, it had erroneously been considered<br />
that the carpospores of the Corallineæ were four-parted. The cystocarpic spores, or carpospores, are<br />
always pyriform and undivided, and accompanied by paraphyses. The number of trichogynes is large,<br />
and they project in a tuft at the orifice of the conceptacle at the time of fertilization. The antherozoids<br />
differ from those of the other Florideæ in having appendages.<br />
The Corallineæ abound in the tropics, and but few representatives are found in northern seas. Our own<br />
coast is especially poor in species. The study of the development of the plants of this order is difficult,<br />
owing to the calcareous deposit, and soaking in acid injures the more delicate parts. The species are<br />
nearly all fragile when dried, and it is not easy to preserve herbarium specimens in good condition. The<br />
suborder may be divided into two tribes. The Corallineæ proper have articulated fronds, which rise<br />
vertically from the substratum, as is seen in our common Coralline. The Melobesieæ are not articulated,<br />
but form irregular horizontal crusts, which sometimes rise in irregular erect branches.<br />
Fronds erect, filiform, articulated .......................................................Corallina.<br />
Fronds horizontally expanded or vertical and inarticulate.<br />
Fronds horizontal .............................................................................. Melobesia.<br />
Fronds rising in irregular protuberances from a horizontal base,<br />
........................................................................................Lithothamnion.<br />
CORALLINA, Lam.x.<br />
(From κοραλλιον [korallion], a coral.)<br />
Monœcious or diœcious, fronds arising either from a calcareous disk or from<br />
interlaced filaments, erect, terete or compressed, articulated, branched, branches<br />
opposite, pinnate; conceptacles terminal, naked or occasionally with two horn-like<br />
appendages.<br />
A genus comprising about thirty to thirty-five species, mostly tropical, C. officinalis, C. squamata, and<br />
a few others extending high northward. The fronds of Corallina are formed of a bundle of dichotomous<br />
parallel filaments, whose external branches grow
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 179<br />
obliquely out wards to form the cortical layer. The increase in the length of the frond arises from the<br />
elongation of the central bundle of filaments. The whole plant is covered by a dense cuticle. The<br />
conceptacles are formed from the terminal cells of the filaments just mentioned, which cease elongating<br />
and lose their calcareous incrustation, the cuticle also falling away. The peripheral filaments, at the<br />
same time, continue to elongate and project beyond the central bundle of filaments, thus forming the<br />
wall of the conceptacle.<br />
C. OFFICINALIS, L.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 222.—Common Coralline.<br />
Diœcious, fronds two to six inches high, arising in dense tufts from a calcareous<br />
disk, decompound-pinnate, lower articulations cylindrical, twice as long as broad,<br />
upper articulations obconical or pyriform, slightly compressed, edges obtuse;<br />
conceptacles ovate, borne on the ends of the branches, or some of them<br />
hemispherical and sessile on the articulations.<br />
Var. PROFUNDA, Farlow.<br />
Fronds elongated, with few, irregular branches.<br />
Common in tide-pools; the variety in deep water.<br />
Europe; North Pacific?<br />
The only species known on our coast, often lining the bottoms of pools, and when exposed to the sun<br />
becoming white and bleached. C. squamata, which is monœcious, and has a filamentous base, and<br />
whose upper articulations are compressed with sharp edges, especially on the upper side, is a common<br />
species of Northern Europe, and may be expected with us.<br />
MELOBESIA, Aresch.<br />
(Possibly from µελιβοια [meliboia] or µηλοβοσις [melobosis], the daughter of Oceanus.)<br />
Fronds calcareous, horizontally expanded, orbicular, becoming confluent and<br />
indefinite in outline, conceptacles external or immersed; antherozoids spherical,<br />
furnished with one or two short projections; tetraspores either two or four parted,<br />
borne sometimes in conceptacles having a single orifice, at other times in<br />
conceptacles having several orifices.<br />
The limits of the three genera Melobesia, Lithophyllum, and Lithothamnion are not well defined. In M.<br />
Thuretii, Bornet, the plant consists merely of a few short filaments, which are buried in the substance<br />
of Corallina squamata and several species of Jania, upon whose surface the conceptacles of the<br />
Melobesia are alone visible. From this species, in which the frond may be said to be rudimentary, we<br />
pass through forms in which the frond is in the form of calcareous crusts or plates till we meet heavy,<br />
irregularly branching forms, which resemble corals much more than plants. In the present paper,<br />
Melobesia, including Lithophyllum of Rosanoff, comprehends all the smaller and thinner forms in<br />
which the frond does not rise in the form of irregular tubercles or branches, while in Lithothamnion are<br />
placed the branching and heavier species, referred by the older writers, as Linnæus, Ellis and Solander,<br />
Lamarck, and others, to Millepora or Nullipora, and by Kützing to Spongites. Our common species, L.<br />
polymorphum, which does not often branch, shows the insufficient basis on which the genera of this<br />
group rest. Although there is considerable diversity in the structure of the fronds, the organs of<br />
fructification, with some slight modifications of the antherozoids and tetraspores, are the same as in<br />
Corallina and Jania. The most detailed account of the
180<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
frond in the Melobesioid group is that given by Rosanoff in his work already referred to. According to<br />
Bornet, however, the cystocarpic fruit of the Melobesiæ escaped the observation of Rosanoff, and what<br />
the latter called cystocarps were only a form of the non-sexual or tetrasporic fruit. The tetraspores are<br />
found in two different forms—either in hemispherical conceptacles, which have a single central orifice<br />
of good size, at whose base the spores are borne around a central tuft of paraphyses, or else in<br />
truncated conceptacles, whose flattened upper surface is perforated with numerous orifices, beneath<br />
each one of which is a tetraspore, separated from its fellows by a large, colorless cell.<br />
The fronds of the smaller species of Melobesia, as M. Lejolisii and M. farinosa, consist of two portions,<br />
the basal and the cortical. The former consists of a single layer of cells, which arise from the division of<br />
the spore into four cells and subsequent marginal growth. The cortical layer in the smaller species is<br />
composed of small cells cut off by oblique partitions from the upper part of the basal cells. In the larger<br />
species of Melobesia, more particularly those placed in the subgenus Lithophyllum, the cortical layer is<br />
much more marked, and the cells of which it is composed seem to be arranged in lines which are curved<br />
at the base, but are straight above and at right angles to the direction of growth. In some of the small<br />
species of Melanesia certain of the basal cells elongate and swell at the summit, so that when seen from<br />
above they look larger than the neighboring cells. Rosanoff applied to such cells the name of<br />
heterocysts, a word badly chosen, since the heterocysts in the Nostochineæ, where the term was first<br />
employed, cannot well be compared with the heterocysts in Melobesia. The conceptacles in all our<br />
species of Melobesia are external. The form generally found is that which contains the tetraspores. Our<br />
species all occur in Europe, and it is very probable that the remaining Northern European forms not<br />
yet recorded with us will be found on further search.<br />
a. Species small, growing on plants, basal stratum well marked, cortical layer<br />
imperfectly developed.<br />
M. LEJOLISII, Rosanoff. (M. membranacea, Aresch., in Agardh’s Spec. Alg.; Harvey,<br />
Phyc. Brit., Pl. 347, in part.—M. farinosa, Kütz., Spec. Alg.; Le Jolis’s Liste des<br />
Algues.—M. Lejolisii, Rosanoff, l. c., p. 62‚ Pl. 1, Figs. 1-12.)<br />
Fronds thin and brittle, at first orbicular but soon densely confluent, forming scaly<br />
patches of indefinite extent; heterocysts wanting, basal cells squarish, cortical cells<br />
few and indistinct; tetrasporic conceptacles very numerous, approximate, flattenedconvex,<br />
orifice ciliated; tetraspores four-parted; antheridia and cystocarps?<br />
On leaves of Zostera.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass.; common from Nahant northward; Europe.<br />
A species which is certainly common on eel-grass on the northern coast and probably equally abundant<br />
in Long Island Sound, although definite information on this point is wanting. This is the form which is<br />
found in American herbaria bearing the name usually of M. farinosa or M. membranacea. The orbicular<br />
character of the fronds soon disappears, as they are found in great numbers, and at an early stage<br />
become confluent. The conceptacles are so numerous that at times very little of the fronds themselves<br />
can be seen. The latter easily crumble and fall from the plant on which they are growing.<br />
M. FARINOSA, Lam.x. (M. farinosa, Aresch., in Agardh’s Spec. Alg., non Le Jolis’s<br />
Liste des Algues.—M. farinosa and M. verrucata? Harvey, in part.—M. farinosa,<br />
Lam.x., in Rosanoff, l. c.‚ p. 69‚ Pl. 2, Figs. 2-13.)
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 181<br />
Fronds thin, orbicular, becoming confluent, distinctly zonate; heterocysts present,<br />
basal cells elongated-rectangular, cortical cells semicircular or triangular seen from<br />
above; tetrasporic conceptacles small, hemispherical, orifice not plainly ciliate;<br />
tetraspores four-parted; antheridia and cystocarps?<br />
On Fucus vesiculosus.<br />
Wood’s Holl, Mass; in all parts of the world.<br />
Although only one locality is mentioned, the species probably occurs throughout our limits. It is<br />
distinguished from the last by the shape of the conceptacles and the absence of a circle of cilia around<br />
the orifice. The fronds are larger and more frequently orbicular, although scarcely thicker than in M.<br />
Lejolisii. In both species the calcareous incrustation is somewhat farinaceous as compared with the<br />
following, in which the incrustation is smoother and solid. M. membranacea, Lam.x. related to M.<br />
farinosa, but destitute of heterocysts and having tetrasporic conceptacles with several orifices, is to be<br />
expected on algæ of our coast.<br />
M. PUSTULATA, Lam.x. (M. pustulata, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 347 d; Rosanoff, l. c., Pl. 4,<br />
Figs. 2-8.)<br />
Fronds rather thick, circular, becoming reniform or orbicular, indistinctly zoned;<br />
heterocysts wanting, basal cells elongated vertically, cortical cells squarish;<br />
conceptacles large, hemispherical, orifice naked; tetraspores four-parted.<br />
Probably common on the larger algæ along the whole coast, but being undistinguishable from the next<br />
species when sterile, one cannot be sure of the species unless it is in fruit. The tetraspores of M.<br />
pustulata are zonately four-parted, while those of M. macrocarpa are merely two-parted at maturity. In<br />
both species the fronds are rather thick and solid and do not crumble, as in the two preceding species,<br />
and the orbicular shape is preserved for a longer time.<br />
M. MACROCARPA, Rosanoff. (M. macrocarpa, l. c.‚ p. 74, Pl. 4, Figs. 2-8 and 11-20.)<br />
Fronds as in M. pustulata; tetraspores large, two-parted.<br />
On Chondrus.<br />
Gloucester, Mass.; Europe.<br />
b. Species rather large, growing on stones and shells, cortical stratum well<br />
developed.<br />
M. LENORMANDI, Aresch. (Lithophyllum Lenormandi, Rosanoff, l. c., p. 85, Pl. V,<br />
Figs. 16,17; Pl. VI, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5.)<br />
Fronds saxicolous, closely adherent to the substratum, suborbicular, Becoming<br />
squamulose-imbricate, slightly zonate, margin crenate, lobed; tetraspores fourparted,<br />
in compressed, hemispherical conceptacles, with numerous orifices;<br />
antheridia and cystocarps?<br />
On stones.<br />
Gloucester, Mass.; Europe.<br />
Apparently common in many places, but fruiting specimens were only collected at
182<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Gloucester. The fronds form rose-colored crusts of considerable extent, and are so closely adherent that<br />
they can scarcely be removed. The tetrasporic conceptacles are large, but very much flattened.<br />
LITHOTHAMNION, Phil.<br />
(From λιθος [lithos], a stone, and θ µνιον [sic] [thamnion], a bush.)<br />
Fronds calcareous, thick, at first horizontally expanded, but afterwards producing<br />
erect knobs or coralloid branches; otherwise as in Melobesia.<br />
A genus comprising probably not more than twenty or twenty-five good species, most of which are<br />
tropical. The larger and more solid forms inhabit deep water. In Lithothamnion the cortical portion is<br />
markedly developed, and it not rarely happens that new lobes are produced which overlap the older<br />
ones and form an imperforate layer over the older conceptacles, which are thus occluded before the<br />
spores are ripe. In such cases sections show conceptacles which are apparently buried in the central<br />
part of the frond.<br />
L. POLYMORPHUM, (L.) Aresch. (Millepora polymorpha, L.; Sp. Alg.—Millepora<br />
(Nullipora) informis, Lamarck.—Melobesia polymorpha, Harvey‚ Phyc. Brit., Pl.<br />
345.)<br />
Fronds thick and stony, purplish, becoming whitish, forming incrustations of<br />
indefinite extent and occasionally rising in thick clumsy lobes, punctate throughout<br />
with the very numerous, small, immersed conceptacles; antherozoids spherical, with<br />
an appendage at one end (Bornet); tetraspores two-parted; cystocarps?<br />
On rocks and stones in deep pools and below low-water mark.<br />
Common from Nahant northward.<br />
Not known with certainty south of Cape Cod, but very common northward, where it forms stony,<br />
purplish incrustations on rocks. As usually seen, it adheres closely to the rocks, covering patches of<br />
indefinite extent, and would be mistaken for a species of Melobesia. It is so hard and adherent that it is<br />
mistaken by persons on the shore for a part of the rock itself. Although the determination of the present<br />
species admits scarcely a doubt, the form usually found with us is smoother and less lobed than<br />
European specimens of the same species. In the description given above the tetraspores are said to be<br />
two-parted. This is true of all the American specimens examined, but it may be that what we have seen<br />
were immature spores, which, when ripe, are four-parted.<br />
L. FASCICULATUM, (Lamarck) Aresch. (Millepora fasciculata, Lamarck.—Melobesia<br />
fasciculata, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 74.)<br />
Fronds purple, stony, attached, afterwards becoming free, very irregular in outline,<br />
densely branching, branches fastigiate, subcylindrical, apices generally depressed;<br />
tetrasporic conceptacles densely covering the branches, flattened, hemispherical;<br />
tetraspores two-parted.<br />
On stones or in free globose tufts at low-water mark and in deep water.<br />
Eastport, Maine; Europe.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 183<br />
Rather common at Eastport, where it is often dredged. It is also found at low-water mark during the<br />
spring tides, especially on Clark’s Ledge. Small forms of what may be the same species are occasionally<br />
washed ashore after storms as far south as Nahant. The species is at once distinguished from all our<br />
other forms by the very numerous, short, stout, cylindrical branches. The conceptacles are external and<br />
contain two-parted spores, which may possibly be later four-parted, although in the specimens we have<br />
examined they seemed to be quite mature. The conceptacles, as far as could be made out, had no<br />
distinct orifice, and were very much flattened externally.<br />
To follow Stilophora, page 89:<br />
ADDENDA.<br />
ARTHROCLADIA, Duby.<br />
Fronds olive-brown, filiform, branching, composed of a large central filament formed<br />
of cylindrical cells and a series of polygonal cortical cells, which become smaller<br />
towards the surface; plurilocular sporangia moniliform, borne on branching<br />
monosiphonous filaments which form tufts on the branches.<br />
A small genus, consisting of a single species, which has been divided by Kützing into three,<br />
characterized by the tufts of monosiphonous filaments which bear the sporangia, and which are<br />
arranged in whorls, giving the fronds a nodose appearance. Harvey and Agardh place the genus in the<br />
Sporochnaceæ, while Le Jolis places it in a special suborder of Phæosporeæ.<br />
A. VILLOSA, Doby. [sic] (Sporochnus villosus, Ag., Sp. — Elaionema villosum, Berk.)<br />
Fronds six inches to three feet long, delicately filiform, with a percurrent axis and<br />
usually opposite, widely spreading, 1-2 oppositely pinnate branches; fructiferous<br />
filaments byssoid, in dense penicillate tufts which form irregular whorls;<br />
plurilocular sporangia moniliform, composed of numerous cells, about 15-20 in a<br />
row, generally secund on the branches of fructiferous filament; unilocular sporangia?<br />
Washed ashore at Falmouth Heights, Mass., Mr. F. T. Collins; Cape Fear.<br />
A rare species, only known on the New England coast from the specimens collected by Mr. Collins,<br />
which were rather smaller than European specimens. The species bears a more or less considerable<br />
resemblance to Desmarestia viridis, but the penicillate tufts are more regularly arranged in whorls,<br />
and bear the sporangia, which is not the case in the genus Desmarestia.<br />
To follow Lyngbya, page 34:<br />
SYMPLOCA, Kütz.<br />
Filaments as in Lyngbya, but adhering to one another in fascicles.<br />
Scarcely distinct from Lyngbya except in the existence of a mass of jelly, by means of which the<br />
filaments adhere to one another in meshes. In habit the species of the
184<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
present genus resemble the species of Calothrix rather than Lyngbya, but the filaments are not<br />
prolonged in a hair-like extremity as in the first-named genus.<br />
S. fasciculata, Kütz.<br />
Filaments a quarter to half an inch high, united in tooth-like masses from a<br />
gelatinous base. .009-12 mm broad, sheaths thin, cells broader than long.<br />
On rocks between tide-marks.<br />
Newport, R. I.; Europe.<br />
Table of comparative distribution of New England species.<br />
Number of New<br />
England Genera.<br />
Number of New<br />
England Species.<br />
Number of species<br />
north of Cape Cod.<br />
Number of species<br />
south of Cape Cod.<br />
Common to North<br />
-ern Europe.<br />
Common to Mediterranean<br />
and<br />
Adriatic.<br />
Common to Pacific<br />
coast of United<br />
States.<br />
Cryptophyceæ 17 - 32 - 24 - 24 - 26 - 20 - - - - - - - 1 - 2 -<br />
Chroococcaceæ - 5 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 5 - 3 - - - - - - - 1 - -<br />
Nostochineæ - 12 - 26 - 19 - 20 - 21 - 17 - - - - - - - - -<br />
Zoosporeæ 36 - 88 - 71 - 65 - 77 - 34 - 15 - 33 - 3 - 2 - 3 -<br />
Chlorosporeæ - 7 - 36 - 28 - 27 - 30 - 15 - 7 - 6 - - - 1 - 1<br />
Bryopsideæ - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - -<br />
Botrydieæ - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
Phæosporeæ - 26 - 49 - 41 - 36 - 44 - 17 - 7 - 27 - 1 - 1 - 2<br />
Oosporeæ 4 - 11 - 7 - 7 - 11 - 2 - 2 - 7 - - - - - - -<br />
Vaucherieæ - 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - -<br />
Fucaceæ - 3 - 9 - 6 - 5 - 9 - 1 - 2 - 7 - - - - - -<br />
Florideæ 50 - 99 - 69 - 87 - 71 - 48 - 14 - 34 - 7 - 1 - 12 -<br />
Total 107 - 230 - 171 - 183 - 185 - 104 - 31 - 74 - 10 - 4 - 17 -<br />
Besides the genera and species, enumerated above, there are 4 genera and 10 species described, but not<br />
considered to be sufficiently well known. If these are counted, the total number of genera is 111, and<br />
240 species. The comparison with Mediterranean and Adriatic species is imperfect, because there is no<br />
complete list of the algæ of those seas, and our Pacific coast has not as yet been sufficiently well<br />
explored to make it possible to give approximately the number of our species found there. In the table<br />
the species marked peculiar to New England are those which extend along our whole coast, those of<br />
more limited range being kept distinct. The table shows plainly the general fact that the total number<br />
of species increases as one goes southward, and that the increase is mainly due to the relative increase<br />
in number of the Florideæ. It also shows the close resemblance of our marine flora to that of Northern<br />
Europe, and although the number of species common to Arctic waters is not large, as far as the<br />
numbers themselves are concerned, yet, if we consider the absolutely small total of species found in<br />
Arctic regions, the number of species common to our coast is relatively very large. The general poverty<br />
of our flora may be seen in comparing the number of genera and species found in New England with the<br />
number of species and genera in Harvey’s Phycologia Britannica and Le Jolis’s Liste des Algues<br />
Marines de Cherbourg. The number given by Harvey is 110 genera and 388 species; that given by Le<br />
Jolis is 137 genera and 316 species. The Phycologia was published in 1846-’51, and Le Jolis’s Liste in<br />
1863. In both works, more especially in the Phycologia, a number of species which we have in the<br />
present article united were kept distinct; but as additional species have been discovered since the<br />
appearance of the two works above named, the total number of species is not probably much less, or<br />
may even be greater, than the figures given by Harvey and Le Jolis. In Phyceæ Scandinavicæ Marinæ,<br />
published .in 1850, Areschoug describes 68 genera and 175 species. Since that date numerous additions<br />
have been made to the Scandinavian marine flora, and the total number of species is probably not far<br />
from that of the species of our own coast.<br />
Arctic.<br />
Peculiar to New<br />
England.<br />
Peculiar to coast<br />
north of Cape Cod.<br />
Peculiar to coast<br />
south of Cape Cod.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 185<br />
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GENERA.<br />
NOTE.—The following key is intended to enable persons who are not at all acquainted with our sea-weeds to<br />
ascertain with a partial degree of accuracy the genera to which specimens which they may collect are to be referred.<br />
For .this purpose the characters used are, as far as possible, those which can be seen by the naked eye, but, as in many<br />
cases, the generic distinctions absolutely depend on microscopic characters, one must not expect to be able to recognize<br />
all of our forms without making a more or less careful microscopical examination, especially in the case of the<br />
Cryptophyceæ and Phæosporeæ. It should of course be understood that the key is entirely artificial, and does not<br />
represent the true botanical relations of our genera; since in many cases the characters refer only to species of our<br />
Atlantic coast and would mislead a student having a specimen from other waters.<br />
1. Color bluish or purplish green,* algæ of small size, usually more or less gelatinous<br />
(Crytophyceæ) [sic] 5<br />
2. Color grass green ......................................................................... 18<br />
3. Color from yellowish brown to olive green or nearly black ........ 26<br />
4. Color red or reddish purple, rarely blackish, in fading becoming at times greenish<br />
(Florideæ) 48<br />
5. Cells arranged in filaments ........................................................... 9<br />
Cells in colonies, but not forming filaments ..................................... 6<br />
6. Cells grouped in twos or some multiple of two ............................. 7<br />
Cells solitary, not adherent in twos .................................................. 8<br />
7. Groups free, not united with one another by a gelatinous envelope.<br />
Chroococcus.<br />
Groups united by a gelatinous substance so as to form irregularly-shaped colonies<br />
Glœocapsa.<br />
Groups united by a gelatinous substance so as to form colonies of a dendritic shape<br />
Entophysalis.<br />
8. Cells imbedded in a gelatinous substance, forming colonies of indefinite shape<br />
Polycystis.<br />
Cells imbedded in a gelatinous mass, which forms at first ovoidal and afterwards netshaped<br />
colonies ....................................................... Clathrocystis.<br />
9. Filaments ending in a hyaline hair ............................................ 16<br />
Filaments not ending in a hair ....................................................... 10<br />
10. Filaments provided with heterocysts ........................................ 11<br />
Filaments destitute of heterocysts .................................................. 12<br />
11. Filaments with a thin gelatinous sheath, spores not adjacent to the heterocysts<br />
Nodularia.<br />
*Our marine species of Clathrocystis and the genus Beggiatoa are exceptions. The former is pinkish, and covers the<br />
mud and algæ between tide-marks with a very fine gelatinous film. The species of Beggiatoa are whitish to the naked<br />
eye, and form very delicate films over decaying algæ.<br />
†Vid. page 11.
186<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Filaments without a gelatinous sheath, spores next to the heterocysts Sphærozyga.<br />
12. Filaments with a gelatinous sheath ......................................... 15<br />
Filaments without a gelatinous sheath .......................................... 13<br />
13. Filaments spirally twisted ........................................... Spirulina.<br />
Filaments not spirally twisted ........................................................ 14<br />
14. Cells bluish or purplish green ..................................... Oscillaria.<br />
Cells colorless or containing opaque granules .................. Beggiatoa.<br />
15. Filaments free ................................................................. Lyngbya.<br />
Filaments adherent in meshes ........................................... Symploca.<br />
Filaments united in bundles and surrounded by a general gelatinous sheath<br />
Microcoleus.<br />
16. Filaments free ............................................................... Calothrix.<br />
Filaments imbedded in a dense mass of jelly ................................. 17<br />
17. Filaments nearly parallel, fronds forming a thin expansion Isactis.<br />
Filaments diverging from the base of the hemispherical or somewhat<br />
flattened fronds ................................................................... Rivularia.<br />
Filaments simple at the surface and forking in the interior of the vesicular fronds<br />
Hormactis.<br />
18. Fronds unicellular ..................................................................... 19<br />
Fronds multicellular ........................................................................ 20<br />
19. Cells small, ovoidal, prolonged into a long, root-like process at the base<br />
Codiolum.<br />
Cells large, filamentous, pinnately branching .................... Bryopsis.<br />
Cells large, with few, erect, alternate branches, some of which swell at the end and bear<br />
numerous spores ............................................................ Derbesia.<br />
Cells very long, cylindrical, with irregular or subdichotomous branches, spores large,<br />
solitary, in special lateral or terminal cells.<br />
........................................................................................Vaucheria.<br />
20. Fronds membranaceous ............................................................ 21<br />
Fronds filamentous .......................................................................... 22<br />
21. Fronds formed of a single layer of cells .................. Monostroma.<br />
Fronds composed of two layers of cells, which in some cases separate so as to form<br />
tubular fronds ....................................................................... Ulva.<br />
22. Filaments simple ....................................................................... 23<br />
Filaments branching ....................................................................... 24<br />
23. Small algæ, filaments soft and flaccid ........................... Ulothrix.<br />
Rather coarse algæ, filaments more or less rigid, often twisted together<br />
Chætomorpha.<br />
24. Some of the cells bearing long, hyaline hairs .......... Bulbocoleon.<br />
Hairs wanting .................................................................................. 25<br />
25 Branches small and root-like ................................. Rhizoclonium.<br />
Branches distinct ............................................................ Cladophora.<br />
26. Fronds irregularly globose, hollow, gelatinous ........... Leathesia.<br />
Fronds forming crusts or expanded pellicles .................................. 27
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 187<br />
Fronds small, tufted, composed of a dense basal portion and an outer portion composed<br />
of free filaments ......................................................................... 28<br />
Fronds tubular, unbranched ........................................................... 29<br />
Fronds filamentous .......................................................................... 31<br />
Fronds membranaceous, expanded ................................................. 41<br />
27. Fronds densely parenchymatous throughout, fruit in external spots Ralfsia.<br />
Fronds minute, thin, formed of a basal horizontal layer of cells and short vertical<br />
filaments, between which the sporangia are borne.<br />
...................................................................................... Myrionema.<br />
28. Free filaments all alike .............................................. Myriactis.*<br />
Free filaments of two kinds, one short and the other exserted.<br />
................................................................................ Elochistea. [sic]<br />
29. Fronds simple, hollow throughout, substance thin .................. 30<br />
Fronds simple, cylindrical, somewhat cartilaginous, with numerous diaphragms<br />
Chorda.<br />
Fronds branching substance thin, sporangia large, arranged in transverse lines<br />
Striaria.<br />
30. Sporangia densely covering the surface .................. Scytosiphon.<br />
Sporangia external in scattered spots ......................... Asperococcus.<br />
31. Fronds capillary, branching, formed of single rows of cells (monosiphonous)<br />
Ectocarpus.<br />
Fronds cylindrical, solid or occasionally becoming partially hollow with age 32<br />
32. Fronds slimy, composed of an axial layer of elongated filaments and a distinct<br />
cortical layer of short, horizontal filaments ............................. 33<br />
Fronds composed of elongated internal cells, which become smaller and polygonal at the<br />
surface ........................................................................................ 35<br />
Fronds, at least in the younger portions, formed of cells of nearly uniform length,<br />
arranged in transverse bands, without any proper cortical layer 38<br />
33. Fronds tough and dense .............................................. Chordaria.<br />
Fronds soft and flaccid ..................................................................... 34<br />
34. Outer cells of cortex producing plurilocular sporangiaCastagnea. Outer cells of cortex<br />
not producing plurilocular sporangia ........................... Mesogloia.<br />
35. Fronds traversed by a central filament formed of large cylindrical cells placed end to<br />
end .............................................................................................. 36<br />
Fronds destitute of distinct axile filament ..................................... 37<br />
36. Sporangia in branching, monosiphonous filaments, which form tufted whorls on the<br />
branches ................................................................... Arthrocladia.<br />
Sporangia inconspicuous, formed from the cortical cells Desmarestia.<br />
37. Sporangia globose, prominent in the cortical layer Dictyosiphon.<br />
*When reference is made in Myriactis and the following genera of Phæosporeæ to free external filaments, it should<br />
be understood that only filaments whose cells contain coloring matter are meant, and that no account is to be taken<br />
of the numerous hyaline hairs with which most of the species of Phæosporeæ are covered at certain seasons.
188<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Sporangia at the base of filaments, which form scattered external tufts Stilophora.<br />
38. Fronds minute, ending in a hyaline hair, monosiphonous below, densely beset above<br />
with very short branches, between which are the sporangia Myriotrichia.<br />
Fronds ending in a large, single cell, the cells of the lower part giving off descending<br />
filaments, which become interwoven and form a false cortex . 39<br />
39. Rhizoidal filaments few and limited to the base of the plant, branching, irregularly<br />
pinnate ...................................................................... Sphacelaria.<br />
Rhizoidal filaments numerous ........................................................ 40<br />
40. Branches distichously pinnate ................................. Chætopteris.<br />
Branches whorled ......................................................... Cladostephus.<br />
41. Fronds simple or occasionally proliferous ................................ 42<br />
Fronds branching ............................................................................. 47<br />
42. Midrib present ........................................................................... 43<br />
Midrib wanting ................................................................................ 44<br />
43. Fronds stipitate, perforated with numerous holes ........ Agarum.<br />
Fronds entire, with a few separate leaflets on the stipe below the lamina Alaria.<br />
44. Fronds thin, subsessile .............................................................. 45<br />
Fronds thick and coriaceous, distinctly stipitate ........................... 46<br />
45. Sporangia densely covering the surface of frond ........... Phyllitis.<br />
Sporangia external in scattered spots ........................... Punctaria.<br />
46. Cryptostomata present, fronds attached by short, nearly simple rhizoids<br />
Saccorhiza.<br />
Cryptostomata wanting, fronds attached by prominent, branching rhizoids<br />
Laminaria.<br />
47. Fronds without distinction of midrib and lamina, fruit borne on short lateral<br />
branches ................................................................... Ascophyllum.<br />
Blade distinct from the midrib, bladders borne in the laminae, fruit terminal Fucus.<br />
Bladders and fruit borne on special stalks ..................... Sargassum.<br />
48. Fronds calcareous ...................................................................... 49<br />
Fronds not calcareous ...................................................................... 50<br />
49. Fronds erect, filiform, articulated ................................ Corallina.<br />
Fronds thin, horizontally expanded .................................. Melobesia.<br />
Fronds thick, horizontally expanded, but rising at intervals in irregular protuberances<br />
Lithothamnion.<br />
50. Fronds horizontally expanded, crustaceous or membranaceous51<br />
Fronds erect or umbilicate .............................................................. 52<br />
51. Fronds parenchymatous, spores in external warts Peyssonnelia.<br />
Fronds parenchymatous, spores in cavities sunk in the<br />
frond .......................................................................... Hildenbrandtia.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 189<br />
Fronds parenchymatous below, but above formed of loosely united filaments,<br />
tetraspores formed in the filaments ............................ Petrocelis.<br />
52. Fronds tubular ........................................................................... 53<br />
Fronds filamentous .......................................................................... 54<br />
Fronds membranaceous .................................................................. 75<br />
53. Fronds cartilaginous, hollow throughout, rigid, proliferous, tetraspores cruciate<br />
Halosaccion.<br />
Fronds slender, muck .contracted at the joints, but without diaphragms, tetraspores<br />
tripartite in depressed cavities Lomentaria. Fronds slender, nodose, with<br />
diaphragms at the nodes, tetraspores tripartite in the cortical layer Champia.<br />
54. Fronds monosiphonous, without proper cortex ........................ 55<br />
Fronds with distinct axial and cortical layers ................................ 62<br />
55. Fronds monosiphonous throughout .......................................... 56<br />
Fronds at first monosiphonous, becoming polysiphonous above, spores formed by<br />
divisions of any of the cells, filaments simple, gelatinous, dark purple Bangia.<br />
Fronds monosiphonous above, but below with a false cortex formed by descending<br />
filaments given off from the cells .............................................. 60<br />
Fronds formed of large cells placed end to end, with bands of smaller cells at the nodes,<br />
in some cases the nodal cells extending in a thin layer over the internodal cells<br />
61<br />
56. Spores (as far as known) formed directly from the contents of any of the cells 57<br />
Spores on short pedicels, distinct, undivided .......... Trentepohlia (?).<br />
Tetraspores and cystocarps present ............................................... 58<br />
57. Filaments simple, forming a fine web over other algæ.<br />
Erythrotrichia. Filaments dichotomously branching, minutely tufted<br />
Goniotrichum.<br />
58. Fronds formed of prostrate filaments, from which arise erect pinnate filaments,<br />
cystocarps terminal, involucrate, spores irregularly grouped, not surrounded by a<br />
common gelatinous envelope when<br />
mature .................................................................... Spermathamnion.<br />
Cystocarps terminal or lateral, spores irregularly grouped at maturity, covered by a<br />
general gelatinous envelope ...................................................... 59<br />
59. Fronds dichotomous, formed of delicate vesicular cells, tetraspores in whorls at the<br />
joints, involucrate ....................................................... Griffithsia,<br />
Fronds dichotomous or pinnate, tetraspores scattered on the branches, solitary or<br />
aggregated, cystocarps lateral, usually binate Callithamnion, in part.<br />
Fronds with a monosiphonous axis, nearly concealed by the densely whorled branches,<br />
cystocarps terminal on short branches, tetraspores in whorls one above another on<br />
special branches .............................................................. Halurus.<br />
60. Fronds capillary or bushy, densely branching, cortications confined to the larger<br />
branches, and evidently formed of vein-like descending filaments<br />
Callithamnion, in part.
190<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Fronds compressed, ancipital, branches pectinate-pinnate, covered everywhere, except at<br />
the tips, by polygonal, arealated cells.<br />
..............................................................................................Ptilota.<br />
61. Fronds dichotomous, tips usually incurved ............... Ceramium.<br />
Fronds pinnate, main branches corticated throughout with cells arranged in transverse<br />
bands, secondary branches corticated only at the nodes Spyridia.<br />
62. Fronds nearly black, substance dense ...................................... 63<br />
Fronds rose-colored or purple, gelatinous or rather succulent, sometimes capillary<br />
64<br />
63. Fronds dichotomous, cylindrical, cartilaginous, spores borne in external flesh-colored<br />
warts ............................................................................... Polyides.<br />
Fronds filiform, rigid, wiry, irregularly branching, forming dense, intricate bunches<br />
Ahnfeldtia.<br />
Fronds small, compressed, pinnate, forming small turfs, spores borne on an axile<br />
placenta in the enlarged terminal branches ............... Gelidium.<br />
64. Cystocarps immersed in the fronds .......................................... 65<br />
Cystocarps external, ovate or urceolate .......................................... 70<br />
65. Fronds gelatinous, composed internally of a dense mass of slender longitudinal<br />
filaments, which give off short, corymbose, lateral branches, which form the cortex<br />
66<br />
Fronds succulent, consisting of an internal layer of slender longitudinal filaments and a<br />
cortex composed of roundish polygonal cells, which become smaller towards the<br />
surface ........................................................................................ 69<br />
66. Spores arranged in regular radiating lines .............................. 67<br />
Spores in an irregular mass ............................................................ 68<br />
67. Cystocarps naked, cortical filaments free, often ending in hairs.<br />
.........................................................................................Nemalion.<br />
Cystocarps surrounded by a delicate membranous sack, cortical filaments ending in<br />
large hyaline cells, which are adherent to one another . Scinaia.<br />
68. Fronds dichotomous, subcompressed, central filaments fine and numerous<br />
Nemastoma.<br />
Fronds filiform, pinnate, central filaments few, rather large.<br />
..................................................................................Gloiosiphonia.<br />
69. Spores arranged in groups around a central placenta Rhabdonia.<br />
Spores grouped in several irregular masses in the interior of the<br />
fronds ........................................................................... Cystoclonium.<br />
70. Fronds traversed by a distinct central filament or siphon ...... 72<br />
Fronds without a distinct central filament .................................... 71<br />
71. Fronds succulent, brownish purple, cylindrical, beset with subulate branchlets,<br />
apices generally hooked, tetraspores zonate Hypnea. Fronds red, somewhat rigid,<br />
filiform, tetraspores cruciate.<br />
Cordylecladia.<br />
72. Branches much contracted at base ........................ Chondriopsis.<br />
Branches not contracted at base ..................................................... 73
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 191<br />
73. Fronds long, cylindrical, densely clothed with lake-red hairs Dasya.<br />
Fronds purple or dark red, occasionally blackish, superficial cells either throughout or at<br />
least in the young branches arranged in transverse bands ..... 74<br />
Fronds dark red, much branched, rather robust, superficial cells small, irregularly<br />
placed ......................................................................... Rhodomela.<br />
74. Tetraspores borne in the younger branches .......... Polysiphonia.<br />
Tetraspores borne in swollen, pod-like branches (stichidia).<br />
....................................................................................... Bostrychia.<br />
75. Fronds cartilaginous, dense, spores immersed in the substance of frond 76<br />
Fronds delicate or somewhat coriaceous ........................................ 79<br />
Fronds gelatinous, livid purple, composed of a single layer of cells, spores in marginal<br />
bands or spots ............................................................... Porphyra.<br />
76. Fronds formed internally of numerous anastomosnig [sic] filaments which divide<br />
corymbosely at the surface ........................................................ 77<br />
Fronds formed of roundish angular cells throughout .................... 78<br />
77. Fronds plane or slightly channelled ............................ Chondrus.<br />
Fronds beset with small papillæ, in which the spores are borne.<br />
.........................................................................................Gigartina.<br />
78. Fronds with a prominent stipe, which passes into a proliferous lamina, cystocarps<br />
external, globose ....................................................... Phyllophora.<br />
Fronds linear, regularly dichotomous, cystocarps immersed.<br />
................................................................................Gymnogongrus.<br />
79. Midrib present ........................................................................... 80<br />
Midrib wanting ................................................................................ 82<br />
80. Fronds rosy red, leaf-like ............................................................81<br />
Fronds dark brownish purple, narrow, dentate, midrib scarcely distinct Odonthalia.<br />
81. Tetraspores in spots on the fronds, lateral veins usually present.<br />
........................................................................................ Delesseria.<br />
Lateral veins wanting, tetraspores in thickened portions of the fronds Grinnellia.<br />
82. Fronds narrow, much divided ................................................... 84<br />
Fronds palmately or dichotomously divided ................................... 83<br />
83. Fronds deep red, broadly palmate, margins proliferous, tetraspores cruciate in<br />
patches ..................................................................... Rhodymenia.<br />
Fronds dark red, margins ciliate, tetraspores zonate Rhodophyllis. Fronds dark purple,<br />
deeply divided, tetraspores scattered, cruciate.<br />
........................................................................................Gracilaria.<br />
84. Branches alternately secund in threes or fours, the lowest undivided and spine-like,<br />
the rest pinnate ......................................................... Plocamium.<br />
Fronds subflabellate, upper divisions divaricately toothed Euthora.
192<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.<br />
AGARDH, C. A. Species Algarum rite cognitæ. Gryphiswald, Vol. I, 1821; Vol. II. 1828.<br />
——— Systema Algarum. Lund, 1824.<br />
——— Icones Algarum Europæarum. Leipsic, 1828-’35.<br />
——— Icones Algarum Ineditæ. Editio nova. Lund, 1846.<br />
AGARDH, J. G. Algæ Maris Mediterranei et Adriatici. Paris, 1842<br />
——— Species, Genera, et Ordines Algarum. Vols. I, II. Lund, 1848-’63.<br />
——— Bidrag till kännedomen af Spetsbergens alger. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl.<br />
Stockholm, 1867.<br />
——— Tillägg till föregaende afhandling. Loc. cit., 1868.<br />
——— De Laminarieis symbolas offert J. G. Agardh. Universitets Arsskrift, Vol. IV. Lund, 1867.<br />
——— Bidrag till kännedomen af Grönlands Lamineer och Fucaceer. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad.<br />
Handl. Stockholm, 1872.<br />
——— Bidrag till Florideernes systematik. Universitets Arsskrift, Vol. VIII. Lund, 1871.<br />
——— Epicrisis Floridearurn. Contin. Spec., Gen., et Ord. Alg. Lund, 1876.<br />
AMBRONN, H. Ueber einige Fälle von Bilateralität bei den Florideen. Bot. Zeit., 1880.<br />
ARDISSONE, F. Prospetto delle Ceramiee Italiche. Pesaro, 1867.<br />
——— Le Floridee Italiche. Vols. I, II, fasc. 1-3. Milan, 1874-’78.<br />
ARESCHOUG, J. E. Phyceæ Scandinavicæ Marinæ. Upsala, 1850.<br />
——— Observationes Phycologicæ. Parts I-III. Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Upsala, 1866-’75.<br />
——— Om de skandinaviska algformer, som äro närmast beslägtade med Dictyosiphon fœniculaceus<br />
eller kunna med denna lättast förblandas. Bot. Notis. Lund, 1873.<br />
——— De copulatione microzoosporarum Enteromorphæ Compresseæ. Bot. Notis. Lund, 1876.<br />
——— De algis nonnullis Maris Baltici et Bahusiensis. Bot. Notis. Lund, 1876.<br />
ASHMEAD, S. Remarks on a collection of marine algæ. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VI. Philadelphia, 1854.<br />
——— Marine algæ from Key West. Loc. cit., Vol. IX, 1857.<br />
——— Remarks on Griffithsia tenuis. Loc. cit., Vol. X, 1858.<br />
——— Enumeration of the Arctic plants collected by Dr. I. S. Hayes in his exploration of Smith’s<br />
Sound, between parallels 78° and 82°, during the months of July, August, and beginning of<br />
September, 1861. Loc. cit., Vol. XV, 1863.<br />
BAILEY, J. W. Notes on the algæ of the United States. Am. Journ. Sci., 1847.<br />
——— Continuation of the list of localities of algæ in the United States. Loc. cit., 1848.<br />
BAILEY, J. W., and HARVEY, W. H. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-’42, under<br />
the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Algæ. Philadelphia, 1862.<br />
BERKELEY, M. J. Gleanings of British Algæ; being an appendix to the Supplement to English <strong>Botany</strong>.<br />
London, 1833.<br />
BERTHOLD, G. Zur Kenntniss der Siphoneen und Bangiaceen. Mittheil. aus der zoolog. Station zu<br />
Neapel, Vol. II, 1880.<br />
BORNET, E., and THURET, G. Recherches sur la fécondation des Floridées. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 5, Vol. VII.<br />
Paris, 1867.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 193<br />
BORNET, E., and THURET, G. Notes Algologiques: recueil d’observations sur les algues. Fasc. 1. Paris,<br />
1876.<br />
——— Études Phycologiques: analyse d’algues marines. Paris, 1878.<br />
BORZI, A. Sugli spermazi della Hildebrandtia rivularis. Rivista Scientifica. Messina, 1880. Rev. Bot.<br />
Centralblatt., No. 16, 1880.<br />
BRAUN, A. Algarum Unicellularum Genera Nova et Minus Cognita. Leipsic, 1855.<br />
——— Ueber Chytridium. Abhandl. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855.<br />
CASTAGNE, L. Catalogue des Plantes qui croissent naturellement aux Environs de Marseille. Aix, 1845.<br />
Supplement, 1851.<br />
COHN, F. Ueber einige Algen aus Helgolond. Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss und Verbreitung der<br />
Algen. Ed. L. Rahenhorst. Leipsic, 1865.<br />
——— Ueber parasitische Algen. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen, Vol. I, Part II. Breslau, 1872.<br />
——— Untersuchungen über Bacterien. Loc. cit., Part III. Breslau, 1875.<br />
CORNU, M. Sur la reproduction des algues marines. Comptes-Rendus. Paris, 1879.<br />
CRAMER, CARL. Physiologisch-systematische Untersuchungen über die Ceramiaceen. Denkschrift<br />
schweiz. naturf. Gesell. Zurich, 1863.<br />
CROUAN, H. M. and P. L. Études microscopiques sur quelques algues nouvelles on peu connues<br />
constituant un genre nouveau. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. XV.<br />
——— Note sur quelques algues marines nouvelles de la Rade de Brest. Loc. cit., Ser. 4, Vol. IX.<br />
——— Notice sur le genre Hapalidium. Loc. cit., Ser. 4, Vol. XII.<br />
——— Florule du Finistère. Brest, 1867.<br />
CURTIS, M. A. Geological and Natural History Survey of North Carolina. Part III, <strong>Botany</strong>; containing a<br />
catalogue of the indigenous and naturalized plants of the state. Raleigh, 1867.<br />
DE BARY, A., and STRASBURGER, E. Acetabularia Mediterranea. Bot. Zeit., 1877.<br />
DECAISNE, J. Plantes de l’Arabie Heureuse. Archives du Museum. Paris, 1841.<br />
——— Essais sur une classification des algues et des polypiers calcifères. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, Vol.<br />
XVI, 1842.<br />
DECAISNE, J., and THURET, G. Recherches sur les anthéridies et les spores de quelques Fucus. Ann. Sci.<br />
Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. III. Paris, 1845.<br />
DERBÈS, A., and SOLIER, A. J. J. Mémoire sur quelques points de la physiologie des algues. Comptes-<br />
Rendus, supplement. Paris, 1853.<br />
DICKIE, G. Notes on a collection of algæ procured in Cumberland Sound by Mr. James Taylor, and<br />
remarks on Arctic species in general. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, 1867.<br />
DILLWYN, L. W. British Confervæ. London, 1809.<br />
DODEL, A. Ulothrix zonata: ihre geschlechtliche und ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung. Pringsheim‘s<br />
Jahrbücher, Vol. X, 1876.<br />
DUBY, J. E. Botanicon Gallicum. Pars secunda. Paris, 1830.<br />
EATON, D. C. List of marine algæ collected near Eastport, Maine, in August and September, 1872, in<br />
connection with the work of the U. S. Fish Commission, under Prof. S. F. Baird. Trans. Connecticut<br />
Acad. Arts and Sci., 1873.<br />
ESPER, E. J. C. Icones Fucorum. Nuremberg, 1797-1808.<br />
FARLOW, W. G. List of the sea-weeds or marine algæ of the south coast of New England. Rept. of U. S.<br />
Commission of Fish and Fisheries for 1871-’72. Washington, 1873.<br />
——— List of the marine algæ of the United States, with notes of new and imperfectly known species.<br />
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875.<br />
——— List of the marine algæ of the United States. Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1875. Washington,<br />
1876.<br />
——— On some algæ new to the United States. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, 1877.<br />
S. Miss. 59——13
194<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
GEYLER, TH. Zur Kenntniss der Sphacelarieen. Pringsh. Jahrb., Vol. IV, 1866.<br />
GMELIN, S. G. Historia Fucorum. St. Petersburg, 1768.<br />
GOBI, C. Die Brauntange des finnischen Meerbusens. Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 1874.<br />
——— Die Rothtange des finnischen Meerbusens. Loc. cit., 1877.<br />
——— Die Algenflora des weissen Meeres. Loc. cit., 1878.<br />
GOEBEL, K. Zur Kenntniss einiger Meeresalgen. Bot. Zeit., 1878.<br />
GREVILLE, R. K. Flora Edinensis. Edinburgh, 1824.<br />
——— Algæ Britannicæ. Edinburgh, 1830.<br />
——— Scottish <strong>Cryptogamic</strong> Flora. 6 vols. Edinburgh, 1823-’28<br />
GUNNER, J. E. Flora Norvegica. Pars posterior. Copenhagen, 1772.<br />
HALL, F. W. List of the marine algæ growing in Long Island Sound within twenty miles of New Haven.<br />
Bull. Torrey Club, Vol. VI, No. 21, 1876.<br />
GRUNOW, A. Algen der Fidschi, Tonga, und Samoa Inseln. Journ. des Museum Godeffroy, Vol. VI, 1873-<br />
’74.<br />
HARVEY, W. H. A Manual of the British Algæ. Ed. 1. London, 1841.<br />
——— Phycologia Britannica. 4 vols. London, 1846-’51.<br />
——— Nereis Australis. London. 1847.<br />
——— Nereis Boreali-Americana. 3 parts and supplement. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.<br />
Washington, 1852-’57.<br />
——— Phycologia Australica. 5 vols. London, 1858-’63.<br />
——— Notice of a collection of algæ made on the northwest coast of North America, chiefly at<br />
Vancouver’s Island, by David Lyall, in the years 1859-’61. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Vol. VI, No. 24.<br />
London, 1862.<br />
HAUCK, F. Verzeichniss der im Golfe von Triest gesammelten Meeralgen. Oesterreich. bot. Zeitschrift,<br />
1875 et seq.<br />
——— Beiträge zur Kenntniss der adriatischen Algen. Loc. cit.<br />
HOOKER, J. D., and HARVEY, W. H. The <strong>Cryptogamic</strong> <strong>Botany</strong> of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. discoveryships<br />
Erebus and Terror in the years 1839-’43. London, 1845.<br />
JANCZEWSKI, E. Observations sur la réproduction de quelques Nostochacées. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 5, Vol.<br />
XIX. Paris, 1874.<br />
———— Études anatomiques sur les Porphyra et sur les propagules du Sphacelaria cirrhosa. Ann. Sci.<br />
Nat., Ser. 5, Vol. XVII. Paris, 1873.<br />
——— Observations sur l’accroissement du thalle des Phéosporées. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg,<br />
1875.<br />
——— Notes sur le développement du cystocarpe dans les Floridées. Loc. cit., 1877.<br />
JANCZEWSKI, E., and ROSTAFINSKI, J. Observations sur quelques algues possédant des zoospores<br />
dimorphes. Loc. cit., 1874.<br />
KJELLMAN, F. R. Bidrag till kännedomen om Skandinaviens Ectocarpeer och Tilopterider. Stockholm,<br />
1872.<br />
——— Om Spetsbergens marina klorofyllförande thallophyter. 2 parts. Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad.<br />
Handl., 1875-’77.<br />
——— Bidrag till kannedomen af Kariska hafvets Algvegetation. Kongl. Vet. Akad. Förhand.<br />
Stockholm, 1877.<br />
——— Ueber Algenregionen und Algenformationen im östlichen Skagerkack. Kongl. Svenska Vet.<br />
Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 1878.<br />
——— Ueber die Algenvegetation des Murmanschen Meeres an der Westküste von Nowaja Semlja und<br />
Wajgatsch. Königl. gesell. Wiss. Upsala, 1877.<br />
KÜTZING, F. T. Phycologia Generalis. Leipsic, 1843.<br />
——— Species Algarum. Leipsic, 1849.<br />
——— Tabulæ Phycologicæ. 19 vols. 1845-’69.<br />
LAMOUROUX, J. V. F. Dissertation sur plusieurs espèces de Fucus peu counues ou nouvelles. Algen,<br />
1805.<br />
——— Essai sur les genres de la famille des Thalassiophytes non articulées. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ann. Paris,<br />
1813.<br />
——— Histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles. Caen, 1816.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 195<br />
LA PYLAIE, B. DE. Quelques observations sur les productions de l’île de Terre Neuve et sur quelques<br />
algues de la côte de France appartenant au genre Laminaire. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 1, Vol. IV. Paris,<br />
1824.<br />
——— Flore de Terre Neuve et des îles Saint Pierre et Miclon. Paris, 1829.<br />
LE JOLIS, A. Examen des espèces confondues sous le nom de Laminara digitata, suivi de quelques<br />
observations sur le genre Laminaria. Acad. Caes. Leop. Nova Acta, 1855. Comptes-Rendus, 1855.<br />
——— Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg. Paris, 1863.<br />
LYNGBYE, H. C. Tentamen Hydrophytologiæ Danicæ, Copenhagen, 1819.<br />
MAGNUS, P. Zur morphologie der Sphacelarieen. Festschrift Gesell. Naturfor. Freunde. Berlin, 1873.<br />
——— Botanisehe Untersuchungen der Pommerania-Expedition. Kiel, 1873.<br />
——— Die botanischen Ergebnisse der Nordseefahrt von 21 Juli bis 9 September 1872. Berlin, 1874.<br />
MELVILL, J. C. Notes on the marine algæ of South Carolina and Florida. Journ. Bot. London, Sept.,<br />
1875.<br />
MENEGHINI, J. Monographia Nostochinearum Italicarum. Extr. Mem. della Accad. Scienze. Turin, 1842.<br />
MONTAGNE, C. Sixième centurie de plantes cellulaires nouvelles. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. XI, 1849.<br />
NAEGELI, CARL. Die neuern Algensysteme. Zürich, 1847.<br />
——— Gattungen einzelliger Algen. Zurich, 1849.<br />
——— Beiträge zur Morphologie and Systematik der Ceramiaceæ. Sitzungsberichte königl. Akad. Wiss.<br />
Munich, 1861.<br />
NAEGELI, C., and CRAMER, C. Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen. Ueber die Ceramieen. Zurich,<br />
1857.<br />
NORDSTEDT, O. Algologiska smäsaker. Vaucheria-studier, Bot. Notis, 1878-’79.<br />
OLNEY, S. T. Rhode Island plants, 1846, or additions to the published lists of the Providence Franklin<br />
Society. Proc. Providence Franklin Society, Vol. I, No. 2, April, 1847.<br />
——— Algæ Rhodiacae. Providence, 1871.<br />
PECK, C. H. Twenty-second and twenty-third Annual Reports of the Regents of the University of the<br />
State of New York. Reports of the Botanist. Albany, 1869-’72.<br />
POSTELS, A., and RUPRECHT, F. J. Illustrationes Algarum Oceani Pacifici, imprimis septentrionalis. St.<br />
Petersburg, 1840.<br />
PRINGSHEIM, N. Beiträge zur Morphologie der Meeres-Algen. Abhandl. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1862.<br />
——— Ueber die männlichen Pflanzen und die Schwärmsporen der Gattung Bryopsis. Monatsber.<br />
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1871.<br />
——— Ueber den Gang der morphologischen Differenzirung in der Sphacelarieen-Reihe. Abhandl.<br />
königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1873.<br />
RABENHORST, L. Flora Europæa Algarum Aquæ Dulcis et Submarinæ. Leipsic, 1868.<br />
REINKE, J. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Tange. Pringsh. Jahrb., Vol. X, 1876.<br />
——— Ueber das Wachsthum und die Fortpflanzung von Zanardinia collaris. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss.<br />
Berlin, 1876.<br />
——— Ueber die Entwickelung von Phyllitis, Scytosiphon, und Asperococcus. Pringsh. Jahrb., Vol. XI,<br />
1878.<br />
——— Ueber die Geschlechtspflanzen von Bangia fusco-purpurea. Loc. cit.<br />
——— Entwicklungs-geschichtliche Untersuchungen über die Cutleriaceen des Golfs<br />
von Neapel. Nova Acta Leop.-Carol., Vol. XL, No. 2, 1878.<br />
REINSCH, P. F. Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam. Nuremberg, 1874-’75.<br />
——— Ein neues Genus der Chroolepidaceæ. Bot. Zeit., 1879.<br />
ROSANOFF, S. Recherches anatomiques sur les Mélobésiées. Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1866.<br />
ROSTAFINSKI, J. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Tange. Part I. Leipsic, 1876.
196<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
ROSTAFINSKI, J., and WORONIN, M.. Ueber Botrydium granulatum. Leipsic, 1877.<br />
ROTH, A. W. Catalecta Botanica. 3 vols. Leipsic, 1797-1806.<br />
RUPRECHT, F. J. Tange des ochotskischen Meeres. In Middendorf’s sibirische Reise. Vol. I, Part II. St.<br />
Petersburg, 1847.<br />
——— Neue oder unvollständig bekannte Pflanzen aus dem nördlichen Theile des stillen Oceans. Mém.<br />
Acad. Sci.. Nat. St. Petersburg, 1852.<br />
SCHMITZ, F. Untersuchungen über die Zellkerne der Thallophyten.<br />
——— Untersuchungen über die Fruchtbildung der Squamarieen. Sitzungsbericht der niederrhein.<br />
Gesell. Bonn, 1879.<br />
SIRODOT, S. Étude anatomique, organogénique et physiologique sur les algues d’eau douce de la famille<br />
des Lemaneacées. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 5, Vol. XVI, 1872.<br />
SOLIER, A. J. J. Mémoire sur deux algues zoosporées devant former un genre distinct, le genre Derbesia.<br />
Loc. cit., Ser. 3, Vol. VII.<br />
STACKHOUSE, J. Nereis Britannica. Editio altera. Oxford, 1816.<br />
THURET, G. Note sur le mode de reproduction du Nostoc verrucosum. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. II,<br />
1842.<br />
——— Recherches sur les zoospores des algues et les anthéridies des cryptogames. 2 parts. Loc. cit.,<br />
Ser. 3, Vols. XIV, XVI, 1850-’53.<br />
——— Note sur la fécondation des Fucacées. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1835.<br />
——— Note sur la synonymie des Ulva Lactuca et latissima, L., suivie de quelques remarques sur la<br />
tribu des Ulvacées. Loc. cit., 1854.<br />
——— Recherches sur la fécondation des Fucacées et les anthéridies des algues. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 4,<br />
Vol. II, 1855. Seconde partie, loc. cit., Vol. III, 1855.<br />
——— Deuxième note sur la fécondation des Fucacées. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1857.<br />
——— Observations sur la reproduction de quelques Nostochinées. Loc. cit.<br />
——— Essai de classification des Nostochinées. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 6, Vol. I, 1875.<br />
TURNER, D. Fuci sive Plantarum Fucorum Generi a Botanis Ascriptarum Icones Descriptiones et<br />
Historia. 4 vols. London, 1808-’19.<br />
WALZ, J. Beiträge zur Morphologie und Systematik der Gattung Vaucheria. Pringsh. Jahrb., Vol. V,<br />
1866.<br />
WARMING, E. Om nogle ved Danmarks Kyster levende bakterier. Videns. Meddel. Naturh. For.<br />
Copenhagen, 1876.<br />
WEBER, F., and MOHR, D. M. H. Grossbritanniens Conferven. Göttingen, 1803-’5.<br />
WITTROCK, V. B. Försök till en Monografi öfver Algslägtet Monostroma. Stockholm, 1872.<br />
WOOD, H. C. A contribution to the history of the fresh-water algæ of North America. Smithsonian<br />
Contributions to Knowledge, 241. Washington, 1872.<br />
WRIGHT, E. P. On a species of Rhizophydium parasitic on species of Ectocarpus, with notes on the<br />
fructification of the Ectocarpi. Trans. Royal Irish Acad., 1877.<br />
——— On the cell-structure of Griffithsia setacea, and on the development of its antheridia and<br />
tetraspores. Trans. Royal Irish Acad., 1879.<br />
——— On the formation of the so-called siphons and on the development of the tetraspores in<br />
Polysiphonia. Loc. cit.<br />
ZANARDINI, G. Iconographia Phycologica Adriatica. Vols. I-III, Parts I-IV. Venice, 1860-76.<br />
ALGÆ EXSICCATÆ.<br />
ARESCHOUG, J. E. Phyceæ Extræuropææ Exsiccatæ. Fasc. 1-3, Sp. 90. Upsala, 1850-’56.<br />
—— Algæ Scandinavicæ Exsiccatæ. Series nova. Fasc. 1-9, Sp. 430. Upsala, 1861-79.<br />
CHAUVIN, J. Algues de la Normandie. Fasc. 7, Sp. 175. Caen, 1827.<br />
CROUAN, H. M.. and P. L. Algues marines du Finistère. Fasc .3, Sp. 404. Brest, 1852.<br />
DESMAZIÈRES, J. B. H. J. Plantes cryptogames de France. Editio I. Fasc. 27-37, Sp. 1301-1850. Lille, 1848-’51. Editio<br />
II. Fasc. 1-16, Sp. l-800.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 197<br />
FARLOW, W. G., ANDERSON, C. L., and EATON, D. C. Algæ Am. Bor. Exsiccatæ, Fasc. 3, Sp. 130. Boston, 1877-’79.<br />
HOHENACKER, R. F. Algæ marinæ siccatæ.<br />
LE JOLIS, A. Algues marines de Cherbourg. Sp. 1-200.<br />
RABENHORST, L. Die Algen Sachsens. Dec. 1-100. Dresden, 1848-’60.<br />
——— Die Algen Europas. Dec. 1-257. Dresden, 1861-’78.<br />
WESTENDORP, G., and WALLYS, A. C. Herbier cryptogamique ou collection de plantes cryptogames et agames qui<br />
croissent en Belgique. Fasc. 11, Sp. 501-1400. Courtrai, 1851-’59.<br />
WITTROCK, V. Β., and NOEDSTEDT, O. Algæ Aquæ Dulcis Exsiccatæ præcipue Scandinavicæ quas adjectis algis<br />
marinis chlorophyllaceis et phycochromaceis distribuerunt Veit Wittrock et Otto Nordstedt. Fasc. 1-6, Sp.<br />
300. Upsala, 1877-’79.<br />
WYATT, Mrs. MARY. Algæ Danmouienses. Torbay.
198<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 199<br />
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.<br />
PLATE I.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Glœocapsa crepidium, Thuret. 600 diam.<br />
2. Isactis plana, Thuret. 600 diam.<br />
3. Sphærozyga Carmichaelii, Harv.: a, heterocyst; b, b, spores. 600 diam.<br />
4. Lyngbya majuscula, Harv. 400 diam.<br />
5. Oscillaria subuliformis, Harv. 500 diam.<br />
6. Calothrix confervicola, Ag.: a, a, hormogonia; b, b, heterocysts; c, cell of host-plant. 400 diam.<br />
PLATE II.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Hormactis Quoyi, (Ag.) Bornet: a, a, heterocysts. 600 diam.<br />
2. Rivularia atra, Roth: a, a, heterocysts; the cross-lines represent the gelatinous matrix. 500 diam.<br />
3. Microcolem chthonoplastes, Thuret: a, free trichomata projecting beyond the ruptured sheath. 500 diam.<br />
4. Spirulina tenuissima, Kütz. 900 diam.<br />
PLATE III.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Ulva Lactuca, (L.) Le Jolis: a, microzoospores which have escaped from marginal cells; b, cells in which<br />
zoospores are forming; c, cells from which zoospores have escaped. 500 diam.<br />
2. Rhizoclonium riparium, Kütz. 20 diam.<br />
3. Cladophora lætevirens, (Dillw.) Harv. 20 diam.<br />
PLATE IV.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Bryopsis plumosa, (Huds.) Ag.; portion of upper division of the unicellular frond. 10 diam.<br />
2. Vaucheria Thuretii, Woronin: a, a, young antheridia; a', antheridium which has discharged its<br />
antherozoids; c, c, oogonia with oospores. 100 diam.<br />
3. Phyllitis fascia, Kütz; section of frond with plurilocular sporangia, a, covering the surface. 500 diam.<br />
4. Derbesia tenuissima, (De Not.) Crouan: a, spores (zoosporangia?) nearly mature; b, b', cross-partitions<br />
forming cell at base of sporangium. 100 diam.<br />
5. Punctaria plantaginea, (Roth) Grev.; transverse section of frond: a, plurilocular sporangia with zoospores;<br />
a', the same when old, after the zoospores have been discharged and the internal cell-walls obliterated.
200<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
PLATE V.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Leathcsia difformis, (L.) Aresch.; dissection showing a portion of cortical layer: a, a, unilocular sporangia; b, b,<br />
hairs. 400 diain.<br />
2. Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag.; longitudinal section of outer part of frond showing cortical filaments with<br />
unilocular sporangia, a, and a few cells of internal layer. 500 diam.<br />
3. Asperococcus echinatus, Grev.; transverse section of frond: a, unilocular sporangia; b, hairs. 150 diam.<br />
4. Stilophora rhizodes, Ag.; longitudinal section of outer part of frond showing sorus with paraphyses and<br />
unilocular sporangia. 400 diam.<br />
6. [sic] Ralfsia verrucosa, Aresch.; vertical section of frond with a sorus containing unilocular sporangia.<br />
6. Sphacelaria cirrhosa, (Roth) Ag.; a portion of frond with propagulum. 200 diam.<br />
PLATE VI.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Chorda filum, L.; transverse section of portion of a frond showing paraphyses, b, and unilocular sporangia, a.<br />
200 diam.<br />
2. Stilophora rhizodes, Ag.; portion of sorus taken from Pl. V, Fig. 4, more highly magnified to show unilocular<br />
sporangia, a, a', and paraphyses, b. 600 diam.<br />
3. Ectocarpus littoralis, Lyngb., var. robustus, Farlow; plurilocular sporangia. 200 diam.<br />
4. The same with unilocular sporangia.<br />
5. Myrionenia Leclancheri, (Chauv.) Harv.; vertical section showing plurilocular sporangia.. 400 diam.<br />
PLATE VII.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Castagnea virescens, (Carm.) Thuret; unilocular sporangium and hair, b. 400 diam.<br />
2. Castagnea Zosteræ, (Mohr.) Thuret; transverse section of outer portion of frond showing plurilocular sporangia,<br />
a, a', and hair, b. 400 diam.<br />
3. Elachistea fucicola, Fries; dissection of superficial part of frond, showing unilocular sporangia, a, a', and colored<br />
exserted filaments, b. 300 diam.<br />
PLATE VIII.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Fucus vesiculosus, L.; fructifying tip of frond: a, air-bladder; b, conceptacles. Natural size.<br />
2. Laminaria longicruris, De la Pyl.; section through fructiferous portion of frond showing unilocular<br />
sporangia, a, and paraphyses, b. 400 diam.<br />
PLATE IX.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Fucus vesiculosus, L.; section through a female conceptacle showing oospores and paraphyses. 200 diam.<br />
2. The same; section through male conceptacle showing antheridia. 200 diam.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 201<br />
PLATE X.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Spyridia filamentosa, Harv.; axis with branch bearing antheridia, a, 200 diam.;<br />
2. Callithamnion corymbosum, Lyngb.; branch with antheridia. 200 diam.<br />
3. Trentepohlia virgatula, Harv.; showing the undivided spores, a, a. 200 diam.<br />
4. Griffithsia Bornetiana, Farlow; tip of male plant with antheridia. 400 diam.<br />
5. The same; portion of tetrasporic plant with tetraspores, a, and involucre, b. 200 diam.<br />
PLATE XI<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Callithamnion Baileyii, Harv.; plant with tetraspores: a, before separation from the mother-cell; a', free<br />
from the mother-cell. 200 diam.<br />
2. The same; plant bearing binate cystocarp.<br />
3. Griffithsia Bornetiana, Farlow; plant bearing cystocarp (favella). 200 diam.<br />
PLATE XII.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Nemalion multifidum, Ag.; dissection of outer part of the plant to show the cystocarp. 400 diam.<br />
2. Spyridia filamentosa, Harv.; tip of female plant with a double cystocarp, the right-hand portion of figure<br />
representing the cystocarp and branch in section; the left-hand cystocarp being seen superficially. 400<br />
diam.<br />
PLATE XIII.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Polysiphonia Olneyi, Harv.; branch with antheridium, a. 200 diam.<br />
2, 3, and 4. Grinnellia Americana, Harv.: Figs. 3 and 4 represent the antheridia seen from above and in<br />
section, a; Fig. 2, section through a cystocarp. 400 diam.<br />
PLATE XIV.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Petrocelis cruenta J. Ag.; dissection of frond showing the tetraspores, a, a'. 400<br />
diam.<br />
2. Rhabdonia tenera, J. Ag.; transverse section of frond showing cystocarp and carpostome. 200 diam.<br />
PLATE XV.<br />
J. H. Blake and W. G. Farlow.<br />
Fig. 1. Dasya elegans, Ag.; branch with stichidium bearing tetraspores. 300 diam.<br />
2 and 5. Champia parvula, Harv.: Fig. 5, portion of frond bearing a cystocarp, a; slightly enlarged; Fig. 2,<br />
section through a, showing arrangement of spores, carpogenic cell, and carpostome. 400 diam.<br />
3 and 4. Polysiphonia Harveyi, Bail.: Fig. 4, branch with cystocarp; Fig. 3, section through the same,<br />
showing spores and carpogenic cell. 400 diam.
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.<br />
[The synonyms and species incidentally mentioned are in italics. The larger-sized figures indicate the page where the<br />
description is given.]<br />
Page.<br />
A.<br />
Acetabularia Mediterranea L.x......................... 14<br />
Acroblaste Reinsch ............................................ 57<br />
Acrocarpus crinalis K.g................................... 158<br />
“ lubricus K.g ............................................... 158<br />
Agarum Post. & Rupr........................................96<br />
“ fimbriatum Harv.......................................... 96<br />
“ Turneri Post. & Rupr......................... 5, 92, 96<br />
Aglaiophyllum Americanum Mont ................. 161<br />
Ahnfeldtia Fries.......................................144, 146<br />
“ gigartinoides Ag ........................................ 146<br />
“ plicata Fries ..........................................4, 147<br />
“ “ v. fastigiata Post. & Rupr ....................147<br />
Alaria Grev ............................................................ 97<br />
“ esculenta Grev ............................................. 97<br />
“ “ v. latifolia Post. & Rupr.......................... 97<br />
“ Pylaii Grev ................................................... 98<br />
Amphithrix K.g.................................................. 36<br />
Anabaina marina Bréb ..................................... 30<br />
Antithamnion Naeg.................................121, 122<br />
“ cruciatum Naeg.......................................... 122<br />
Areschougieæ ................................................... 139<br />
Arthrocladia Duby...........................................183<br />
“ villosa Duby ...............................................183<br />
Ascophyllum Stack............................................ 99<br />
“ nodosum Stack............................................. 99<br />
Asperococceæ............................................... 17, 88<br />
Asperococcus L.x ......................................... 88, 90<br />
“ bullosus L.x .................................................. 89<br />
“ compressus Griff .................................. 88, 143<br />
“ echinatus Grev............................................. 89<br />
“ sinuosus Bory............................................... 88<br />
B.<br />
Bacillus Cohn .................................................... 32<br />
Bacteria ....................................................... 11, 26<br />
Bacterium rubescens Lankaster....................... 29<br />
Balbiania Sirod............................................... 108<br />
Bangia Lyngb ..................................110, 111, 112<br />
“ ceramicola Chauvin........................... 112, 113<br />
“ ciliaris Carm.............................................. 112<br />
“ elegans Chauvin ........................................ 113<br />
“ fusco-purpurea Lyngb ...............................112<br />
Batrachospermum Roth ................... 20, 108, 116<br />
Beggiatoa Trevisan..................................... 12, 32<br />
“ alba Treves v. marina Warm...................... 32<br />
“ arachnoidea Rab.......................................... 32<br />
“ minima Warm ............................................. 32<br />
“ mirabilis Cohn ............................................. 32<br />
Bladder-kelp ..................................................... 15<br />
Bonnemaisonia asparagoides Ag....................... 7<br />
Bornetia Thuret...................................... 118, 131<br />
Page.<br />
Bostrychia Mont.............................. 169, 175, 177<br />
“ rivularis Harv........................................... 176<br />
“ scorpioides Mont........................................176<br />
Botrydieæ ....................................... 13, 14, 25, 58<br />
Botrydium granulatum (L.) Grev ..............14, 58<br />
“ gregarium Farlow..................................14, 58<br />
Bryopsideæ..................................... 13, 14, 25, 59<br />
Bryopsis L.x ..................................................... 59<br />
“ hypnoides L.x...............................................60<br />
“ plumosa (Huds.) Ag.............................. 14, 59<br />
“ tenuissima De Not.......................................60<br />
Bulbocoleon Pringsh ............................ 24, 57, 69<br />
“ piliferum Pringsh ....................................... 57<br />
C.<br />
Calliblepharis ciliata K.g...................5, 152, 153<br />
“ jubata K.g .................................................153<br />
Callithamnion Lyngb ......................21, 108, 109,<br />
118, 120, 131, 142<br />
“ Americanum Harv ................................... 123<br />
“ Baileyi Harv .............................. 20, 121, 127<br />
“ “ v. laxa Farlow ........................................127<br />
“ Barreri Ag........................................ 124, 126<br />
“ brachiatum Harv......................................126<br />
“ byssoideum Arn....................... 121, 127, 128<br />
“ “ v. fastigiatum Harv .............................. 128<br />
“ “ v. unilaterale Harv ............................... 128<br />
“ “ v. Waltersii Harv .................................. 128<br />
“ corymbosum Lyngb ......... 121, 123, 128, 129<br />
“ “ v. secundatum Harv ..............................128<br />
“ cruciatum Ag ........................................... 122<br />
“ Daviesii Harv ...........................................109<br />
“ Dietziæ Hooper................................ 127, 129<br />
“ floccosum Ag.................................... 122, 125<br />
“ graniferum Menegh .................................123<br />
“ Labradorense Reinsch..............................125<br />
“ luxurians Ner. Am. Bor ...........................109<br />
“ polyspermum Ag ..................................... 123<br />
“ plumula Lyngb ........................................ 124<br />
“ roseum Harv............................................ 125<br />
“ Pylaisæi Mont ............................. 5, 123, 124<br />
“ Rothii Lyngb..................................... 12l, 170<br />
“ secundatum Lyngb...................................109<br />
“ seirospermum Harv.................................129<br />
“ tenue Harv .............................................. 130<br />
“ tetragonum Ag ................................ 126, 127<br />
“ Tocwottoniensis Harv............................. 130<br />
“ versicolor Ag.............................................129<br />
“ “ v. seirospermum Ag...............................129<br />
“ virgatulum Harv......................................109<br />
Cattophyllis K.g........................................144, 153<br />
“ cristata K.g....................................................153
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 203<br />
Page.<br />
Callophyllis laciniata K.g ................................... 7<br />
Caloglossa Ag .................................................. 163<br />
“ Leprieurii Ag .............................................. 163<br />
Calosiphonia Crouan ...................................... 120<br />
Calothrix (Ag.) Thuret...............................36, 184<br />
“ confervicola Ag ............................................. 36<br />
“ crustacea Born. & Thuret............................ 36<br />
“ hydnoides Harv ............................................ 37<br />
“ parasitica Thuret ......................................... 37<br />
“ parietina Thuret .......................................... 40<br />
“ pulvinata Ag................................................. 37<br />
“ scopulorum Ag........................................37, 59<br />
“ vivipara Harv............................................... 37<br />
Capsicarpella Kjellm................................... 68, 74<br />
“ sphærophora Kjellm..................................... 74<br />
Castagnea Thuret.............................................. 85<br />
“ virescens Thuret ....................................85, 86<br />
“ Zosteræ Thuret ............................................ 86<br />
Ceramieæ...................25, 107, 119, 139, 141, 142<br />
Ceramium Lyngb.....................................131, 134<br />
“ botryocarpum Harv.................................... 135<br />
“ Capri-Cornu (Reinsch)...............................138<br />
“ circinnatum K.g .........................................135<br />
“ corymbosum Ag.......................................... 138<br />
“ Deslongchampsii Farlow ................... 136, 137<br />
“ diaphanum Roth ................................136, 139<br />
“ fastigiatum Harv ...............................137, 138<br />
“ Hooperi Harv........................................76, 136<br />
“ nodosum Phyc.Brit .................................... 138<br />
“ rubrum Ag......................................4, 135, 148<br />
“ “ v. decurrens Ag ...................................... 135<br />
“ “ v. proliferum Ag.....................................135<br />
“ “ v. secundatum Ag ..................................135<br />
“ “ v. squarrosum Harv ..............................135<br />
“ strictum Harv ....................................136, 139<br />
“ tenuissimum Ag.................................137, 138<br />
“ “ v. arachnoideum Ag...............................138<br />
“ “ v. patentissimum Harv .........................138<br />
“ Youngii Farlow .......................................... 138<br />
Chætomorpha K.g ....................................... 45, 46<br />
“ ærea (Dillw.) K.g............................................ 46<br />
“ herbacea K.g................................................. 47<br />
“ Linum(Flor. Dan.) K.g ................................. 47<br />
“ longiarticulata Harv.................................... 48<br />
“ melagonium (Web. & Mohr) K.g ........... 46, 48<br />
“ Olneyi Harv............................................ 46, 48<br />
“ Picquotiana (Mont) K.g ......................... 47, 48<br />
“ sutoria (Berk.) Harv .............................. 47, 48<br />
“ tortuosa Harv............................................... 49<br />
“ torulosa Zan ................................................. 47<br />
Chætopteris K.g .......................................... 75, 77<br />
“ plumosa K.g ............................................. 5, 77<br />
“ squamulosa K.g ........................................... 77<br />
Champia Harv.................................149, 154, 155<br />
“ parvula Harv .............................................156<br />
Chantransia Auct ........................................... 108<br />
“ corymbifera Thuret............................ 108, 109<br />
“ efflorescens Thuret..................................... 109<br />
“ investiens Lenor......................................... 108<br />
Characeæ........................................................... 10<br />
Characium A. Br............................................... 58<br />
Chlorodesmis vaucheriæformis Harv............... 60<br />
Chlorospermece ..................................... 10, 12, 40<br />
Chlorosporeæ ..................................13, 25, 40, 44<br />
Chlorozoosporeæ, see Chlorosporeæ.<br />
Page.<br />
Chondria Ag ...............................................20, 165<br />
“ atropurpurea Harv .....................................167<br />
“ Baileyana Harv ...................................4, 6, 166<br />
“ littoralis Harv .............................................167<br />
“ nidifica Harv...............................................167<br />
“ sedifolia Harv .............................................166<br />
“ striolata Ag .................................................166<br />
“ striolata Farlow ..........................................166<br />
“ tenuissima Ag .........................................4, 166<br />
Chondriopsis Ag .............................. 164, 165, 168<br />
“ atropurpurea Ag ........................................ 167<br />
“ “ v. fasciculata Farlow ............................. 167<br />
“ dasyphila Ag .............................................. 166<br />
“ v. sedifolia Ag ..................................... 166<br />
“ littoralis Ag ................................................ 167<br />
“ tenuissima Ag .................................... 166, 167<br />
“ “ v. Baileyana Farlow .............................. 166<br />
Chondrosiphon uncinatus K.g.........................154<br />
Chondrus Stack....................................... 146, 148<br />
“ crispus (L.) Stack ............... 4, 9, 146, 148, 150<br />
“ Norvegius Lyngb.........................................146<br />
Chorda Stack..................................................... 91<br />
“ filum L .......................................................... 91<br />
“ “ v. lomentaria K.g......................................63<br />
“ lomentaria Lyngb ...................................15, 63<br />
“ tomentosa Lyngb...........................................91<br />
Chordariaceæ .....................................................61<br />
Chordarieæ.................................... 16, 17, 83, 116<br />
Chordaria Ag..................................................... 83<br />
“ divaricata Ag ............................5, 8, 57, 83, 84<br />
“ flagelliformis Ag ................................ 4, 57, 83<br />
“ “ v. densa Farlow ....................................... 84<br />
“ “ v. hippuroides Ag .................................... 66<br />
Choreocolax Reinsch ............................... 109, 110<br />
“ Americanus Reinsch.................................. 110<br />
“ mirabilis Reinsch....................................... 110<br />
“ Polysiphoniæ Reinsch ............................... 110<br />
“ Rabenhorsti Reinsch ................................. 110<br />
“ tumidus Reinsch........................................ 110<br />
Chroococcaceæ ...................................... 11, 25, 26<br />
Chroococcus Naeg ............................................. 27<br />
“ turgidus Naeg.............................................. 27<br />
Chroolepideæ......................................................57<br />
Chrysymenia ............................................149, 154<br />
“ rosea Harv...................................................155<br />
Chthonoblastus anguiformis Rab .....................33<br />
“ Lyngbei K.g...................................................33<br />
“ repens K.g......................................................34<br />
Chylocladia Grev.............................................154<br />
“ Baileyana Harv...........................................154<br />
“ rosea Harv...................................................155<br />
“ uncinata Ag.........................................154, 155<br />
Chytridium A. Br...................................15, 68, 73<br />
“ plumulæ Cohn ............................................122<br />
“ sphacelarum Kny .........................................76<br />
Ciliaria fusca Rupr..........................................152<br />
Cladophora K.g ..................................................50<br />
“ albida(Huds.)K.g ............................. 51, 52, 55<br />
“ arcta (Dillw.)................................................ 50<br />
“ centralis Auct................................................51<br />
“ crystallίna Roth............................................53<br />
“ diffusa Harv .................................................53<br />
“ expansa K.g ................................................. 55<br />
“ flavescens K.g ...............................................56<br />
“ flexuosa (Griff.) Harv .................................. 54
204<br />
Page.<br />
Cladophora fracta (Fl. Dan.) K.g ...................... 56<br />
“ glaucescens (Griff.) Harv ................. 52, 54, 55<br />
“ “ v. pectinella Harv..................................... 53<br />
“ gracilis (Griff.) K.g ....................................... 55<br />
“ “ v. expansa Farlow.................................... 55<br />
“ “ v. tenuis Thuret ....................................... 55<br />
“ Hutchinsiæ (Dillw.) K.g............................... 53<br />
“ lætevirens (Dillw.) Harv ........................ 52, 53<br />
“ lanosa (Roth) K.g ......................................... 51<br />
“ “ v. uncialis Thuret ..................................... 51<br />
“ Magdalenæ Harv ......................................... 56<br />
“ Morrisiæ Harv.............................................. 54<br />
“ pseudo-sericea Crouan ................................. 52<br />
“ refracta (Roth) Aresch ................................. 52<br />
“ Rudolphiana Ag............................................ 54<br />
“ rupestris (L.) K.g..........................................51<br />
“ sericea (Huds.).............................................. 53<br />
“ vadorum Aresch........................................... 55<br />
“ vaucheriæformis Ag ..................................... 50<br />
Cladosiphon....................................................... 66<br />
Cladostephus Ag............................15, 75, 77, 132<br />
“ spongiosus Ag............................................... 78<br />
“ verticillatus Ag............................................. 78<br />
“ “ v. spongiosus Farlow ................................. 78<br />
Clathrocystis Henfrey................................. 23, 28<br />
“ æruginosa Henfrey ...................................... 29<br />
“ roseo-persicina Cohn ................................... 28<br />
Codiolum A. Br.................................................. 58<br />
“ gregarium A. Br........................................... 58<br />
“ Nordenskioldianum Kjellm......................... 58<br />
Codium Stack.................................................... 58<br />
“ tomentosum Stack ......................................... 8<br />
Coilonema Aresch ............................................. 66<br />
Coleochæte Bréb ............................................... 57<br />
Conferva œrea Dillw ......................................... 46<br />
“ arenicola Berk ............................................. 49<br />
“ arenosa Crouan............................................ 49<br />
“ brachiata Engl. Bot ..................................... 74<br />
“ collabens Harv ............................................. 45<br />
“ implexa Aresch ............................................ 49<br />
“ implexa Harv................................................... 49<br />
“ Linum Crouan ................................................. 47<br />
“ majuscula Dillw .............................................. 34<br />
“ melogonium Web. & Mohr.............................. 46<br />
“ penicilliformis Roth ........................................ 45<br />
“ Picquotiana Mont............................................ 47<br />
“ tortuosa Harv .................................................. 49<br />
“ Youngana Harv ............................................... 45<br />
Corallineæ..................................................25, 177<br />
Corallina L.x ............................................178, 179<br />
“ officinalis L................................................4, 179<br />
“ squamata Ell ................................................. 179<br />
Conjugateæ......................................................... 98<br />
Cordylecladia Ag......................................149, 151<br />
“ Huntii Harv...................................................151<br />
Corticularia K.g................................................. 71<br />
Corynephora marina Ag.................................... 82<br />
Corynospora Ag ............................................... 125<br />
Cruoria pellita Harv........................................ 115<br />
Cruoriopsis cruciata Dufour ........................... 114<br />
Cryptococcus roseus K.g .................................... 29<br />
Cryptonemia Ag ............................................... 141<br />
Cryptonemieæ....................25, 120, 140, 142, 149<br />
Cryptophyceæ .................................... 8, 11, 25, 26<br />
Cryptopleura Americana K.g .......................... 161<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Page.<br />
Cutleria Grev.......................................................7, 90<br />
“ collaris Zan...................................................17<br />
Cutlerieæ.........................................................9, 17<br />
Cyanophyceæ, see Cryptophyceæ.<br />
Cylindrospermum Carmichaelii K.g.................30<br />
“ polysporum K.g ............................................31<br />
Cystoclonium K.g ............................................ 147<br />
“ purpurascens K.g.......... 4, 110, 147, 148, 159<br />
“ “ v. cirrhosa Harv......................................147<br />
Cystoseireæ .........................................8, 81, 82, 99<br />
Cystoseira myrica Ag .........................................82<br />
D.<br />
Dasya Ag.................................................. 164, 176<br />
“ coccinea Ag.................................................177<br />
“ elegans Ag......................... 4, 6, 146, 162, 177<br />
“ pedicellata C. Ag........................................177<br />
Dasyactis plana K.g ...........................................39<br />
Delesseria L.x.......................................... 161, 162<br />
“ alata L.x ................................................. 5, 163<br />
“ “ v. angustissima Harv............................ 163<br />
“ Americana Ag .............................................161<br />
“ Leprieurii Mont ......................................... 163<br />
“ sinuosa L.x......................... 4, 5, 134, 154, 162<br />
Delesserieæ .......................................................161<br />
Derbesia Sol ................................................ 59, 60<br />
“ Lamourouxii Sol ...........................................60<br />
“ marina Sol ....................................................60<br />
“ tenuissima (De Not.) Crouan...................... 60<br />
Desmarestieæ ............................................. 16, 64<br />
Desmarestia L.x................................................ 64<br />
“ aculeata L.x ............................................. 5, 65<br />
“ ligulata L.x ...................................................65<br />
“ viridis L.x......................................... 5, 65, 183<br />
Desmiospermeæ................................................106<br />
Dichloria viridis Grev .......................................65<br />
Dictyosiphon Grev ................................ 15, 66, 84<br />
“ fœniculaceus Grev....................................... 66<br />
“ fœniculaceus Aresch.....................................66<br />
“ hippuroides Aresch ................................. 5, 66<br />
Dictyosiphoneæ................................................. 65<br />
Dictyotaceæ.............................7, 12, 61, 88, 89, 90<br />
Dictyoteæ............................................................19<br />
Dolichospermum polysporum Wood .................31<br />
Dorythamnion Baileyi Naeg............................127<br />
“ tetragonum Naeg........................................126<br />
Dudresnaya Bonnem .................21, 114, 141, 160<br />
“ coccinea Ag .................................................160<br />
“ purpurifera Ag............................................160<br />
Dulse ....................................................................9<br />
Dumontieæ........................................ 25, 139, 142<br />
Dumontia filiformis Grev........................142, 143<br />
Durvillæa Bory ..................................................99<br />
E.<br />
Ectocarpaceæ .....................................................61<br />
Ectocarpeæ ................................................. 16, 67<br />
Ectocarpus Lyngb......................... 15, 68, 89, 121<br />
“ amphibius Harv...........................................71<br />
“ Anticostiensis Reinsch .................................73<br />
“ brachiatus Harv.......................................... 74<br />
“ Chordariæ Farlow ...................................... 69<br />
“ confervoides Le Jolis............................. 68, 71<br />
“ “ v. hiemalis Kjellm ............................. 71, 72<br />
“ “ v. siliculosus Kjellm ................................ 71
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 205<br />
Page.<br />
Ectocarpus Dietziæ Harv................................... 75<br />
“ Durkeei Harv................................................ 70<br />
“ Farlowii Thuret...................................... 73, 74<br />
“ fasciculatus Harv ................................... 68, 72<br />
“ “ v. draparnaldioides Crouan ...................... 72<br />
“ firmus Ag ................................................ 72, 73<br />
“ granulosus Ag............................................... 70<br />
“ “ v. tenuis Farlow....................................... 70<br />
“ Griffithsianus Le Jolis ................................ 74<br />
“ hiemalis Crouan........................................... 71<br />
“ Hooperi Harv................................................ 75<br />
“ Landsburgii Harv ........................................ 75<br />
“ littoralis Lyngb ......................................73, 74<br />
“ “ v. robustus Farlow................................... 73<br />
“ lutosus Harv................................................. 72<br />
“ Mitchellæ Harv............................................ 72<br />
“ pusillus Griff .......................................... 15, 68<br />
“ reptans Crouan ............................................ 69<br />
“ sphærophora Harv....................................... 74<br />
“ tomentosus Lyngb .................................70, 72<br />
“ viridis Harv.................................................. 71<br />
Eel-grass.............................................................. 9<br />
Egregia Aresch ............................................ 15, 61<br />
Elachistea Duby .......................................... 16, 80<br />
“ attenuata Harv ............................................ 81<br />
“ Canadensis Rupr ......................................... 81<br />
“ flaccida Aresch ............................................ 80<br />
“ fucicola Fr .............................................. 80, 81<br />
“ lubrica Rupr........................................... 80, 81<br />
“ pulvinata Harv ............................................ 80<br />
“ scutulata Duby ............................................ 80<br />
Elaionema villosum Berk............................... 183<br />
Enteromorpha compressa Auct ........................ 43<br />
“ intestinalis Auct .......................................... 43<br />
“ Grevillei Thuret........................................... 41<br />
“ Linkiana Grev............................................... 44<br />
“ ramulosa Harv ............................................ 44<br />
Entonema Reinsch ............................................ 69<br />
Entophysalis K.g............................................... 29<br />
“ granulosa K.g .............................................. 29<br />
“ Magnoliæ Farlow ........................................ 29<br />
Erythrotrichia Aresch ....................110, 111, 112<br />
“ ceramicola Aresch ..................................... 113<br />
Euactis amœna K.g .......................................... 38<br />
“ atra K.g........................................................ 38<br />
“ confluens K.g ............................................... 38<br />
“ hemisphærica K.g........................................ 38<br />
“ hospita K.g .................................................. 38<br />
“ Lenormandiana K.g.................................... 38<br />
“ marina K.g.................................................. 38<br />
“ prorumpens K.g .......................................... 38<br />
Eucallithamnion.............................................125<br />
Eucheuma Ag.................................................. 158<br />
Eucladophora.................................................... 51<br />
Euthora Ag .....................................149, 153, 158<br />
“ cristata Ag.............................5, 6, 8, 134, 153<br />
F.<br />
Florideæ........................................11, 19, 25, 106<br />
Florideæ Incertæ Sedis..................................108<br />
Fucaceæ ......................18, 25, 40, 92, 95, 99, 100<br />
Fucodium nodosum J. Ag .............................. 100<br />
Fucus (L.) D.c.ne & Thuret............................100<br />
“ agarum Turn .............................................. 96<br />
“ bicornis De la Pyl ..................................... 101<br />
Page.<br />
Fucus canaliculatus L..........................................8<br />
“ ceranoides L............................................... 101<br />
“ cribrosus Mertens.........................................96<br />
“ distichus L ..................................................102<br />
“ evanescens Ag.......................... 5, 18, 100, 101<br />
“ filiformis Gmel........................................... 102<br />
“ furcatus Ag ................................................ 102<br />
“ microphyllus De la Pyl...............................101<br />
“ natans L......................................................103<br />
“ natans Turn ................................................103<br />
“ nodosus L................................................18, 99<br />
“ pertusus Mertens..........................................96<br />
“ platycarpus Farlow ....................................101<br />
“ serratus L .................................................. 101<br />
“ vesiculosus L........................ 18, 100, 101, 102<br />
“ “ v. laterifructus Grev.......................... 100, 101<br />
“ “ v. sphærocarpus Ag ............................... 101<br />
“ “ v. spiralis Auct ....................................... 101<br />
Furcellaria fastigiata, L.x ...............................160<br />
G.<br />
Gelidieæ .................................................... 25, 157<br />
Gelidium L.x ................................................... 157<br />
“ corneum L.x............................................7, 158<br />
“ “ v. crinale Auct........................................158<br />
“ crinale Ag .............................................. 7, 158<br />
Gigartina L.x .................................................. 148<br />
“ mamillosa Ag..................................... 148, 149<br />
“ papillata Ag................................................148<br />
“ plicata L.x ...................................................147<br />
“ tenera J. Ag ................................................159<br />
Gigartineæ........................................ 25, 143, 156<br />
Ginannia furcellata Mont...............................118<br />
Giraudia sphacelarioides Derb. & Sol .............75<br />
Glœogenæ Cohn.................................................26<br />
Glœocapsa (K.g) Naeg................................ 23, 27<br />
“ crepidinum Thuret ..................................... 27<br />
“ Itzigsohnii Bornet........................................27<br />
“ stegophila Itzigs...........................................27<br />
Glœotrichia .......................................................38<br />
Gloiosiphonia Carm ....................... 120, 141, 142<br />
“ capillaris Carm ......................................... 141<br />
Gongroceras strictum K.g...............................136<br />
Gongylospermeæ .............................................106<br />
Goniotrichum K.g .......................... 110, 111, 113<br />
“ cœrulescens Zan.........................................113<br />
“ elegans Zan ............................................... 113<br />
Gracilaria Grev ...................................... 161, 163<br />
“ compressa Grev..........................................164<br />
“ confervoides Grev ......................................164<br />
“ lichenoides Ag............................................164<br />
“ multipartita Ag..................................... 6, 164<br />
“ “ v. angustissima Harv........................... 164<br />
Griffithsia Ag ......................................... 118, 130<br />
“ barbata Ag .................................................130<br />
“ Bornetiana Farlow ................................... 131<br />
“ corallina Ag .......................................131, 132<br />
“ equisetifolius Ag ........................................132<br />
“ globifera Ag................................................131<br />
“ globulifera K.g...........................................131<br />
“ setacea Ag ..................................................131<br />
“ tenuis Ag ....................................................130<br />
Grinnellia Harv ..................................... 161, 162<br />
“ Americana Harv................................... 6, 161<br />
Gymnogongrus Mart ............................. 144, 145
206<br />
Page.<br />
Gymnogongrus Grffithsiæ Ag ......................... 146<br />
“ Norvegicus Ag ...................................146, 149<br />
“ plicatus K.g................................................ 147<br />
“ Torreyi Ag..................................................146<br />
Gymnophlœa Ag ............................................. 142<br />
H.<br />
Hæmatococcus binalis Hassal.......................... 27<br />
Halidrys Lyngb ........................................... 81, 90<br />
Haliseris polypodioides Ag ................................. 7<br />
Halopteris K.g ................................................... 75<br />
Halosaccion K.g ..........................81, 89, 142, 143<br />
“ microsporum Rupr .................................... 143<br />
“ ramentaceum Ag ...................................5, 143<br />
“ “ v. gladiatum Eaton ...............................143<br />
Halurus K.g.....................................................132<br />
“ equisetifolius K.g.......................................132<br />
Halymenia Ag ................................................. 141<br />
“ ligulata Ag ................................................. 159<br />
Helminthocladia Ag........................................ 117<br />
Helminthocladieæ ........................................... 116<br />
Helminthora Ag............................................... 117<br />
Herpothamnion Naeg ..................................... 120<br />
“ Turneri Naeg .............................................. 119<br />
Hildenbrandtia Nardo ....................................115<br />
“ rivularis J. Ag............................................ 116<br />
“ rosea K.g ................................................4, 116<br />
“ rubra Harv ................................................. 116<br />
Himinthalia lorea Lyngb.............................. 8, 99<br />
Hormactis Thuret ....................................... 38, 39<br />
“ Balani Thuret .............................................. 40<br />
“ Farlowii Bornet ........................................... 40<br />
“ Quoyi (Ag.) Bornet....................................... 39<br />
Hormoceras Capri-Cornu Reinsch ................. 138<br />
Hormatrichum K.g............................................ 44<br />
“ boreale Eaton ............................................... 45<br />
“ Carmichaelii Harv....................................... 45<br />
“ collabens K.g ................................................ 45<br />
“ speciosum Eaton .......................................... 45<br />
“ YounganumK.g ........................................... 45<br />
Hydroclathrus Bory........................................... 89<br />
Hypneæ......................................................25, 156<br />
Hypnea L.x ......................................................156<br />
“ musciformis L.x .........................................156<br />
“ purpurascens Harv .................................... 147<br />
Hypoglossum Grayanum Reinsch .................. 163<br />
“ Leprieurii K.g............................................. 163<br />
I.<br />
Iridæa Bory...................................................... 148<br />
Irish-moss ............................................................ 9<br />
Isactis Thuret .............................................. 38, 39<br />
“ plana Thuret .......................................... 10, 39<br />
J.<br />
Jania L.x.......................................................... 179<br />
L.<br />
Laminariaceæ ........................................ 12, 61, 92<br />
Laminarieæ.................................................. 17, 90<br />
Laminaria L.x..................................15, 92, 95, 99<br />
“ agarum De la Pyl ......................................... 96<br />
“ apoda Harv................................................... 92<br />
“ Boryi De la Pyl ............................................. 96<br />
“ cæspitosa Ag ................................................. 62<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Page.<br />
Laminaria caperata De la Pyl .....................93, 94<br />
“ Claustoni Le Jolis .........................................95<br />
“ debilis Crouan ...............................................62<br />
“ dermatodea De la Pyl..............................92, 95<br />
“ digitata L.x ............................................. 92, 94<br />
“ esculenta De la Pyl ........................................98<br />
“ “ v. platyphylla De la Pyl ............................98<br />
“ “ v. remotifolia De la Pyl .............................98<br />
“ “ v. tæniata De la Pyl ..................................98<br />
“ fascia Ag.............................................15, 62, 92<br />
“ fascia Harv ....................................................62<br />
“ flexicaulis Le Jolis.................................. 94, 95<br />
“ latifolia Ag .....................................................94<br />
“ linearis De la Pyl ...........................................97<br />
“ longicruris De la Pyl............... 5, 10, 92, 93, 94<br />
“ lorea Ag ....................................................92, 95<br />
“ musæfolia De la Pyl ......................................97<br />
“ phyllitis Harv.................................................93<br />
platymeris De la Pyl............................. 94, 95<br />
Pylaii Bory ...................................................98<br />
saccharina L.x................................. 92, 93, 94<br />
“ v. caperata (De la Pyl.).......................... 94<br />
“ v. phyllitis Le Jolis ................................ 93<br />
“ sessilis Ag.......................................................92<br />
“ solidungula Ag.........................................92, 95<br />
“ stenoloba De la Pyl ........................................94<br />
“ trilaminata Olney..........................................92<br />
Laurencia L.x ...........................................165, 166<br />
“ Baileyana Mont ...........................................166<br />
“ dasyphila Ag ........................................166, 167<br />
“ tenuissima Grev...................................166, 167<br />
Laver.....................................................................9<br />
Leathesieæ .................................................. 16, 79<br />
Leathesia S. F. Gray ............................. 15, 81, 82<br />
“ difformis Aresch............................................ 82<br />
“ tuberiformis S. F. Gray........................4, 57, 82<br />
Leibleinia K.g .....................................................36<br />
“ amethystea K.g...............................................36<br />
“ chalytbea K.g..................................................36<br />
Lemaneæ...........................................................108<br />
Leptothrix rigidula K.g......................................32<br />
Liagora L.x .......................................................116<br />
Linckia atra Lyngb ............................................38<br />
Lithoderma fatiscens Aresch .............................88<br />
Lithophyllum Rosanoff ............................179, 180<br />
“ Lenormandi Rosanoff ..................................181<br />
Lithothamnion Phil......................................... 182<br />
“ fasciculatum Aresch ........................................5<br />
“ polymorphum Aresch ......................... 179, 182<br />
Litosiphon pusillus Harv ...................................64<br />
Lomentarieæ ....................................................149<br />
Lomentaria Thuret ................. 149, 154, 155, 156<br />
“ Baileyana (Harv.) ........................................4, 6<br />
“ rosea Thuret................................ 124, 149, 155<br />
“ uncinata Menegh ............................ 4, 154, 155<br />
“ “ v. filiformis Harv .................................... 155<br />
Lyngbya Ag......................................... 11, 34, 183.<br />
“ æstuarii Liebm ................................... 34, 36<br />
“ æruginosa Ag .............................................34<br />
“ Carmichaelii Harv ....................................45<br />
“ crispa Ag ....................................................34<br />
“ Cutleriæ Harv............................................45<br />
“ ferruginea Ag..............................................34<br />
“ flacca Harv .................................................45<br />
“ fulva Harv..................................................35
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 207<br />
Page.<br />
Lyngbya luteo-fusca Ag..................................... 35<br />
“ Kützingiana Thuret ................................... 36<br />
“ majuscula Harv......................................... 12, 34<br />
“ nigrescens Harv ......................................... 35<br />
“ “ v. major Farlow...................................... 35<br />
“ speciosa Harv............................................... 45<br />
“ tenerrima Thuret ........................................ 35<br />
M.<br />
Macrocystis pyrifera Ag............................. 15, 61<br />
Melanophyceæ Reinsch ................................... 61<br />
Melanospermeæ ............................................... 10<br />
Melobesia Aresch...........................179, 180, 182<br />
“ farinosa Aresch ........................................ 180<br />
“ farinosa Harv ........................................... 180<br />
“ farinosa K.g .............................................. 180<br />
“ farinosa L.x.......................................180, 181<br />
“ fasciculata Harv....................................... 182<br />
“ LeJolisii Rosanoff.............................180, 181<br />
“ Lenormandi Aresch..................................181<br />
“ macrocarpa Rosanoff................................181<br />
“ membranacea Aresch............................... 180<br />
“ polymorpha Harv ..................................... 182<br />
“ pustulata L.x .............................................181<br />
“ verrucata Harv ......................................... 180<br />
Mermaid’s hair........................................... 12, 34<br />
Mesogloia Ag...................................... 83, 84, 106<br />
“ divaricata K.g ............................................. 84<br />
“ multifida Ag ............................................. 117<br />
“ vermicularis Ag .................................... 57, 85<br />
“ virescens Carm ........................................... 85<br />
“ “ v. Zosteræ K.g......................................... 86<br />
“ “ v. Zostericola Harv.................................. 86<br />
“ Zosteræ Aresch ........................................... 86<br />
Microcoleus Desm............................................ 33<br />
“ anguiformis Harv....................................... 33<br />
“ chthonoplastes Thuret ............................... 33<br />
“ terrestris Desm........................................... 34<br />
“ versicolor Thuret ........................................ 34<br />
Microcystis K.g................................................. 28<br />
“ elabens K.g..................................................... 28<br />
Microhaloa rosea K.g....................................... 29<br />
Millepora Auct.<br />
“ fasciculata L.k .......................................... 182<br />
“ informis L.k .............................................. 182<br />
Monostroma (Thuret) Wittr ........................ 8, 41<br />
“ Blyttii Wittr ............................................ 5, 41<br />
“ crepidinum Farlow ...................................... 42<br />
“ Grevillei Wittr ............................................ 41<br />
“ orbiculatum Thuret.................................... 42<br />
“ pulchrum Farlow........................................ 41<br />
“ Wittrockii Bornet........................................ 42<br />
Myriactis K.g.............................................. 80, 81<br />
“ pulvinata K.g........................................81, 82<br />
“ “ v. minor Farlow...................................... 81<br />
Myriocladia Zosteræ Ag................................... 86<br />
Myrionemeæ .................................................... 78<br />
Myrionema Grev................15, 70, 78, 81, 87, 88<br />
“ clavatum Carm........................................... 88<br />
“ Leclancherii Harv ...................................... 79<br />
“ maculiforme K.g ......................................... 79<br />
“ punctiforme Harv ....................................... 79<br />
“ strangulans Grev........................................ 79<br />
“ vulgare Thuret ........................................... 79<br />
Myriotrichia Harv............................................ 67<br />
Page.<br />
Myriotrichia clavæformis Harv........................ 67<br />
“ “ v. filiformis .............................................. 68<br />
“ filiformis Harv ..............................................68<br />
“ Harveyana Naeg .....................................67, 68<br />
N.<br />
Nemalieæ................................... 25, 116, 142, 178<br />
Nemalion Duby ................. 20, 106, 107, 108, 117<br />
“ multifidum Ag............................................ 117<br />
“ purpureum Chauv ......................................142<br />
Nemastoma Ag........................................ 120, 142<br />
“ Bairdii Farlow........................................ 2, 142<br />
“ marginifera Ag............................................142<br />
Nematogenæ Cohn .............................................29<br />
Nereocystis Post & Rupr ....................................15<br />
Nitophyllum Grev ................................................7<br />
“ ocellatum Grev................................................7<br />
Nodularia Mertens............................................ 31<br />
“ Harveyana Thuret....................................... 31<br />
Nostoc Vauch......................................................12<br />
Nostochineæ .................................................11, 25<br />
Nullipora Auct .................................................179<br />
O.<br />
Odonthalia Lyngb ........................................... 168<br />
“ dentata Lyngb ....................................... 6, 168<br />
“ furcata Reinsch...........................................168<br />
Œdogonium Lk ..................................................60<br />
Omphalaria Dur. & Mont .................................27<br />
Oncotylus Norvegicus K.g................................146<br />
Oosporeæ ......................................... 14, 17, 25, 98<br />
Oscillaria K.g ........................................ 11, 12, 32<br />
“ limosa v. chalybea K.g................................. 33<br />
“ littoralis Harv ...............................................33<br />
“ subtorulosa (Bréb.) ...................................... 33<br />
“ subuliformis Harv ....................................... 33<br />
Osillatoriaceæ ....................................................12<br />
Oscillatoria, see Oscillaria.<br />
“ chthonoplastes Lyngb......................................33<br />
“ Crustacea Schousb........................................36<br />
Ozothallia D.c.ne & Thuret...............................99<br />
“ nodosa D.c.ne & Thuret .............................100<br />
P.<br />
Padina pavonia Gaillon.......................................7<br />
Palmellaceæ........................................................26<br />
Pandorina...........................................................13<br />
Pelvetia D.c.ne & Thuret ...................................99<br />
Petrocelis Ag ........................................... 115, 116<br />
“ cruenta Ag ............................................. 5, 115<br />
Petrospongium Naeg..........................................16<br />
Peyssonnelia D.c.ne ........................................ 114<br />
“ australis Sond.............................................114<br />
“ Dubyi Crouan ............................................ 114<br />
“ imbricata K.g..............................................115<br />
“ squamaria D.c.ne .......................................114<br />
Phæosporeæ .................... 13, 14, 25, 61, 106, 183<br />
Phæozoosporeæ, see Phæosporeæ.<br />
Phlebothamnion byssoides K.g........................127<br />
“ polyspermum K.g........................................126<br />
“ roseum K.g ..................................................125<br />
“ seirospermum K.g.......................................129<br />
Phlæospora Aresch ........................................5, 66<br />
“ tortilis Aresch .................................................5<br />
Phloiocaulon Geyler ..........................................77
208<br />
Page.<br />
Phormidium K.g ............................................... 36<br />
“ Kützingianum Le Jolis................................ 36<br />
“ subtorulosum Bréb...................................... 33<br />
Phycochromaceæ....................................... 26, 111<br />
Phycophila K.g............................................ 80, 81<br />
“ Agardhii K.g................................................ 81<br />
“ Arabica K.g.................................................. 82<br />
“ fucorum K.g ................................................. 81<br />
Phyllitis Le Jolis .......................15, 17, 62, 88, 92<br />
“ cæspitosa Le Jolis ........................................ 62<br />
“ fascia K.g ................................................. 5, 62<br />
“ “ v. cæspitosa Harv..................................... 62<br />
Phyllophora Grev....................................145, 146<br />
“ Brodiæi Ag .............................................4, 145<br />
“ Clevelandii Farlow .................................... 145<br />
“ membranifolia Ag...................................4, 145<br />
Phycoseris australis K.g ................................... 42<br />
“ crispata K.g................................................. 43<br />
“ gigantea K.g .......................................... 42, 43<br />
“ lanceolata K.g ............................................. 43<br />
“ myriotrema K.g ............................................ 42<br />
Physactis atropurpurea K.g.............................. 39<br />
“ obducens K.g ............................................... 39<br />
“ plicata K.g................................................... 39<br />
Pleonosporium Naeg .......................................124<br />
Pleurococcus crepidinum Rab........................... 28<br />
“ roseo-persicinus Rab ................................... 29<br />
Plocamium Lyngb............................................150<br />
“ Californicum K.g ....................................... 151<br />
“ coccineum Lyngb ......................................151<br />
Pœcilothamnion byssoideum Naeg................. 127<br />
“ corymbosum Naeg..................................... 128<br />
“ seirospermum Naeg .................................. 129<br />
Polyides Ag ................................................21, 160<br />
“ rotundus Grev ...............................4, 118, 160<br />
Polycystis K.g .................................................... 28<br />
“ elabens K.g .................................................. 28<br />
“ pallida K.g ................................................... 28<br />
Polysiphonia Grev ...................168, 169, 176, 177<br />
“ affinis Harv ............................................... 175<br />
“ Americana Reinsch ................................... 172<br />
“ arctica Ag....................................................... 5<br />
“ arietina Bailey........................................... 172<br />
“ atro-rubescens Grev ..................................174<br />
“ Brodiæi Grev ............................................. 173<br />
“ elongata Grev ............................................172<br />
“ fastigiata Grev.......................................4, 175<br />
“ fibrillosa Grev....................................172, 173<br />
“ formosa Harv............................................. 170<br />
“ Harveyi Bailey.......................6, 170, 171, 172<br />
“ nigrescens Grev .....................................4, 174<br />
“ “ v. affinis Ag ...........................................174<br />
“ “ v. Durkeei Harv ....................................174<br />
“ “ v. fucoides Ag........................................174<br />
“ Olneyi Harv ...........................6, 136, 171, 172<br />
“ parasitica Grev ..........................................174<br />
“ “ v. dendroidea........................................... 174<br />
“ spinulosa Grev........................................... 172<br />
“ subcontorta Peck........................................ 170<br />
“ subtilissima Mont................................170, 171<br />
“.. “ v. Westpointensis Harv.......................171<br />
“ urceolata Grev .......................................4, 170<br />
“ “ v. formosa Ag........................................170<br />
“ “ v. patens Grev ......................................170<br />
“ variegata Ag...........................4, 173, 175, 177<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Page.<br />
Polysiphonia violacea Grev......................... 4, 173<br />
“ “ v. flexicaulis Harv ................................. 173<br />
Porphyreæ........................................ 25, 106, 110<br />
Porphyra Ag........................................... 110, 111<br />
“ laciniata Ag ..................................... 111, 112<br />
“ leucosticta Thuret.....................................112<br />
“ linearis Grev.............................................111<br />
“ vulgaris Harv .......................................9, 111<br />
Potamogeton L ..................................................10<br />
Prionitis Ag .....................................................141<br />
Protococcus crepidinum Thuret .......................27<br />
“ rosea K.g .....................................................29<br />
“ turgidus K.g................................................27<br />
Protophytes .................................................11, 26<br />
Pseudoblaste Reinsch ............................ 109, 110<br />
“ irregularis Reinsch.................................. 110<br />
Pterocladia Ag.........................................157, 158<br />
Pterothamnion Americanum Naeg ................123<br />
“ floccosum Naeg .........................................122<br />
“ Pylaisæi Naeg ...........................................123<br />
Ptilota Ag................................................ 133, 174<br />
“ elegans Bonnem................................... 4, 133<br />
“ plumosa Ag ...............................................134<br />
“ “ v. tenuissima Ag ..................................133<br />
“ serrata K.g ....................................... 6, 8, 133<br />
Punctarieæ ................................................. 16, 63<br />
Punctaria Grev........................................... 63, 90<br />
“ latifolia Grev .............................................. 64<br />
“ “ v. Zosteræ Le Jolis................................ 64<br />
“ plantaginea Grev ....................................... 64<br />
“ tenuissima Grev ..........................................64<br />
Pylaiella Bory ............................................. 68, 73<br />
“ littoralis Kjellm...........................................73<br />
R.<br />
Ralfsieæ ...................................................... 17, 86<br />
Ralfsia Berk .................................... 15, 79, 87, 88<br />
“ clavata Crouan ............................... 79, 87, 88<br />
“ deusta J. Ag................................................ 87<br />
“ deusta Berk..................................................87<br />
“ verrucosa Aresch.................................... 5, 87<br />
Rhabdonia Ag ................................. 147, 149, 158<br />
“ Baileyi Harv ..............................................159<br />
“ tenera Ag ...................................... 4, 6, 7, 159<br />
Rhizoclonium K.g.............................................. 48<br />
“ Kochianum K.g........................................... 49<br />
“ Linum Thuret..............................................47<br />
“ riparium Roth............................................. 49<br />
“ salinum K.g..................................................49<br />
“ tortuosum K.g............................................. 49<br />
Rhodochorton Naeg ................................ 120, 121<br />
“ Rothii Naeg........................................121, 133<br />
Rhodoineleæ...................................... 25, 164, 177<br />
Rhodomela J. Ag ............................. 165, 168, 176<br />
“ gracilis Harv ..............................................169<br />
“ Rochei Harv ...............................................169<br />
“ subfusca Ag............................................... 169<br />
“ “ v. gracilior Ag ....................................... 169<br />
Rhodonema elegans Martens ..........................177<br />
Rhodophylleæ.................................................. 149<br />
Rhodophyllis K.g ............................. 149, 152, 153<br />
“ bifida K.g ...................................................152<br />
“ dichotoma Lepechin...................................153<br />
“ veprecula Ag ......................... 5, 149, 152, 153<br />
“ “ v. cirrhata Harv.................................... 152
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 209<br />
Page.<br />
Rhodospermeæ .................................... 10, 19, 106<br />
Rhodymenieæ....................25, 149, 158, 161, 164<br />
Rhodymenia Ag.......................145, 150, 151, 152<br />
“ cristata Grev ............................................. 153<br />
“ palmata Grev............................4, 9, 142, 150<br />
“ “ v. Sarniensis........................................150<br />
Rivularia Roth............................................. 11, 37<br />
“ atra Roth..................................................... 38<br />
“ hospita Thuret............................................ 38<br />
“ nitida Farlow ........................................ 39, 40<br />
“ parasitica Chauvin..................................... 37<br />
“ plicata Carm ............................................... 38<br />
'' tuberiformis Engl. Bot................................ 82<br />
Ruppia maritima L............................................. 9<br />
Rytiphlæa Ag................................................... 168<br />
S.<br />
Saccharomycetes ............................................... 26<br />
Saccorhiza De la Pyl ................................... 92, 95<br />
“ bulbosa De la Pyl........................................ 95<br />
“ dermatodea De la Pyl ............................. 5, 95<br />
Sargassum Ag ...........................................99, 103<br />
“ bacciferum Ag ...........................................103<br />
“ Montagnei Bailey...................................... 103<br />
“ vulgare Ag.........................................4, 6, 103<br />
“ “ v. Montagnei Farlow ............................103<br />
Scinaia Bivona ................................................117<br />
“ furcellata Bivona ......................118, 142, 155<br />
“ “ v. undulata Mont ................................. 118<br />
Schizophytæ Cohn............................................. 26<br />
Schizosiphon K.g............................................... 36<br />
“ fasciculatus K.g ........................................... 36<br />
“ lasiopus K.g................................................. 36<br />
“ parasiticus Le Jolis..................................... 37<br />
Schizymenia Ag................................................... 7<br />
Scytosiphoneæ................................................... 15<br />
Scytosiphon Thuret...................15, 63, 66, 88, 91<br />
“ filum Ag........................................................ 91<br />
“ fœniculaceus Ag ........................................... 66<br />
“ hippuroides Lyngb ...................................... 66<br />
“ comentarius Ag ................................. 5, 63, 89<br />
Seirospora Harv ..............................120, 121, 129<br />
“ Griffithsiana Harv .................................... 129<br />
Siphoneæ............................................................ 58<br />
Solierieæ ............................................25, 149, 158<br />
Soliera chordalis Harv............................ 148, 159<br />
Spermatochnus rhizodes K.g............................ 90<br />
Spermosira K.g.................................................. 31<br />
“ Harveyana Thwaites................................... 31<br />
Spermothamnieæ ......................................25, 118<br />
Spermothamnion Aresch ........118, 120, 125, 131<br />
“ flabellatum Born ........................................ 119<br />
“ hermaphroditum (Naeg.).......................... 119<br />
“ roseolum Ag ............................................... 119<br />
“ Turneri Aresch ..........................................119<br />
“ “ v. variabile Harv..................................119<br />
Sphacelarieæ ............................................... 16, 75<br />
Sphacelaria Lyngb....................................... 15, 75<br />
“ cirrhosa Ag................................................... 76<br />
“ dædalea Reinsch ......................................... 77<br />
“ fusca Ag ........................................................ 76<br />
“ olivacea Ag................................................... 76<br />
“ plumosa Lyngb............................................. 77<br />
“ radicans Harv......................................76, 133<br />
“ tribuloides Menegh ..................................... 73<br />
S. Miss. 59r——14<br />
Page.<br />
Sphænosiphon Reinsch..................................... 61<br />
“ olivaceus Reinsch....................................... 61<br />
“ roseus Reinsch ........................................... 61<br />
“ smaragdinus Reinsch ................................ 61<br />
Sphæria Hall .....................................................10<br />
Sphærococcoideæ .............................. 25, 149, 161<br />
Sphærococcus coronopifolius Ag.....................154<br />
“ cristatus Ag................................................153<br />
“ Norvegicus Ag ...........................................146<br />
“ plicatus Ag..................................................147<br />
“ Torreyi Ag..................................................146<br />
Sphærozyga Ag................................................. 30<br />
“ Carmichaelii Harv ..................................... 30<br />
Spirulina Turpin......................................... 12, 31<br />
“ Thuretii Crouan ..........................................31<br />
“ tenuissima K.g ........................................... 31<br />
Spongiocarpeæ.......................................... 25, 160<br />
Spongites K.g ...................................................179<br />
Spongomorpha K.g ..................................... 50, 52<br />
Spongonema tomentosum K.g...........................70<br />
Sporochnaceæ ............................................61, 183<br />
Sporochneæ................................................. 17, 89<br />
Sporochnus rhizodes Ag ....................................90<br />
Spyridieæ .................................................. 25, 139<br />
Spyridia Harv ................................................. 140<br />
“ filamentosa Harv............................ 8, 20, 140<br />
“ “ v. refracta Harv................................... 140<br />
Striaria Grev..................................................... 90<br />
“ attenuata Grev ........................................... 90<br />
Squamarieæ ............................ 8, 21, 25, 113, 178<br />
Stictosiphonia H. & H .....................................176<br />
Stigonema Ag.....................................................67<br />
“ mamillosum Ag ...........................................40<br />
Stilophora Ag ............................................ 89, 183<br />
“ Lyngbyei Ag .................................................90<br />
“ papillosa Ag ..................................................90<br />
“ rhizodes Ag ................................................. 90<br />
Streblonema Derb. & Sol................ 24, 57, 68, 69<br />
“ fasciculatum Thuret.....................................69<br />
“ sphæricum Thuret.......................................69<br />
Stypocaulon K.g .................................................75<br />
Symploca K.g................................................... 183<br />
“ fasciculata K.g .......................................... 183<br />
Synalissa Fr .......................................................27<br />
T.<br />
Tænioma Ag .....................................................177<br />
Thallophytes.......................................................10<br />
Thamnidium Rothii Thuret ............................121<br />
Tilopteris K.g .......................................................7<br />
Tremella diformis L ...........................................82<br />
Trentepohlia Pringsh.......................................108<br />
“ Daviesii Harv.................................... 108, 109<br />
“ virgatula (Harv.)............................... 108, 109<br />
“ “ v. secundata (Lyngb.).......................... 109<br />
U.<br />
Ulothrix (K.g.) Thuret....................................... 44<br />
“ collabens (Ag.) Thuret ................................ 45<br />
“ flacca (Dillw.) Thuret.................................. 45<br />
“ isogona Thuret ............................................. 45<br />
“ zonata K.g ....................................................45<br />
Ulvaceæ ............................................................111<br />
Ulveæ ..............................................................8, 13<br />
Ulva (L.) Le Joli .......................................... 41, 42
210<br />
Page.<br />
Ulva Blyttii Aresch............................................ 41<br />
“ clathrata Ag ................................................. 44<br />
“ “ v. Rothiana Le Jolis ............................... 44<br />
“ compressa L ........................................... 43, 44<br />
“ enteromorpha Le Jolis ................................ 43<br />
“ “ v. compressa Le Jolis .............................. 43<br />
“ “ v. intestinalis Le Jolis.......................43, 44<br />
“ “ v. lanceolata Le Jolis .............................. 43<br />
“. Hopkirkii (McCalla) Harv........................... 44<br />
“ Lactuca Grev................................................ 41<br />
“ Lactuca (L.) Le Jolis.................................... 42<br />
“ “ v. Lactuca Le Jolis .................................. 43<br />
“ “ v. latissima Le Jolis ................................ 43<br />
“ v. rigida Le Jolis................................... 42<br />
“ latissima Ag................................................. 42<br />
“ latissima Harv............................................. 43<br />
“ Linza Auct ............................................. 41, 43<br />
“ rigida Ag...................................................... 42<br />
“ sobolifera Fl. Dan ...................................... 143<br />
Urospora penicilliformis Aresch....................... 45<br />
V.<br />
Vaucherieæ ..........................................18, 25, 104<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Page.<br />
Vaucheria D.C ......................... 14, 40, 59, 60, 104<br />
“ clavata Lyngb.............................................105<br />
“ geminata Walz ...........................................105<br />
“ litorea Nordstedt............................... 105, 106<br />
“ pilobiloides Farlow ....................................105<br />
“ Thuretii Wor.............................................. 104<br />
“ velutina Ag .................................................105<br />
Verrucaria.<br />
“ maura T. Fr.....................................................10<br />
“ mucosa T. Fr ................................................10<br />
“ palodytes Nyl................................................28<br />
W.<br />
Wrangelieæ .......................................................120<br />
Wrangelia Ag............................................119, 123<br />
“ penicellata Ag..............................................119<br />
“ Pylaisæi Ag.................................................123<br />
Z.<br />
Zannichellia palustris L ....................................10<br />
Zonotrichia hemisphærica Ag ...........................38<br />
Zostera marina L .................................................9<br />
Zoosporoeæ ...................................... 12, 17, 25, 40
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 211
212<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 213
214<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 215
216<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 217
218<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 219
220<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 221
222<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 223
224<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 225
226<br />
THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.<br />
Digitized by Eric Roberts (Department of Biology, Rhode Island College) and Alex Frost<br />
(<strong>Cryptogamic</strong> <strong>Botany</strong> <strong>Company</strong>). This compilation copyright 1999-2006.